• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.527-532
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• 2019

Objective: Phosphorous (P) sources with greater bioavailability might increase animal production efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The objective of current study was to determine animal performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and fecal P concentration in finishing lambs fed a diet with either di-calcium phosphate (DCP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P source. Methods: Twelve 4-month-old male lambs (initial body weight $24.87{\pm}3.4kg$) were randomly allocated to a diet with either DCP or DAP (~261 g/kg of total diet P) fed ad libitum for 93 days. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic and had same calcium (Ca) and P concentrations. Results: The DAP contained 19.7 g/kg of dry matter (DM) Ca, 185.4 g/kg DM P and 14,623 ppm fluorine, while DCP contained 230.3 g/kg DM Ca, 195.2 g/kg DM P and 1,039 ppm fluorine. The diet with DAP contained 60 ppm fluorine while the diet with DCP contained 13 ppm fluorine. Lambs fed the diet with DAP tended to have a greater daily DM intake compared to those fed diet with DCP (p = 0.09). Lambs fed DAP had greater plasma P concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity ($p{\leq}0.01$) compared with lambs fed DCP. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were similar between two treatments at days 60 and 90, while they were greater in lambs fed DCP (p<0.05) at day 30 of the trial. Feeding DAP increased P digestibility (58.7% vs 50.2%; p<0.05) and decreased fecal P concentration in lambs compared with feeding DCP (3.1 vs 3.8 g/kg DM; p<0.05). Conclusion: Providing ~261 g/kg of total diet P as DAP in the diet of finishing lambs improved the bioavailability of P in the body and decreased excretion of P in feces without affecting lamb performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.121-121
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• 2022

When 7 kg·10a^-1, which is less than the nitrogen standard application amount of 9 kg·10a^-1, is applied, the protein content is lowered and the palatibility is improved. In order to examine the applicability of nitrogen fertilization of 7 kg·10a^-1 nationwide, soil samples were collected from 240 paddy fields in 8 provinces in 2021, and the organic matter content, effective phosphoric acid, and effective silicic acid were analyzed for each sample. As a result of one-way ANOVA analysis between samples collected for each province, there was no significant difference in the content of organic matter, effective phosphoric acid, and effective silicic acid except for some provinces. The contents of organic matter was higher than the appropriate level(25 ~ 30 g·kg^-1) except for Gyeongsangbuk-do, the effective phosphoric acid was higher than the appropriate level(80~120 mg·kg^-1) in all provinces, and the effective silicic acid was lower than the appropriate level(157 ~ 180 mg·kg^-1) except for Gyeonggi-do, Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. As a result of analyzing the recommended fertilization amount based on the nitrogen application amount of 7 kg·10a^-1, 68.3% ofthe 240 samples were able to give nitrogen fertilizer less than 7.5 kg·10a^-1, and the rest had to be given more than that to satisfy the standard fertilization amount. As a result of this study, 68.3% of rice paddies nationwide can be cultivated with a standard fertilization amount of 7 kg·10a^-1, however it was thought that continuous nutrient management would be required for other paddies.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 1973

The optimum time for nutritional diagnosis of the field-grown rice plant by total plant analysis, and the relationship between maximum or minimum nutrient content at various growth stages and corresponding yield and between maximum or minimum yield and corresponding nutrient content were as follows. 1. The percentage occurence of the minimum nutrient content in straw or grain of minus nutrient plot was in the order of 20 days after transplanting (20)>maximum tillering (MT)>harvested straw (HS)> earformation (EF)>straw at flowering (FS)>harvested grain (HG)>ear at flowering (FE) for nitrogen, MT>EF>HS>20=FS>FE>HG for phosphorus and MT>EF>20>FS>HG>FE for potassium. 2. The time when the occurece of minimum nutrient content in minus plot is highest was considered as the optimum time for nutritional diagnosis of root zone. It was 20 days after transplanting in N and maximum tillering stage in P and K. 3. The highest relative difference($100{\times}(L-H)/H$), between maximum (H)and minimum(L) nutrient content appeared in harvested straw for N and P while in harvested grain for K and Si, suggesting the close relation to their translocation from straw to grain. 4. The corresponding yield of maximum nutrient content was higher than that of minimum content at all growth stages in N, at all stages except MT and EF in P, at 20 days after trans planting and harvest in K, but it was always lower in Si, thus the contribution of nutrient content to yield will be in the order of N>P>K>Si. 5. The highest relative difference ($100{\times}(L-H)/H$, where H and L stand for yields) between yields corresponding to maximum and minimum nutrient content appeared at 20 days after transplanting for N. P. K, indicating the time of the closest relation between yield and nutrient content. 6. The highest difference (H-L, where H and L stand for nutrient content) between N. P. K contents corresponding to maximum or minimum yields came at 20 days after transplanting. The contents of N. P. K corresponding to the maximum total dry matter yield were lower than those corresponding the maximum grain yield at this stage. These facts support the closest relation between yield and nutrient content at this time. 7. The highest yield among yields corresponding to maximum nutrient contents occured at 20 days after transplanting in N. P. K but the lowest yield among yields corresponding to minimum nutrient contents appeared at the same stage only in nitrogen. 8. From the above facts the optimum time for diagnosis of nutrient around root zone seems different from that for diagnosis of nutritional status in relation to grain yield.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase (Natuphos$^{\circledR}$) supplementation, individually and in combination with carbohydrase enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; ENDO-POWER$^{\circledR}$) to corn-soy basis diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 48 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc), 29.1$\pm$0.14 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a Randomized Complete Block Design. There were three pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (control diet with 3,380 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 18.96% of crude protein, 1.10% of lysine, 0.75% of calcium and 0.35% of available phosphorus), 2) LP+NTPS (CON diet with 0.15% unit lower available P levels+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg; Natuphos$^{\circledR}$)), 3) LEL+ENP (CON diet with 3.0% unit lower ME and lysine levels + 0.1% carbohydrase enzyme complex (ENDO-POWER$^{\circledR}$), and 4) LPEL+ENZ (CON diet with 0.15% unit lower available P levels and 3.0% unit lower ME and lysine levels+0.1% ENDO-POWER$^{\circledR}$ and 0.1% Natuphos$^{\circledR}$ (500 FTU/kg). There was no significant difference (p〉0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 4 weeks). Apparent digestibility of gross energy was greater in LP+NTPS and LPEL+ENZ groups than in the LEL+ENP (p<0.05). Apparent digestibility of phosphorus was greater in LP+NTPS than in LEL+ENP (p<0.05). Dry matter excretion was lowest in LPEL+ENZ and phosphorus excretion was lowest in LP+NTPS (p<0.05). Overall, pigs fed on LPEL+ENZ group tended to have better nutrient digestibility (dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and phosphorus) than pigs fed on control group. All dietary enzyme treatment groups showed lower feed cost/body weight gain of pigs than control group. In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrase enzyme complex to diets is advantageous with respect to reducing nutrient excretion of growing pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based growing pig diets.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of probiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio (30:70 and 70:30), for the establishment of their more efficient feeding management system. The probiotics employed in this trial were mixtures of different microbial species, which consisted of Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus. Additional levels of probiotics to each F:C ratio (70:30 or 30:70) were 0 and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, twelve Korean black male goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats per treatment and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Dry matter (DM) intakes were not affected by dietary F:C ratio and probiotics. Digestible DM amounts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, but they were not affected by probiotics addition. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight and their ratio per body weight had a similar trend to DM intakes with no significant difference by F:C ratio and probiotics addition. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) increased with decreasing levels of forage in the diet, but it was not affected by probiotics addition. Urinary nitrogen loss was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with decreasing levels of dietary forage, but there was no significant difference between probiotics-supplemented and unsupplemented groups within the same F:C ratio. On the contrary, nitrogen retention was decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, and probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio showed slightly increasing trends in the nitrogen retention. From the above results, probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio did not have the significant influence on feed intakes, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Consequently, these parameters of Korean black goats were dominated rather by F:C ratio than by dietary probiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.827-830
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• 2013

To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of $40.5{\pm}2.4$ kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight at pre-weaning (less than 5 wk) and post-weaning (8 wk) was lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the highest among all treatments in pre-weaning period (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and total DMI was higher in that calves received 800 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter were weaned earlier (p<0.05) and showed lower milk consumption (kg, DM) compared with other treatments whereas no significant difference was observed between calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter (p>0.05). Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber digestibility among all treatments (p>0.05).Treatments had no significant effect on time of starting rumination, respiratory score, and days of drug administration for pneumonia. There were no meaningful differences in feces, fecal odor scores, body temperature, and days of drug administration for diarrhea among all treatments (p>0.05). Total dry matter intake at the end of experiment showed no significant difference among calves fed 600 and 800 g/d of starter, but calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter showed more dry matter (DM) intake than calves in the 600 and 800 g/d groups (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.607-628
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• 1999

The swine waste industry is growing rapidly along with the world human population. The trend is toward more concentrated piggeries with numbers of herds in the thousands. Associated with these increased herds are large quantities of wastes, including organic matter, inorganic nutrients, and gaseous emissions. The trend in swine waste management is toward treatment of these wastes to minimize negative impact on the health and comfort of workers and animals and the atmosphere, water, and soil environments. Treatment of these wastes has traditionally involved land application, lagoons, oxidation ditches, and conventional batch and continuously stirred reactor designs. More sophisticated treatment systems are being implemented, involving advanced anaerobic digester designs, integrated with solids separation, aerobic polishing of digester effluents, and biological nutrient removal. This review discusses the present and future role of anaerobic processes in piggery waste treatment with emphasis on reactor design, operating and performance parameters, and effluent processing.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.919-927
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• 2011

A ecosystem model was applied for understanding of circulation process of state variables in marine ecosystem. A mass balance was conducted by calculating the physical process. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to know which coefficient is the most effective factor to the state variables in the model. The results of the mass balance indicate that the primary production was 58.6 ton C/day in the case of mass flux. DIN and DIP in nutrient ingestion of phytoplankton were each 7.9 ton N/day, 1.1 ton P/day. POC and DOC in mineralization of organic matter were each 10.8 ton C/day, 40.6 ton C/day. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the maximum growth rate of phytoplankton was the most important factor for overall state variables. In the case of nutrients, Half saturation constant of DIN, and mineralization rate of DOM for COD were important factor.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.781-788
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• 2007

The Carbon source to enhance the denitrification is essential matter in the advanced sewage treatment. For the high level of nutrient removal, external carbons such as ethanol, methanol, volatile fatty acids and so on should be needed. In this study, the methods to increase the sludge solubilization and acidification rate were compared with waste activated sludges and food waste leachate. Ultrasonication and acids were used for the pretreatment of organic particles in sludges. As a results, the optimal temperature and HRT were $60^{\circ}C$ and 5 days, respectively. HAc, HPr, HBr, and other VFAs for acid fermentations reduced up to 22, 16, 14, and 48% with HRT reduction. For the increase of solubilization, 28% of solids destruction rate was shown at 0.3 watts/mL.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.275-280
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• 2001

Typically, manganese (II) ions are incompletely removed from water as $MnO_2$ on increasing the pH of the water to 10. The water then has to be neutralized before it can be used. We propose a new and effective method for removing Mn (II) from water using a new combination of symbiotic microbes consisting of manganese-oxidizing bacteria and filamentous algae. The microbes rapidly oxidize Mn(II) to Mn (IV) at a neutral pH with no organic matter required as a nutrient and $MnO_2$is precipitated immediately. This differs from the use of heterotrophic manganese-oxidizing bacteria where organic nutrients are required. Our results suggest that this method will be useful in developing new systems for removal of manganese(II) ions from industrial and mining wastewater and drinking water. In addition, there are other possibilities such as recycling of dry batteries which are presently discarded without treatment