• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.275-283
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• 2023

Objective: This study was to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) for nursery pigs using both direct procedure and difference procedure when FSBM was added at 20% in diets. Methods: Forty-eight pigs at 9.2±0.9 kg body weight (BW) were individually housed and allotted to 4 treatments. Treatments included NFD (a semi-purified N free diet), FSD (a diet with 20% FSBM), CBD (corn basal diet), and CFD (corn basal diet:FSBM at 80:20). The FSD was used to measure AA digestibility in FSBM using the direct procedure, whereas CBD and CFD were used in the difference procedure. Pigs were fed for 10 days (0.09×BW^0.75 kg per day) and euthanized to collect ileal digesta for TiO₂ and AA. Results: Total endogenous AA loss was 12.1 g/kg of dry matter intake. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) Thr was greater (p<0.05) and AID His (p = 0.073) and Leu (p = 0.052) tended to be greater using the direct procedure compared with the difference procedure. The SID Thr were greater (p<0.05) in FSBM for nursery pigs calculated using a direct procedure compared with a difference procedure. In addition, SID Lys in FSBM was about 83% to 88% for nursery pigs higher than SID Lys described in National Research Council (2012). Conclusion: The SID of AA in FSBM when included at practical levels using the direct procedure were similar to those from the difference procedure. Considering the SID of AA obtained using both direct and difference procedures, FSBM is an effective protein supplement providing highly digestible AA to nursery pigs. The SID of AA from this study was considerably higher than those previous reported. This study also indicates the importance of including the test feedstuffs at practical levels when evaluating digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.872-877
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of reducing particle size of corn from 1,000 to 500 ${\mu}m$ in simple and complex diets for nursery pigs and broiler chicks. In Exp 1., 192 nursery pigs were used in a 24 d growth assay. Treatments were: 1) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 2) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 3) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet; and 4) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet. Overall, pigs fed complex diets had 9% greater ADG (p<0.005) and 5% greater gain/feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed simple diets. Also, pigs fed the 500 ${\mu}m$ treatments had 3% better overall gain/feed than those fed the 1,000 ${\mu}m$ treatments (p<0.007). At d 9, apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater for complex diets and diets with smaller particle size (p<0.02). At d 23, there were no differences in nutrient digestibility resulting from diet complexity, but pigs fed diets with corn ground to 500 ${\mu}m$ had greater digestibility of DM (p<0.02) and GE (p<0.003) than pigs fed diets with corn ground to 1,000 ${\mu}m$. A second experiment was designed to determine if four days old broiler chicks were an acceptable model for predicting the effects of feed processing procedures on nursery pigs. Chicks fed complex diets had 3% greater gain/feed than chicks fed simple diets (p<0.001). Rate of gain and feed intake were improved by 3 and 2%, respectively, for chicks fed crumbled diets (p<0.03). However, there were several significant interactions among the main effects. For instance, crumbling did not affect gain/feed in chicks fed complex diets, but rate of gain and feed intake were increased by 7 and 6%, respectively, when simple diets were crumbled (diet complexity${\times}$diet form, p<0.001). Also, gain/feed of chicks was improved by 3% when particle size was reduced in meal diets, but not affected in chicks fed crumbles (diet form${\times}$particle size, p<0.005). Thus, our data suggested that reduction of particle size of corn was important for simple and complex diets and that a complex diet with 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn gave no better performance than a simple diet with 500 ${\mu}m$ corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.792-798
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• 2010

Four experiments with 2,020 nursery pigs (Triumph-4${\times}$PIC Camborough 22) were conducted at a commercial research site to evaluate the effects of including 30% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in late nursery diets on pig growth performance and to compare the effects of pelleted and meal diets containing 30% DDGS on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 1, 312 pigs (10.54${\pm}$0.16 kg) were allotted to two diets: corn-soybean meal based control diet and a corn-soybean meal diet containing 30% DDGS. In Exp. 2, 337 pigs (16.70${\pm}$0.14 kg) were used to validate Exp. 1 with similar diets. In Exp. 3, 665 pigs (11.77${\pm}$0.12 kg) were allotted to diets containing 30% DDGS, but in different forms: meal or pellet. Fecal samples were collected during the final day of the trials to measure nutrient and energy apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). In Exp. 4, 706 pigs (18.40${\pm}$0.18 kg) were allotted to the same diets as Exp. 3. In Exp. 1 and 2, there was no (p>0.05) effect of DDGS on ADG, ADFI or G:F. In Exp. 3, pelleting improved (p<0.01) ADG (578 vs. 541 g/d) and G:F (714 vs. 674 g/kg), with no difference (p>0.05) in ADFI. The ATTD of most nutrients and energy were improved by pelleting (p<0.05). In Exp. 4, ADG (717 vs. 675 g/d) and G:F (680 vs. 648 g/kg) were improved by pelleting (p<0.01), with no difference (p>0.05) in ADFI. In conclusion, 10-23 kg pigs in late nursery phase can be fed up to 30% DDGS without having a detrimental effect on pig performance, and pelleting the diet will increase nutrient and energy availability.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.578-585
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• 2000

This study was aimed at examine eating behavior and food preferences of children in preschool nursery facilities. A survey was conducted on parents using questionnaires including general characteristics, eating behavior, and food habits at home and food preferences of children in 6 nursery facilities. The children involved in this study were 150 boys and 154 girls, aged 1 to 7 years old. Sixty three percent(187 children) of the children were on 'regular' meal times, and 37.0%(110 children) were on 'irregular' meal times. The major reason for their irregular meal times were 'their' concentration on other tasks'(26.6%) and 'no appetite'(25.5%). The meal eaten best by children was 'dinner' while that eaten worst was 'breakfast'. The major type of their eating habit problem was 'unbalanced diet'(62.1%), and their mothers' response to the unbalanced diet was 'trying to persuade the child'(71.6%). The number of snacks at home was one or twice a day(97.3%), and 'preference'(67.8%) was the main reason for selecting particular snacks. Their preferred staple foods were 'cooked rice with meat & vegetables and Chinese noodles', and 'noodles with bean sauce', and their preferred soup was 'seaweed soup' Also, their most preferred meat dishes were 'fried chicken' and 'thin sliced barbecued beef. Children preferred side dishes with animal foods to those with vegetable foods. Since children liked mixed dishes, it seems desirable to introduce foods which children dislike as ingredients in mixed dishes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1038-1042
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• 2009

Fifty-four cross-bred ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) pigs (13.47${\pm}$0.03 kg average initial BW) were evaluated in a 42 d growth assay to determine the effects of the fermented soy product (FSP). The dietary treatments were: FSP 0 (corn-soybean basal diet), FSP 2.5 (FSP 0 amended with 2.5% FSP), and FSP 5 (FSP 0 amended with 5% FSP). The body weight at the end of the experiment increased linearly (p = 0.05) as the FSP levels in the diets increased. In addition, the ADG and G/F ratio also increased (linear effect, p = 0.06) as the levels of FSP increased. However, there was no effect of FSP on ADFI or DM digestibility (p>0.05). Furthermore, the N digestibility increased as the FSP levels increased (linear effect, p = 0.003), although the total protein concentration in the blood was not affected by FSP (p>0.05). Additionally, the albumin concentration was higher in pigs fed diets that contained 2.5% FSP than in pigs in the control group or the FSP 5 group (quadratic effect, p = 0.07). The creatinine concentrations were also evaluated at d 42 and found to be greater in pigs that received the FSP 2.5 diet (quadratic effect, p = 0.09). Moreover, the creatinine concentration increased linearly in response to FSP treatment (p = 0.09). Finally, although the BUN concentration on the final day of the experiment was greater in pigs that received the FSP 2.5 diet (quadratic effect, p = 0.10), there were no incremental differences in BUN concentrations among groups (p>0.05). Taken together, the results of this study indicate that feeding FSP to pigs during the late nursery phase improves growth performance and N digestibility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.1344-1354
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of brown rice (Japonica) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters of weanling pigs. A total of 60 weanling pigs (28-day-old, 30 barrows and 30 gilts, 6.73 ± 0.77 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs per pen; 5 replicates per treatment) in a randomized complete block design with the initial BW and sex as blocks. The dietary treatments were a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and the CON replaced 50% of corn with brown rice (BR). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments for 5 weeks. For the last week of experiment period, pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 1 pig in each pen daily for the last 3 d after the 4-d adjustment period. Blood was collected from randomly selected 1 pig in each pen on d 0, 3, 7, and 14 after weaning. Compared with pig fed CON diet, pigs fed the BR diet were found to have higher (p < 0.05) final BW, overall average daily gain, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and energy. However, there were no significant differences between the groups with respect to average daily feed intake, gain to feed ratio, frequency of diarrhea, and the AID and ATTD of crude protein during overall experimental period. Similarly, there were no significant differences on blood parameters between the groups. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that brown rice (Japonica) can be used to replace 50% of corn in the diet of pigs during the nursery period without negatively affecting growth performance, nutrient digestibility, or blood parameters.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.1007-1010
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• 2011

The objective was to evaluate in vitro prediction of ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids (AA) for current nursery pig diets (n = 10) by using pepsin and pancreatin incubations. To compare in vivo ileal digestibility, forty nursery pigs (4 pigs per diet) with an initial BW of $12.2{\pm}2.7$ kg were surgically equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum. In all cases, the values of in vitro digestibility were higher than those of in vivo digestibility (p<0.05). With regard to the relationships of essential and non essential AA (CP), the $r^2$ value was 0.76. With regard to AA, high relationships were observed in Ile, Thr, and Gly (0.85, 0.83, and 0.89, respectively). Also, there was a lower relationship for Arg, Met, Ala, Asp, Glu, Pro, Ser, and Tyr with $R^2$ values of 0.56, 0.54, 0.40, 0.54, 0.45, 0.24, 0.49, and 0.35, respectively between in vitro and in vivo digestibility. The EAA relationship ($R^2$ = 0.71) was generally higher than that of NEAA ($R^2$ = 0.50) numerically. In conclusion, there were strong linear relationships between in vivo and in vitro ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly). In vitro prediction of ileal digestibility (CP, Ile, Thr, and Gly) seems to have significant potential for practical application.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2004

본 연구는 자돈 및 비육돈에 있어 황기 및 건조앙파분 혼합물(AO ; Astragalus Membranaces and dried-onion meal complex)을 급여하였을 때 성장 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다 자돈은 개시시 체중 11.44±0.13㎏ 3원 교잡종 자돈 60두를 공시하였다. 시험설계는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료(CON; basal diet), 기초사료에 AO를 0.2% 첨가한 구(AO 0.2), 0.4%(AO 0.4) 및 0.6%(AO 0.6)로 구성하였다. 사양시험기간동안 AO의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 일당증체량(Linear effect, p=0.01) 및 일당사료섭취량(Linear effect, p=0.05)이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 영양소 소화율에 있어서는 AO의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 건물(Linear effect, p=0.01)및 질소(Linear effect, P=0.01)소화율이 유의적으로 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 육성돈은 개시시 체중 37.97±0.54㎏ 3원 교잡종 육성돈 30두를 공시하였다. 일당증체량에 있어서는 대조구와 비교하여 처리구의 성장율이 20%(728 vs 871 g/day) 향상되었으며(P<0.05), 일당사료섭취량 및 사료효율에 있어서도 대조구와 비교하여 처리구가 각각 15%(1896 vs 2183 g/day), 5%(0.38 vs 0.40)더 높게 나타났다. 영양소 소화율에 있어서는 대조구와 비교하여 생약제 처리구의 건물 및 질소 소화율이 유의적으로 향상되었다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 자돈 및 육성돈 사료내에 AO를 급여하면 성장능력 및 영양소 소화율을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.395-399
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• 1999

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioning a complex (20% whey, 10% lactose, 4% plasma protein, 4% wheat gluten and 2% blood meal) diet on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1,180 pigs (average initial BW of 6.4 kg) were fed the experimental diet (1.7% lysine) during a 7-d growth assay. Treatments were a meal control (M), standard (ST), and expander (EX) conditioned mash or pellets. Rate and efficiency of gain were decreased by 39% and 21% (p<0.005) respectively, for pigs fed EX diets compared to those fed the ST diet. In Exp. 2,196 pigs (average initial BW of 6.5 kg) were used to determine the effects of EX operating conditions on nutritional value of a pelleted complex diet. When steam conditioning temperature (prior to expanding) was $54^{\circ}C$, increasing cone pressure of the EX from 0 to 7 to 14 kg/cm2 resulted in linear decreases in rate of gain of weaned pigs (p<0.006), suggesting heat damage of the diet. Increasing conditioning temperature (i.e., adding steam) of the diets from 46 to 54 to $63^{\circ}C$ (cone pressure at $12kg/cm^2$) resulted in improved rate of gain (p<0.04) of the pigs. However, none of the pigs fed expanded diets compared favorably to the pigs fed the conditioned $(54^{\circ}C)$ pellets processed with no cone pressure. In Exp. 3,168 pigs (average initial BW of 6.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of expanding the various components of the diet. Treatments were M and ST pellets as controls, EX-corn, EX-corn soybean-meal, EX corn-soybean meal-oil, and EX-complete diet. Efficiency of gain was increased by 13% with EX portions of the diet compared to the mash control, but there was a marked decrease in performance when the complete diet was expanded (p<0.001). Expanded corn-soybean meal-oil supported the greatest ADG with a 19% increase compared to the average of the EX corn and EX corn-soybean meal treatments (p<0.005). In conclusion, our results suggest no benefit from expanding complete phase-I diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.949-956
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• 2003

시험 1은 자돈에 있어 중국산 옥수수의 이용성을 높이기 위하여 중국산 옥수수를 익스트루젼 가공하였을 때 성장 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 개시시 체중 15.95${\pm}$0.09kg의 3원 교잡종 자돈 60두를 공시하여 28일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 미산 옥수수-대두박 위주로 시험사료를 배합한 처리구(UCORN), 중국산 옥수수-대두박 위주로 시험사료를 배합한 처리구 (CCORN) 그리고 익스트루젼 가공한 중국산 옥수수-대두박 위주로 시험사료를 배합한 처리구 (ECCORN)로 3개 처리로 하였다. 전체 사양시험 기간동안, 일당증체량에 있어서는 ECCORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구보다 더 높았으나 (547 vs 522 g/d) 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 사양시험 개시후 10일째 되는 날에 채취한 분을 이용하여 분석한 건물과 가소화 에너지 소화율에 있어서는 UCORN 처리구와 ECCORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구보다 유의적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었다(P〈0.05). 또한, 사양시험 개시후 24일째 되는 날에 채취한 분을 이용하여 분석한 건물 소화율에 있어서는 UCORN 처리구와 ECCORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구보다 유의적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었으며(P〈0.05), 가소화 에너지 소화율에 있어서는 UCORN 처리구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 높았다 (P〈0.05). 또한, CCORN 처리구와 비교하여 ECCORN 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P〈0.05). 시험 2는 비육돈에 있어 중국산 옥수수를 익스트루젼 가공이 외관상 아미노산 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 개시시 체중 54.09kg의 3원 교잡종 거세돈 3두를 공시하여 대사시험을 실시하였으며, 처리구는 시험 1과 동일하였다. 시스틴의 외관상 아미노산 소화율에 있어서는 UCORN과 EECORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P〈0.05). 건물 소화율에 있어서는 UCORN과 ECCORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구보다 분 소화율이 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다(P〈0.05). 또한, 질소 소화율에 있어서도 UCORN과 ECCORN 처리구가 CCORN 처리구보다 분 소화율이 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다(P〈0.05). 결론적으로, 자돈에 있어서 중국산 옥수수를 익스트루젼 가공 처리하면 성장 및 건물과 가소화 에너지 소화율을 향상시킬 수 있으며, 비육돈에 있어서는 건물과 질소의 분 소화율을 향상시킬 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.