• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.122-131
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• 1992

In this paper an approximate solution method for the large-scale Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is presented. The method starts with the subdivision of the problem domain into a number of cluster by considering their geometric characteristic. Each cluster has a limited number of nodes so as to get a local solution. They are linked go give the least pathe which covers the whole domain and become TSPs solution with start-and end-node. The approximate local solution in each cluster are obtained based on geometrical properties of the cluster, and combined to give an overall approximate solution for the larte-scale TSP.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제19권spc호
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• pp.214-217
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• 2011

When paprika is cultivated during summer season, thrips starts to occur in the early growing season and reaches its peak in late June. In the treatment using Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris, natural enemies to thrips, thrips density was 87.6/trap and 51.3/trap on June 23. After Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris were treated twice on June 24 and July 23, the number decreased considerably. On August 23, it was 36.9/trap and 40.3/trap and from the mid August to early September thrips density remained low. Effect of Orius laevigatus and Neoseiulus cucumeris on suppression of thrips density was 35.7% and 44.6% on July 22, however, the number went up to 88.8% and 80.5% on September 3.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.471-483
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• 2012

One of the most important problems in cluster analysis is the selection of variables that truly define cluster structure, while eliminating noisy variables that mask such structure. Brusco and Cradit (2001) present VS-KM(variable-selection heuristic for K-means clustering) procedure for selecting true variables for K-means clustering based on adjusted Rand index. This procedure starts with the fixed number of clusters in K-means and adds variables sequentially based on an adjusted Rand index. This paper presents an updated procedure combining the VS-KM with the automated K-means procedure provided by Kim (2009). This automated variable selection procedure for K-means clustering calculates the cluster number and initial cluster center whenever new variable is added and adds a variable based on adjusted Rand index. Simulation result indicates that the proposed procedure is very effective at selecting true variables and at eliminating noisy variables. Implemented program using R can be obtained on the website "http://faculty.knou.ac.kr/sskim/nvarkm.r and vnvarkm.r".

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2006년 제4회 한국유체공학학술대회 논문집
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• pp.209-212
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• 2006

Insect and birds in nature flap their wings to generate fluid dynamic forces that are required for the locomotion. Most of the previous published papers discussed mainly on the effect of flapping parameters such as flapping frequency and amplitude on the thrust at a fixed Reynolds number. However, it is not much known on the values of the flapping parameters that the flapping wing requires to generate the thrust at the low Reynolds number flow. In this paper, the onset of the thrust generation is investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method. The wake patterns and velocity profiles behind a flat plate in heaving oscillation are investigated for the heaving amplitude of 0.5C. The time-averaged thrust coefficient value is investigated by changing the reduced frequency from 0.125 to 3.0 for three values of heaving amplitude (h/C=0.25, 0.325, 0.50). It is also found that the critical Strouhal number over which the flat plate starts to produce the thrust is around 0.1 and the thrust is an exponential function of the Strouhal number.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2005

In order to better quantify the contribution from nonroad sources to emission inventories, it is important to understand not only the emissions rates of these engines but also activity patterns that can be used to accurately portray their in-use operation. To date, however, very little information is available on the actual activity patterns of nonroad equipment. In this study, a total of 18 pieces of nonroad equipment were instrumented with collected data including intake manifold air pressure (MAP), exhaust temperature and, on a subset of vehicles, engine rpm and throttle position. The equipment included backhoes, compactors, dozers, motor graders, loaders and scrappers used in applications such as landfilling, street maintenance and general roadwork. The activity patterns varied considerably depending on the type of equipment and the application. Daily equipment operating time ranged from less than 30 minutes to more than 8 hours, with landfill equipment having the highest daily use. The number of engine starts per day ranged from 3-11 lover the fleet with an average of 5 starts per day. The average percent idle time for the fleet was approximately $25\%$ with a range from 11 to $65\%$ for individual pieces of equipment. Duty cycles based on exhaust temperature/throttle position profiles were also developed for two graders and one dozer.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the effects of restrictions in economic activity on the spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines. This research employs daily time-series data of confirmed new COVID-19 cases, Apple mobility trends (i.e., use of public transport to destinations, volume of people driving, and amount of walking to destinations) and Google community mobility (i.e., visits to transit stations, visits to workplaces, and staying-at-home) indicators covering the period February 17 to September 11, 2020. The analysis starts by establishing the correlation pattern of new confirmed COVID-19 daily infections to each independent variable. The results show negative linear correlation of the number of new COVID-19 daily infections with less visit to transit station, increase stay-at-home, less use of public transport, and less amount of walking to destinations. Interestingly, the number of new COVID-19 daily infections indicates some form of positive linear correlation with visits to workplaces and volume of people driving. Moreover, employing robust least square regression via the method of MM-estimation, major findings reveal that across mobility measures, staying-at-home has the highest impact on reducing the spread of COVID-19, followed by visiting transit stations less, less use of public transport, less amount of walking, and less workplace visits.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2021

This paper develops a convenient approach for deterministic and probabilistic evaluations of tunnel face stability using support vector machine classifiers. The proposed method is comprised of two major steps, i.e., construction of the training dataset and determination of instance-based classifiers. In step one, the orthogonal design is utilized to produce representative samples after the ranges and levels of the factors that influence tunnel face stability are specified. The training dataset is then labeled by two-dimensional strength reduction analyses embedded within OptumG2. For any unknown instance, the second step applies the training dataset for classification, which is achieved by an ad hoc Python program. The classification of unknown samples starts with selection of instance-based training samples using the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, followed by the construction of an instance-based SVM-KNN classifier. It eventually provides labels of the unknown instances, avoiding calculate its corresponding performance function. Probabilistic evaluations are performed by Monte Carlo simulation based on the SVM-KNN classifier. The ratio of the number of unstable samples to the total number of simulated samples is computed and is taken as the failure probability, which is validated and compared with the response surface method.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.531-542
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• 2011

In this paper, we propose a new congestion control scheme for high-speed networks. The basic idea of our proposed scheme is to adopt a game theory called, "Minority Game" (MG), to realize a selective reduction of the transmission speed of senders. More concretely, upon detecting any congestion, the scheme starts a game among all senders who are participating in the communication. The losers of the game reduce the transmission speed by a multiplicative factor. MG is a game that has recently attracted considerable attention, and it is known to have a remarkable property so that the number of winners converges to a half the number of players in spite of the selfish behavior of the players to increase its own profit. By using this property of MG, we can realize a fair reduction of the transmission speed, which is more efficient than the previous schemes in which all senders uniformly reduce their transmission speed. The effect of the proposed scheme is evaluated by simulation. The result of simulations indicates that the proposed scheme certainly realizes a selective reduction of the transmission speed. It is sufficiently fair compared to other simple randomized schemes and is sufficiently efficient compared to other conventional schemes.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.327-333
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• 1997

Experiments on mechanical fatigue were conducted using the specimens which were cut from hydrogen cooled generator(rated 22kV and 50OMW) stator windings. We have investigated the aged mechanism of mica/epoxy insulation systems under air or hydrogen by both the tensile and compressive loadings. The fracture of generator stator windings is generally affected by mechanical stress. Thus, the tensile strength test were conducted. In this case, the maximum strength and strain are quite different between sound and aged specimens. It is observed that low bonded interface parts of tapes generally have lower strength than those of normal tapes which causes stress. In order to estimate the effects of cyclic load by the electromagnetic forces while the generator starts/stops, the mechanical fatigue test was also conducted. It is confirmed that the equation of expected life depends on stress amplitude and number of cycles. Though the stress amplitude and number of cycles are very tiny, the tensile fatigue of aged specimens under hydrogen atmosphere is bigger than those under air. In the case of hydrogen atmosphere, the tensile stress gives bigger effect than the compressive one.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.622-627
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• 2006

TSP(Traveling Salesman Problem)는 N개의 도시가 주어질 때 어떠한 임의의 도시에서 출발하여 모든 도시를 단 한번만 방문하여 다시 출발지로 되돌아오는 여려 경로들 중 가장 짧은 거 리를 구하는 문제이다. 방문 도시수가 증가함에 따라 계산량이 기하급수적으로 증가하게 되는 문제로 인해 NP-Hard문제로 분류되며 유전자 알고리즘이 대표적으로 이용된다. TSP문제에 있어서 보다 우수한 결과를 얻기 위해 현재까지 다양한 연산자들이 개발되고 연구되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 집단 초기화 방법과 순차변환 방법을 제안하여 기존의 방법들과 비교를 통해 성능 향상을 입증하였다.