• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.501-505
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• 1996

Azimsulfuron [1H-pyrazole-5-sulfonamide,N-(((4,6-dimethoxy-pyridine-2-yl-aminocarbonyl-4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazole-5-yl)] is a new sulfonamide herbicide that selectively controls a wide range of weeds in lowland rice (Oryza sativa). It effectively controlled Cyperus serotinus, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Sagittaria pygmaea, S. trifolia, and Scirpus juncoides at 7.5 - 30 g ai/ha. In the tolerance test on grasses carried out in a nutrient solution containing 0.3 - 30 ppm of azimsulfuron, greater inhibition occurred in roots of both rice and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli) than in shoots. However, rice root was approximately 5-fold more tolerant than that of barnyardgrass. The downward movements as determined by 50% growth inhibition of S. juncoides were 4-cm in clay loam and 6.5-cm in sandy loam soil with 3-cm/day leaching for 3 days. When incubated at 20 and $30^{\circ}C$, the residual effect in clay loam soil lasted for 30 and 21 days, respectively. In a soil column applied at 15 g ai/ha of azimsulfuron followed by 3-cm/day leaching for 3 days, dry weights of S. trifolia emerging at 5, 10, and 15-cm depth were reduced to 87, 85, and 79% of the corresponding untreated control, respectively. Susceptibility of S. trifolia to azimsulfuron did not greatly vary with the emergence depth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1094-1099
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• 2012

Green manure cultivation affects soil productivity and nutrient conservation in paddy soil at winter season. This study was to evaluate nitrogen behavior released from chinese milk vetch (CMV) as green manure by using stable $^{15}N$ trace during rice cultivation. The CMV used in the experiment was 29.9 of C/N ratio and 14.1 g N $kg^{-1}$ ($^{15}N$ 0.388 atom % excess) and was applied at rates of 10 and $30Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in pot of 1/2000a size. Rice growth and N uptake increased with higher levels of CMV application at harvesting stage. Among total N uptake, 14.6 and 26.8 % of nitrogen was released respectively from the two different rates of CMV application. Stable $^{15}N$ recovery by rice biomass was 60%, 54% to the $^{15}N$ input, respectively, of CMV application, which decreased in order of grain, root, and straw of rice biomass. Total N content in the soil after rice harvest was 1.9 and 2.1 g N $kg^{-1}$, respectively, with increasing N input by the different rates of CMV application and the rate of $^{15}N$ recovery derived from CMV in the soil was 3.8 and 4.8 %, respectively. N input by CMV application induced rice growth and productivity during rice cultivation. However, it might need proper managements to reduce N loss because about 36-41 % of nitrogen was lost from N input by CMV application.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.826-837
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• 2007

Gallstone composition has changed over the past decades in the Korean with a prominent increase in the prevalence of cholesterol gallstone. This trend is possibly due to the westernization of dietary habits. The purpose of this study was descriptive of GB patient's health related eating behaviors and nutrient consumption patterns. One hundred and six gallstone patients who have had cholecystitis surgery enrolled in this study. Anthropomertic indices, such as height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and calculated BMI and WHR. As the biomarker, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, FBG level and SBP/DBP were measured and analyzed the relationship with GB stone formation. The structured checklist of health related eating behavior and the semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire after pre-test was used in the face to face interview study. The mean age was $54.9{\pm}13.3$ and gallstone disease was more frequent in the fifties and sixties. Mean BMI was $24.3{\pm}2.8$ in males, and $23.4{\pm}3.9$ in females, the average of waist circumference was $91.1{\pm}7.0cm$ in males and females were $85.4{\pm}9.6cm$. The WHR of men and women was $0.93{\pm}0.0,\;0.90{\pm}0.1$, respectively. The obesity and overweight trend was observed in gallstone patients. The mean blood sugar was researched at $114.5{\pm}35.0mg/dL$. And the ratio of both symptoms DM and gallstone was 26.4%. The rate of dramatic eating repast was significantly higher in the females (p<0.01). Males tended to more frequently consume meat, of high fat content meats and greasy food consumption when eating out. The CPF ratio was 57:16.5:26.5. There was a significant positive correlation between WC and energy (r=0.252, p<0.05), carbohydrate (r=0.255, p<0.05) and niacin (r=0.227, p<0.05). In addition, carbohydrate were significantly correlatied with TC (r=0.230, p<0.05). BMI appeared positive in correlation of protein (r=0.201, p<0.05) and fat (r=0.205, p<0.05). These findings provide a little association that dietary habits are related with cholesterol gallstone formation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.994-1001
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• 2001

An easier way of understanding the BNR system was proposed from the study on substrate, nutrient removal tendency, microbial community and its metabolic function by applying the municipal settled sewage. During the anaerobic period, the phosphorus release rate per VFACOD we varied depending on the phosphorus content in the sludge. When the phosphorus content in the sludge was $6\%$ VSS, according to influent VFACOD, the phosphorus release rate and PHA production were $0.35 gPO_4P/gVFACOD$ and 1.0 gPHA/gVFACOD, respectively. The $NO_3N$ requirement for the phosphorus uptake as an electron acceptor was about $0.5 gNO_3N/gPO_4P_{uptake}$ based on the proposed equation with PHA, biomass, production, and the concentration of phosphorus release/uptake. Bacterial-community analysis of the sludge, as determined by FISH and 16SrDNA characterization FISH, revealed that the beta-subclass proteobacteria were the most abundant group ($27.9\%$ of the proteobacteria-specific probe EUB338), and it was likely that representative of the beta-subclass played key roles in activated sludge. The next dominant group found was the gamma-protebacteria ($15.4\%$ of probe EUB338). 16S rDNA clone library analysis showed that the members of${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria were also the most abundant groups, and $21.5\%$ (PN2 and PN4) and $15.4\%$ (PN1 and PN5) of total clones were the genera of denitrifying bacteria and PAO, respectively. Prediction of the microbial community composition was made with phosphorus content (Pv, $\%$ P/VSS) in wasted sludge and profiles of COD, PHA, $PO_4P,\;and\;NO_3N$ in an anaerobic-anoxic SBR unit. Generally, the predicted microbial composition based upon metabolic function, i.e., as measured by stoichiometry, is fairly similar to that measure by the unculturable dependent method. In this study, a proposal was made on he microbial community composition that was more easily approached to analyze the reactor behavior.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.496-510
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• 2007

This paper describes the use of a discrete mathematical model to represent the basic mechanisms of regulation of the bacteria E. coli in batch fermentation. The specific phenomena studied were the changes in metabolism and genetic regulation when the bacteria use three different carbon substrates (glucose, glycerol, and acetate). The model correctly predicts the behavior of E. coli vis-a-vis substrate mixtures. In a mixture of glucose, glycerol, and acetate, it prefers glucose, then glycerol, and finally acetate. The model included 67 nodes; 28 were genes, 20 enzymes, and 19 regulators/biochemical compounds. The model represents both the genetic regulation and metabolic networks in an integrated form, which is how they function biologically. This is one of the first attempts to include both of these networks in one model. Previously, discrete mathematical models were used only to describe genetic regulation networks. The study of the network dynamics generated 8 $(2^3)$ fixed points, one for each nutrient configuration (substrate mixture) in the medium. The fixed points of the discrete model reflect the phenotypes described. Gene expression and the patterns of the metabolic fluxes generated are described accurately. The activation of the gene regulation network depends basically on the presence of glucose and glycerol. The model predicts the behavior when mixed carbon sources are utilized as well as when there is no carbon source present. Fictitious jokers (Joker1, Joker2, and Repressor SdhC) had to be created to control 12 genes whose regulation mechanism is unknown, since glycerol and glucose do not act directly on the genes. The approach presented in this paper is particularly useful to investigate potential unknown gene regulation mechanisms; such a novel approach can also be used to describe other gene regulation situations such as the comparison between non-recombinant and recombinant yeast strain, producing recombinant proteins, presently under investigation in our group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.460-465
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• 2007

In this study, the removal characteristic of ammonia nitrogen and behavior of nitrogen was investigated using Leclercia adecarboxylata, which was derived from the culture contaminated by ammonia nitrogen of high concentration. The method of ammonia nitrogen removal was not biological nitrification and denitrification but elimination of nutrient salt with internal synthesis of microorganisms which use ammonia nitrogen as substrate. L. adecarboxylata(one of ammonia synthesis microorganisms) was highly activated and showed the most high removal efficiency in free salt condition but the removal efficiency decreased badly in salt concentration of more than 4%. About 80 mg/L of $NH_3-N$ was mostly removed within 20 hours and 500 mg/L of $NH_3-N$ showed less then removal efficiency of 50% because carbon source was not enough. However, ammonium nitrogen concentration was decreased again when the carbon source was inserted additionally thus, ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency by L. adecarboxylata, was related to amount of carbon source. pH decreased from 8.0 to 6.36 according to growth of L. adecarboxylata. Concentration of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen did not increase and TKN concentration showed no variation while ammonia nitrogen was removed by L. adecarboxylata. In addition to, when content of protein in organic nitrogen was measured, protein was not detected at the beginning of microorganism synthesis but protein of 193.1 mg/L was detected after 48 hours. Hence, ammonium nitrogen was not decomposed as nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen but synthesized by L. adecarboxylata, which has excellent ability of nitrogen synthesis and can threat ammonia nitrogen of high concentration in wastewater.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1284-1291
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia) and Miúda (Nopalea) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs. Methods: Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, Nopalea and Opuntia) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection. Results: The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p<0.05) as a function of the diets, with the Nopalea treatment (p<0.05) increasing DM intake (g/kg and % body weight [BW]), CP, TDN, and TC digestibility, whereas the Tifton hay diet led to a high (p<0.001) neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) g/d intake, NDFap (BW %) and digestibility of said nutrient. There was no effect of treatments (p>0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p<0.05) for animals fed Tifton hay. The performance of the animals was similar (p>0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, Nopalea promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay. Conclusion: The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the food behavior and nutrient intakes, and the analysis of constituent parts of blood related to iron nutrition conditions and to investigate the correlation between iron nutrition conditions and obesity. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal(n=55) and obese groups(n=60) according to their obesity index. Their nutritional status, serum iron status were evaluated based in 24-hr dietary recalls, questionnaire and blood analysis. The mean age of the normal group(10.76 years) and that of the obese group(10.95 years) made little difference. The height(p<0.05), weight(p<0.001), and obesity index(p<0.001) in the obese group were higher than those of the normal group in every respect. The 63.55% of the subject of this study gave an answer 'They eat breakfast daily', and the frequency of eating breakfast made little difference. The average intakes of energy were 1669.44 kcal(84.19% of EER) in the obese group and 1673.59 kcal(86.72% of EER) in the normal group respectively, which made little difference between two groups. The intake of nutrients such as calcium and folate was as insufficient as below 75% of RI. The heme iron intake of the obese group was low that of the normal group(p<0.05). Among the major 20 iron resources the iron intake through animal food intake were 1.43 mg(12.00%) in the obese group and 1.93 mg(17.72%) in the normal group respectively. The rating of iron condition in the blood showed that the number of red blood cell(p<0.01), the hemoglobin(p<0.001), and hematocrit(p<0.01) of the obese group were lower than those of the normal group. These results suggest that there should be the right choice of food according to its bioavailability and nutritive guidance to appropriate food behavior, in addition to increasing iron intake to improve iron nutrition conditions of obese male elementary school students.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 1999

This study was designed to examined psychosocial status and nutritional factors(nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, eating behavior, dietary intakes) among female university students and to investigate if there were differences in these variables by weight loss attempt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to 225 female university students in Seoul. Survey instrument was adapted or modified based on literature review, and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recall and CAN-pro. Descriptive statistics, t-test x$^2$-test were used in data analysis. Mean height, weight of subjects were 162.7cm, 51.3kg, and mean BMI was 19.4. One hundred-nine students(48.4%) were grouped into weight loss attempt roup and 116 students were grouped int non-attempt group. According to BMI, 58.7% of weight loss attempt group were underweight, suggesting that unnecessary weight control is common in college women. With respect to psychosocial status, subjects received moderate degree of stress and were slightly satisfied with life. There was no significant difference in stress, social support or self-esteem between the two groups, however, students in non-attempt group were more satisfied with their life(p<0.01) and adapted better in school that students in weight loss attempt group. Subjects scored 14.9${\pm}$2.1 (highest score : 20) on nutritional knowledge, and showed favorable dietary attitudes. Overall, nutritional knowledge and dietary attitudes were not significantly different between the two groups. Common eating problems were irregular meals(71.6%), followed by unbalanced meals and eating-out. Subjects in weight loss attempt group were more likely to change eating habit after entering the university and showed more undesirable eating habit. Dietary intake data indicated hat the energy derived from fat was slightly higher than the recommended level. Most of the nutrient intake was lower than the RDA, particularly, iron and calcium intake was below the 50% of the RDA. Although this study did not reveal significant difference in nutritional knowledge or dietary intake by weight loss attempt, this study showed status of weight control, eating habit and dietary intake in female university students, and provide some information for nutrition education of college women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.800-807
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• 2019

Objective: The aim was to evaluate backgrounding beef steers on oat + ryegrass pastures mixed with vetch and/or using energy supplementation. Methods: A randomized block design with three treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: grass + supplement (oat + ryegrass + supplementation), legume + supplement (oat + ryegrass + vetch + supplementation) and grass + legume (oat + ryegrass + vetch). A continuous grazing system with a variable stocking rate was used. Twenty-seven intact crossbred steers (1/4 Marchigiana, 1/4 Aberdeen Angus and 2/4 Nellore) aged 7 months old and average weight of 190 kg were used. Steers were supplemented at 1% of the body weight of ground corn. The experiment lasted 84 days, between May and August 2014. Behavioral assessments were performed two times per experimental period, for 24 hours. Results: The forage mass was different between treatments, being greater for steers fed without legume. The accumulation rate, forage allowance, and stocking rate did not differ between treatments due to the adequate adjustment of forage allowance. The final weight of animals, as well as the dry matter intake (kg/d), did not differ between treatments. However, forage intake was higher for non-supplemented animals in relation to supplemented steers. Supplement intake did not alter the total digestible nutrient intake due to pasture quality. Animals fed grass + supplement had higher live weight gain per area than those fed grass + legume. Animals without supplementation spent more time in grazing. Conclusion: Feeding behavior was not altered by mixing with vetch or supplementation. Non-supplemented animals started the grazing peak earlier and spent more time in grazing than those supplemented; however, the average daily gain was similar between treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was 47% higher in pastures in which the animals received supplementation compared with those mixed with vetch, a consequence of the substitutive effect.