• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.612-622
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• 2012

Olfactory receptors (ORs) detect volatile chemicals that lead to the initial perception of smell in the brain. The olfactory receptor (OR) is the first protein that recognizes odorants in the olfactory signal pathway and it is present in over 1,000 genes in mice. It is also the largest member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most ORs are extensively expressed in the nasal olfactory epithelium where they perform the appropriate physiological functions that fit their location. However, recent whole-genome sequencing shows that ORs have been found outside of the olfactory system, suggesting that ORs may play an important role in the ectopic expression of non-chemosensory tissues. The ectopic expressions of ORs and their physiological functions have attracted more attention recently since MOR23 and testicular hOR17-4 have been found to be involved in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and human sperm chemotaxis, respectively. When identifying additional expression profiles and functions of ORs in non-olfactory tissues, there are limitations posed by the small number of antibodies available for similar OR genes. This review presents the results of a research series that identifies ectopic expressions and functions of ORs in non-chemosensory tissues to provide insight into future research directions.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.123-135
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• 2022

Oryeongsan (ORS), a formula composed of five herbal medicines, has long been used to treat impairments of the regulation of body fluid homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to determine the antihypertensive and renal protective effects of ORS in rats with hypertension. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into two groups with similar mean baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP). Then, 1 mL/kg of vehicle (distilled water) or 1.5, 3 g/kg of ORS extract were administered orally once a day for 4 weeks. SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected, and heart were removed for histology. By the 2 weeks after initiation of treatment, the ORS treated group had significantly lower SBP than SHR rats. The ORS treatment significantly improved blood pressure and echocardiogram parameters compared to hypertensive rats. Additionally, the left ventricular (LV) remodeling and LV dysfunction were significantly improved in ORS treated group hypertensive rats. Furthermore, an increase in fibrotic area has been observed in SHR rats compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Furthermore, administration of ORS significantly attenuated cardiac fibrosis in hypertensive rats. Therefore, these findings suggest that ORS has a protective effect on heart failure by alleviating hypertensive heart disease and cardiovascular dysfunction in SHR.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.251-257
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• 2010

Objectives : To develop and validate High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array methods for simultaneous determination of two constituents in Oryeong-san(ORS). Methods : Reverse-phase chromatography using a Gemini C18 column operating at $40^{\circ}C$, and photodiode array(PDA) detection at 280 nm, were used for quantification of the two marker components of ORS. The mobile phase using a gradient flow consisted of two solvent systems. Solvent A was $H_2O$ and solvent B was acetonitrile. Results : Calibration curves were acquired with correlation coefficient ($r^2$)>0.9999, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) values(%) for intra- and inter-day precision were not exceed 1.0%. The recovery rate of each compound was in the range of 93.01-104.16%, with an RSD less than 2.0%. The contents of two compounds in ORS were 1.10-3.72 mg/g. Conclusions : The established HPLC method will be helpful to improve quality control of ORS.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.12
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• pp.601-607
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• 2021

Odorant receptors (ORs) account for about 60% of all human G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). OR expression outside of the nose has functions distinct from odor perception, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders including brain diseases and cancers. Glioma is the most common adult malignant brain tumor and requires novel therapeutic strategies to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we outlined the expression of brain ORs and investigated OR expression levels in glioma. Although most ORs were not ubiquitously expressed in gliomas, a subset of ORs displayed glioma subtype-specific expression. Moreover, through systematic survival analysis on OR genes, OR51E1 (mouse Olfr558) was identified as a potential biomarker of unfavorable overall survival, and OR2C1 (mouse Olfr15) was identified as a potential biomarker of favorable overall survival in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioma. In addition to transcriptomic analysis, mutational profiles revealed that somatic mutations in OR genes were detected in > 60% of glioma samples. OR5D18 (mouse Olfr1155) was the most frequently mutated OR gene, and OR5AR1 (mouse Olfr1019) showed IDH wild-type-specific mutation. Based on this systematic analysis and review of the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of ORs in glioma, we suggest that ORs are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glioma.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2B
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• pp.210-214
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• 2010

Standard about OID(Object Identifier) to implement on Internet is discussed at ITU-T, ISO/IEC. The OID should be stored and searched for object on Internet, which is called 'ORS(OID Resolution System)'. The ORS is made by international standard for identifying RFID code types, and in the future would be discussed for USN, u-Health, etc. Therefore, this paper describes the current status of the international standard discussing ORS concept, system structure and protocol, the present issue of the ORS used for RFID and the method for USN services.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2013

Objectives : Traditional medicine Oryeong-san (ORS) has been prescribed for a long time to treat light fever, thirst, dysuria, and accompanying edema. However, the acute toxicity and safety were not reported. In this study, we evaluated the potent acute toxicity and safety of ORS. Methods : ICR mice were used to evaluate acute toxicity and safety by oral administration of 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000mg/kg of ORS. Mortality, body weight, and clinical symptoms were observed, and organ weight and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed after necropsy. Results : We found no mortality and no toxic or abnormal clinical symptoms by administration of ORS. Comparing with control group, no significant alterations in organ weight and blood biochemical parameters were observed. Conclusions : ORS recognized as safe and non-toxic medicinal material, and median lethal dose considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in both male and female ICR mice.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 2020

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is safe and effective for the prevention and treatment of dehydration in children. It has been commercially available as a small packaging unit that needs to be taken with a specified amount of water. Intake of incorrectly formulated ORS results in side effects, such as electrolyte imbalance and upper gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance. We experienced a case of severe GI hemorrhage from gastric and duodenal ulcers in a previously healthy child following intake of incorrectly formulated ORS. GI hemorrhage in children is often life threatening and reaching a diagnosis may be challenging. Commercially manufactured packets of powdered oral rehydration salts have been widely used and GI hemorrhage associated with an improperly diluted ORS has been rarely reported. Caution and education for proper preparation of ORS are imperative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

In this study, we compared three different pretreatment methods, such as block digestion, microwave digestion and solvent injection, coupled with Octopole Reaction System(ORS)-ICP-MS was used for the quantification of heavy metals in mainstream smoke of 2R4F reference cigarette, and then evaluated those efficiencies in the recovery, repeatability and reproducibility. In all methods, volatile heavy metals, As, showed the highest CV value, and Cd showed the lowest one. However, the solvent injection method showed the most stable recovery rate and CV value of 2.36 %. This method showed also advantages in time-consuming and compatibility with ICP-MS system. This results demonstrate that solvent injection method can be recommended as a superior pretreatment procedure to be able to reduce contaminants and spectral interference as well as loss of the elements interested.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.550-565
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• 2018

Cognitive radio technology is still the key technology of future mobile communication systems. Previous studies have focused on improving spectrum utilization and less energy consumption. In this paper, we propose an Overhead Reduced Scheme (ORS) for green cooperative spectrum sensing. Compared to traditional cooperative sensing scheme, ORS scheme divides the sensing time into three time slots and selects the best multi-mode user to report decisions. In consideration of reporting channel deviation, we derive closed-form expressions for detection probability and false alarm probability of ORS scheme based on Rayleigh fading channel. Simulation results show that ORS scheme can improve the perception accuracy while reducing the perceived delay and energy consumption in the process of perception, so as to realize the green communication.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.302-305
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• 2003

It is difficult to obtain sufficient healthy skin for coverage of a wide area of skin wound. In the skin, an additional population of living epithelial cells is located in the outer root sheath (ORS) of hair $follicles.^{1),2)}$ ORS cells should be a good source of epithelium because they are easily obtainable and patients do not have to suffer from scar formation at donor sites. We modified ordinary primary culture technique for the purpose of solving such problem that epithelial cells have a low propagation and easy aging during culture periods. First of all, we improved primary cultivation methods. In the ordinary primary culture, average yield of human ORS cells was $2\;{\times}\;10^3$ cells/follicle by direct incubation with trypsin (0.1%)/EDTA (0.02%) solution for 15 min at $37^{\circ}C$ but we could obtain about $6.5\;{\times}\;10^3$ cells/follicle by two step enzyme digestion method with dispase (1.2 U/ml) and trypsin (0.1%)/EDTA (0.02%) solution. So we could achieve three times higher primary cultured ORS cell yield. Secondly, we could obtain total $2\;{\times}\;10^7$ cells in serum free medium and even more total $6\;{\times}\;10^7$ cells in modified E-medium with mitomycin C-treated feeder cells during 17 days. Using the cultured ORS cells, and we could make bioartificial skin equivalent in vitro and concluded that ORS cells were progenitor cells for skin epithelial cell.