• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.108-118
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• 2013

This study has analyzed the process of space information perceived and recognized through the estimation of observation frequency and number according to the time range of observation data acquired from observation experiment with the object of hospital lobby. The followings are the results analyzed at this study. First, the continual observation of 3 and 6 times was attentive and conscious for probing to find an object rather than for acquiring exact information and that of 9 times could be regarded as the time for acquiring visual appreciation. However, the repetitive occurrence of high and low frequencies can be thought of repetitive acts for visual appreciation. Second, the continual observation of 3 and 6 times had the highest observation frequency of II, while that of 9 times had the highest observation frequency of III. In case of 3 and 6 times, the observation frequency had the tendency to become a little higher after being low since V, and in case of 9 times it had the repetition of becoming low and high and from IX it characteristically got higher. This feature can be thought to be the process that the subject repeats the fixation and movement of observation at a visual activity for perception and recognition. In the process of first observation, the observation frequency was the highest after 20 seconds or so, but since then, it gets lower and repeatedly gets higher and lower as time passes. After 90 seconds, the frequency showed the tendency of getting higher continuously. Third, the examination of changing features of frequency may show the characteristics of exploration for and attention to space but if the observation frequency is not associated with observation times for analysis there will a limitation that the features of observation frequency cannot be clarified. Accordingly, the simultaneous analysis of both is very effective for estimating the observation characteristics seen at the processes of perception and recognition. Fourth, the general analysis of the both revealed: with the progress of observation time the discontinuous space exploration decreased, and as the observation time got longer the fixed attention to a specific spot increased. Fifth, in order to estimate the observation characteristics by the change of time range the observation frequency and times by trend line was analyzed, which approach seems to be an appropriate technique that can comprehensively show the overall flow of time series data.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2016

Observation about space is looked steady in an instant, but in continuous movement, one's observation unconsciously stays at different points. In department store, customer actually observes around the store for buying, not focusing on certain point. By studying customer's movement and observation feature, buying desire and interest can be found. For analysis of the different searching-features according to the continuous-observation depending on sex, the study is set up to record movements of customers at women in Department store. The following are the findings. First, Men observed 0.2-0.4 units more in I-II section which are assumed as predominant. The result shows that men can focus on more section (around +0.4%) and longer (around +5.7%) than women do. Second, the same feature of observation depending on sex is that both men and women observe left and right section while keep focusing on middle section. Third, according to the fact that right-focused observation magnificently occurred in the image curved to right, the Space-composition has influenced on the observation of both men and women on the space. Forth, excessive number of display can cause avoidance of observation. Moreover, observation does not stay on the coverage due to wall or post, but is attracted to the brand name. As brand name causes right-focused observation in the image [(8)], brand name can be one of the reasons to attract observation in women apparel store. To sum up, this study is noticeable as it researches about continuous-observation. Furthermore, verifying the result that the composition of space and the placement of products can cause big differences in the observation feature is meaningful outcome.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.593-615
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• 2022

본 연구는 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 초등학생의 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성의 관계를 알아보고, 관찰능력과 과학 창의성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해 알아보았다. 이를 위해 서울특별시 5학년 21명을 대상으로 야외 식물 관찰 학습을 시행했다. 관찰 과제를 통해 학생의 관찰 능력과 과학적 창의성을 평가하여 정량적 자료를 얻은 뒤, 식물 관찰에 대한 학생과의 면담을 통해 정성적 자료를 얻었다. 이외에도 연구자의 참여 관찰 기록, 학생의 활동 결과물 등 다양한 자료를 수집함으로써 연구의 타당성을 높이고자 했다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생을 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성 상·하 수준에 따라 HH(고관찰-고창의)형, HL(고관찰-저창의)형, LH(저관찰-고창의)형, LL(저관찰-저창의)형의 4개 집단으로 유형화한 결과 전체 학생 21명 중 HH형과 LL형에 속한 학생이 15명으로 관찰 능력이 높을수록 과학적 창의성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성은 정적인 상관관계를 보였으며. 특히 과학 창의성 요소 중 독창성과도 관찰 능력과 약한 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 초등학생의 관찰 능력에 영향을 미치는 요인은 평상시 식물 관찰 빈도와 식물 관찰 학습에 대한 흥미, 식물 관찰 학습에서의 협력이었다. 넷째, 야외 식물 관찰 학습에서 과학 창의성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 관찰 능력과 식물 관련 지식의 양임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로, 본 연구는 관찰 능력과 과학 창의성을 향상시키기 위한 교육적 방법에 대해 논의하였다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.361-368
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• 2011

Purpose : The aims of this study was to identify the activation of the mirror neuron system during action observation in people with stroke and the difference between left hemisphere and right hemisphere and to provide possibility of the use of action observation as a clinical method for improving motor function after stroke. Methods : Seventeen participants were asked to observe 3 different stimulation conditions for 80 seconds. A 30 second rest period was given between stimulations. Electroencephalogram(EEG) signals from electrodes on the participant's scalp were recorded during action observation. The activation of the mirror neuron system(MNS) between the picture observation condition and action observation condition was compared with a paired t-test. An independent t-test was used to compare difference between C3 and C4 on the activation of the mirror neuron system in the action observation condition. Results : Result of paired t-test showed a significantly decreased log ratio in the activation of the mirror neuron system in the action observation condition compared to the picture observation condition. Result of the independent t-test indicated no significant differences in the activation of the mirror neuron system in the right and left hemisphere. Conclusion : The mirror neuron system showed greater activation in the action observation condition than in the picture observation condition and activation in the both hemisphere during action observation. We conclude that these findings suggest that this may possibly be an efficient clinical intervention method for improving motor function.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2015

This research, which has been planned to appreciate the features of continuous observation of space, has applied the procedure of acquiring continuous visual information when the act of watching takes place along the time to analyze the space characteristics through the scenes and time so that the features of attention shown in the process of acquiring visual information at the time of observing continuous scenes might be estimated. For analysis of the features of continuous observation was set up the premise that the features of observation and perception vary depending on gender, when the women shops in department stores were selected as research objects. The observation features found at the time of continuous observation of selling spaces in department stores were focused on two analysis methods in order to compare the differences and characteristics of the two. The followings are the findings. First, the area with predominant observation was found to be 87.1% in both methods. It was found that the analysis of observation features by "Analysis I" was useful for inter-sectional comparison of continuous images. Second, in case of extracting predominant sections, the ceiling or the structures which are the backgrounds rarely attracted any eyes. Depending on analysis method, there was the gap of 14.3%~25.0% between observed sections. Third, in case that the hall is curved, the eyes were found to be expanded from side to side and up and down. The review of observation numbers of predominant sections makes it possible to decide whether it should be regarded as (1) unstability or (2) expanding search, and when the images are enlarged from distant view to close-range view, the weakening vanishing point results in the increase of expanded search of surroundings. Accordingly, it was found that the characteristics of images has effects on the observation features when any space was continuously observed. Furthermore, the difference of analysis methods also was found to be likely to cause big differences in the results of analyzing observation features.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.260-267
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• 2010

이 연구의 목적은 과일 관찰 탐구 활동 과제에서 나타나는 고등학교 학생들의 관찰능력과 코르티솔 호르몬 변화량과의 상관관계를 알아보는 것이다. 연구는 광역시 소재 고등학교 여학생 1학년 29명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 연구대상들의 관찰 탐구 활동 과제 수행전과 후의 타액을 채취하여 코르티솔 호르몬 분비량 변화를 측정하였다. 또한 관찰 능력 지수 산출식을 이용하여 연구대상들의 관찰 능력을 측정하였다. 이 후 연구대상들의 관찰 능력 지수와 코르티솔 호르몬 변화량과의 상관관계 분석을 통해 둘 간의 관계를 확인하였다. 연구결과, 학생 주도의 활동적인 탐구 활동은 전반적으로 학습자의 코르티솔 호르몬 분비를 경감시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 학습자들의 관찰능력 지수와 코르티솔 호르몬 변화량 간에는 유의미한 정적인 상과관계가 나타남을 확인하였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.117-124
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• 2014

This study has inferred the mechanism of psychological observation activities through comparison analysis of the observation data acquired from eye-tracking and their post-estimation. The results of their analysis can be summarized as the followings. First, even though the frame of analysis has been set up so that there might not be any change to the number of the sections even with any change of consecutive observation times, the fact that the time by area decreases along with the change of consecutive observation from three times to six and nine times means that the time spent on "recognition" of space information reduces in the course that the feature of observing for space information switches from "perception to recognition". Second, the subjects moves their eyes incessantly in order to acquire space information while observing the space, when it was confirmed that there was a difference between "the space which the subjects searched for information by means of observation activities" and "that which they thought they observed that remaining in their consciousness". The appreciation of this kind of difference is very significant for the analysis of observation features. Third, the short observation (0.1 second, three times of consecutive observations) is consistent with "Ares I, intensively searched = that marked as having been observed consciously" by 60%, while the long-time observation (0.3 second, 9 times of consecutive observations) had 56%, which was relatively high, of "Area I, searched intensively ${\neq}$ that marked as having been observed consciously", which means that the observation feature seen at the activities of "consciousness : unconsciousness" and "observation : search" had some change in the course of changing from "perception to recognition".

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2011

Assuming that different spatial types involves the change of observation time to acquire the spatial information, this study intended to analyze the observation time by interior space types and derive the proper time for spatial evaluation. Coming to the study method, in order to analyze the characteristics of observation time in the image evaluation of interior space by types, it looked into the observation time chosen by the testees during evaluation. The findings of this study are as follows: First, the observation time differed by genders and spatial types: men's average time was longest for modern (93.3 sec.) and natural (89.4 sec.) spaces; women's average time was longest for classic space (110.7 sec.), which was the shortest for men. Second, the intensity of observation time zone differed by spatial types: this finding can imply that different design types require different establishment of observation time for evaluation even if the spatial elements are the same. Third, analyzing the distribution of time zones chosen by most testees showed that men's observation time zones were more intensely distributed than those of women. Fourthly, the observation lime for general space could be derived from the gender-based comparison that excluded the difference by types, but considering that different design types lead to different observation time, it could be seen as proper for evaluation of interior space to establish the difference of observation time by spatial types. Finally, Analysis showed the highest preference to the time '(3)'. However, obtaining information presented is the most highly effective time is '(6). Thus, the preferred time zone is different and effective, according to the results of the analysis.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2003

The enhancement of inquiry skills has been emphasized as a important objective of science education for a long time. Of these, the observation is not only a simple and basic skill, but also a very important skill, in aspect of gathering informations about the nature of all things around us, through interaction between the sense organs of body and objectives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the results of observations about the grasshopper(Oxya chinesis), made by the elementary student from the 3rd to the 6th grade, and to make use of them as the basic materials for the observative teaming and the evaluation of the observation ability. Through this study, the collected items of observation are as follows For grasshopper, a total of observation items is 95, 70 using the sight sense, 13 using the tactile sense,7 using the olfactory sense. 3 using the palate sense and 2 using the auditory sense. In this study, the findings of elementary student's observation are as follows. 1. On the whole, most of students have observed mainly by the sight and the tactile sense, when observing the grasshopper. 2. It is showed a tendency that the observation ability of student is increased with the higher grade in elementary school. 3. As the grade ascends. the observations with operating are increased, also the quantitative expression and interpretation about them are increased. 4. In the case of same grade, there is no significant difference between students' gender, though girls' ability of the observation showed somewhat higher than boys' 5. Occasionally, the interpretations on the observative facts made by student, are inaccurate. Basis on the above results, we suggested some directions for the improvement of the observative learning program in science classroom of elementary school. First, the teacher have to serve as a guide and encouragement in the observative learning class, to be accomplished the various observation, which all the sensory organ can be used by student than the sight sense. Second, to get elevated the ability of observation, it is necessary that some experimental tools(magnifying lens, stereoscope, auxiliary implements etc.) are utilized. Third, the teacher have to make often endeavors showing an example of operation, to be activated the atmosphere of operative observation.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop an observation program for obtaining effective flat images that are necessary for photometric observation. The development of the program was achieved by improving the existing method for obtaining twilight flat images. The existing method for obtaining twilight flat images acquires flat images by observing the sky light after sunset or light before sunrise. The decision of when to observe flat images at each night is solely dependent on the judgment of an observer, and thus the obtained flat images for particular nights may not be clean. Especially, in the case of the observatories where an automated observation system is in operation, there is a difficulty that an observer should pay attention during sunrise and sunset in order to obtain flat images. In this study, a computer program is developed to improve this inconvenience and to efficiently perform photometric observation in the observatories where an automated observation system is applied. This program can obtain flat images by calculating the time for obtaining flat images automatically and the exposure time using a numerically calculated function. When obtaining twilight flat images at dusk and at dawn, the developed program performs automated observation and provides effective flat images by acquiring appropriate exposure time considering the sunrise and sunset times that vary depending on the day of observation. The code for performing this task was added to Obs Tool II (Yoon et al. 2006), which is the automated observation system of the Chungbuk National University Observatory, and the usefulness of the developed program was examined by performing an actual automated observation. If this program is applied to other observatories where automated observation is in operation, it is expected that stable and high-quality flat images could be obtained, which can be used for the pre-processing of photometric observation data.