• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.167-173
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• 2002

The isoflavone as a derivatives of flavone is colorless crystalline compounds. It acts on synthesis of fibronectine, collagen III, collagen I in human normal fibroblast by same biological activity to animal hormone. In this study, we tried to search and demonstrate system content rate of dermal translocation system for cosmetics using microemulsion containing isoflavone. The results of microemulsion stability test by centrifugation, storage in incubator and circulation chamber showed that separation of phase did not appear after 30 days. By the skin flexibility test, it has confirmed efficiency and effect as cosmetics materials. As the result, the microemulsion showed that skin flexibility factor improved up to 7.6%. We could confirm that O/W type microemulsion was stable system.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2002

Microemulsion is stable to aggregation, sedimentation, fusion and has $3nm{\sim}200nm$ of particle size which is transparent and semitransparent. The isoflavone as a derivatives of Flavone is colorless crystalline compounds. It has similar basic structure to steroid materials which is hormone that acts to skin physiological phenomenon. On this study, we tried to search and demonstrate system content rate of dermal translocation system for cosmetics using O/W type microemulsion containing isoflavone. We manufactured O/W microemulsions by phase inversion emulsification method. It's was found that POE(20) monostearate with HLB value 14 caused microemulsion to be formed, which had $4nm{\sim}18nm$ of average diameter and $3nm{\sim}33nm$ of particle size distribution. Apparent viscosities of the microemulsions have increased in proportion to add surfactant dose.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.769-777
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• 2002

Using four components - nonionic surfactants, water, hydrocarbon oil and an alcohol as cosurfactant, 12 types of cleaning agents were prepared, and their physical properties such as surface tension, viscosity, electroconductivity and phase stability were measured. As the formulated cleaning agents have low surface tensions(30.5-31.1 dyne/cm) and low viscosities (1.6-7.2 c.p.), they are satisfied with the general physical properties of water-in-oil(W/O) microemulsions for their industrial use. They showed a tendency that their temperature range for stable one-phase microemulsion decreased in accordance with the increase of alcohol/surfactant(A/S) ratio in the formulations. However, the temperature range of one-phase microemulsion was much more affected by hydrophilic lipophillic balance(HLB) value of the nonionic surfactant which increased its temperature range and it increased in accordance with the higher HLB value in the formulations. And the maximum content of water which can keep stable one-phase W/O microemulsion was measured at each sample. In addition, their temperature range for stable one-phase microemulsion was also measured. It was confirmed that the selection of surfactant type was very important for formulating a cleaning agent, since the W/O microemulsion system with the nonionic surfactant of the lower HLB value showed better cleaning efficacy that of the higher HLB value for abietic acid as a soil, which was used for preparing a rosin-type flux. In the formulated cleaning agents with the increase of A/S ratio in the formulations, however, there was no significant difference in cleaning efficacy. It was investigated that the differences of their cleaning efficacy was affected by the change of the condition of temperature and sonicating frequency as important factors in the industrial cleaning. That is, the higher, their cleaning temperature and the lower, their sonicating frequency, the more increased, their cleaning efficacy. Furthermore, using optical instruments like UV/Visable Spectrophotometer and FT-IR Spectrometer, their cleaning efficacy for abietic acid was measured. The removal of soil from the contaminated rinse water was measured by gravity separation method in the rinse bath. As a result, the cleaning agent system having the nonionic surfactant of HLB value 6.4 showed over 85% water-oil separation efficacy at over $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it was demonstrated in this work that the formulating cleaning agents were very effective for cleaning and economical in the possible introduction of water recycling system.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.20-40
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• 1996

The oil in water type ME of 4 component system was composed with POE monoalkyl ether and POE sorbitan monoalkyl ester as surfactant, saturated hydrocarbon, side chain structure and aromatic structure as oil, and glycerine as cosurfactant using high pressure homogenizer. The objective of this study was to examine the role of surfactant and oil structure on droplet size and stability. The experimental results showed that the droplet size was smaller with bigger polarity of oil, less hydrocarbon, longer hydrophilic chain of surfactant and higher concentration of glycerine. SQ and LP systems showed very stable but AB and ISB system unstable microemulsion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

We studied on the preparation and evaluation of O/W type microemulsion containing "wax, liquid paraffine and quaternary ammonium salt". And also it was obtained to stability of microemulsions by mono ethylene glycol(MEG) addition. The microemulsions were generally prepared at 96${\sim}$97$^{\circ}C$ by the phase inversion method. We used polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate(POE(20)SMO) and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(D.D.A.C.) as the emulsifiers at microemulsion preparation. From the results, we could get best condition for microemulsion preparation, in case of oil phase, montanic ester wax ; 1.1wt%, paraffine wax ; 1.1wt%, liquid paraffine ; 3.1wt%, propylene glycol ; 0.6wt% and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether ; 0.6wt%, when the ratio(wt%) of D.D.A.C. and POE(20)SMO were 2 : 3. And also we could obtained that the distributed particle size of the final microemulsions were about 8${\pm}$1.5nm and the mean particle size was 7${\pm}$0.5nm. We got following results from final microemulsions that the percent of transmittance; 96${\sim}$98% at 700nm. And the microemulsion blended with MEG of 5${\sim}$15wt% showed smaller particle size and more stable distribution than non-containing MEG.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.335-344
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• 2004

In this work, the properties as polishing wax for automobile of O/W type microemulsion containing wax, liquid paraffine and quaternaryammonium salt was investigated. The microemulsions were prepared at $96{\sim}97^{\circ}C$ by the phase inversion method, and polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monooleate (POE(20)SMO) and distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(D.D.A.C) as the emulsifiers were used. The mean particle size of the rnicroemulsions was about 7${\pm}$0.5nm and as the properties of polishing wax, gloss increased degree, water resistant gloss degree, initial and final contact angle after water resistance were tested. The result was that the value of water resistantance and contact angle were decreased with increasing amount of POE(20)SMO and D.D.A.C., while the gloss degree values did not affected. And the rnicroemulsion blended with mono ethylene glycol(MEG) of 5${\sim}$15wt% showed smaller particle size and more stable particle size distribution than without MEG. Finally, this microemulsion showed more excellent values of gloss degree, the water resistant gloss degree and contact angle, than two kinds of commercial polishing wax for automobile.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2005

Ursolic acid (UA), a bioactive triterpene acid, has been known to increase collagen content in human skin in addition to other actions such as anti-inflammatory, skin-tumor prevention and anti-invasion. However, it is poorly soluble in water. Therefore, we firstly prepared microemulsion system with benzyl alcohol, ethanol and Cremophor EL, RH 40 and Brij 35 as surfactant in order to increase solubility of UA and then prepared microemulsion was dispersed in o/w cream base for the topical delivery of UA in an effort to improve anti-wrinkle effect. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various microemulsion formulations were prepared using benzyl alcohol as an oil, Cremophor EL, RH 40 and Brij 35 as a surfactant. The droplet size of microemulsions was characterized by dynamic light scattering. The accumulation of VA in the skin from topical cream was evaluated in vitro using hairless mouse skins. The mean droplet size was $26.8{\pm}6.6$ nm for microemulsions II with Cremophor EL. All UA creams showed pseudoplastic flow and hysterisis loop in their rheogram, depending on the type of materials added in topical creams. The in vitro accumulation data demonstrated the UA topical cream prepared with the combination of Poloxamer 407 and Xanthan gum as a copolymer showed higher accumulation percentage than those prepared with either Poloxamer 407 or Xanthan gum. These results suggest that UA topical cream using microemulsion systems may be promising for the topical delivery of UA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1598-1609
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• 2013

Organochlorine pesticide residues continue to remain as a major environmental threat worldwide. Lindane is an organochlorine pesticide widely used as an acaricide in medicine and agriculture. In the present study, a new lindane-degrading yeast strain, Pseudozyma VITJzN01, was identified as a copious producer of glycolipid biosurfactant. The glycolipid structure and type were elucidated by FTIR, NMR spectroscopy, and GC-MS analysis. The surface activity and stability of the glycolipid was analyzed. The glycolipids, characterized as mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), exhibited excellent surface active properties and the surface tension of water was reduced to 29 mN/m. The glycolipid was stable over a wide range of pH, temperature, and salinity, showing a very low CMC of 25 mg/l. Bio-microemulsion of olive oil-in-water (O/W) was prepared using the purified biosurfactant without addition of any synthetic cosurfactants, for lindane solubilization and enhanced degradation assay in liquid and soil slurry. The O/W bio-microemulsions enhanced the solubility of lindane up to 40-folds. Degradation of lindane (700 mg/l) by VITJzN01 in liquid medium amended with bio-microemulsions was found to be enhanced by 36% in 2 days, compared with degradation in 12 days in the absence of bio-microemulsions. Lindane-spiked soil slurry incubated with bio-microemulsions also showed 20-40% enhanced degradation compared with the treatment with glycolipids or yeast alone. This is the first report on lindane degradation by Pseudozyma sp., and application of bio-microemulsions for enhanced lindane degradation. MEL-stabilized bio-microemulsions can serve as a potential tool for enhanced remediation of diverse lindane-contaminated environments.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2007

Semi-solvent type cleaning agents were prepared by mixing naphthenes, natural terpene oil, surfactant and water, and measured their physical properties. And also, cleaning efficiency for flux and grease was measured by gravimetric method. By measuring the physical properties, pH for cleaning agents were 6.0~6.7, surface tension, 27.4~28.4 dyne/cm, and wetting index, 8.65~12.46 (with water), 11.99~17.43 (without water). The cleaning agent composed of naphthene, 30 wt%, natural terpene oil, 45 wt%, surfactant, 13 wt%, co-surfactant, 12 wt%, and water, 0 wt% had the largest wetting index, and shown the most effective cleaning properties for flux (98.66%) and grease (93.44%). The conductivity with $0.5{\sim}0.9{\mu}s/cm$ to the cleaning agent containing small amount of water was found to form W/O type microemulsion.