• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.301-317
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• 2005

전 세계적으로 구강암의 빈도는 점점 증가 추세이며, 특히 한국인의 있어 혀(tongue)는 구강암이 가장 호발하는 장소이다. 구강암은 발암 단계에서부터 과증식 병소(hyperplastic lesion), 이형성(dysplasia) 및 상피내암(carcinoma in situ) 을 거쳐 악성 암종으로 발전하는 다단계 발암과정을 보이며, 분자 생물학적 변이가 구강암을 진행시킴이 널리 알려져 있다. 또한, 구강암은 일반적으로 암세포의 증식 및 고사(apoptosis)의 억제가 중요한 역할을 하고 있다 알려져 있다. 그리고, Bcl-2 family 는 세포 고사에 주요한 역할을 하고 있음이 알려져 있다. 그러나, 이들과 관련한 구강암 발생과정의 변화에 대해서는 널리 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구는 백서에서 발암 물질인 4-NQO로 구강암을 유도시키고, 구강암 발생 다단계별로 Bcl-2 family의 mRNA 변화를 RT-PCR을 이용해 살펴보았다. Bcl-2 family는 크게 3군, 즉 1) anti-apoptotic, 2) pro-apoptotic, 그리고 3) BH3 only protein으로 분류할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서 anti-apoptotic molecules인 Bcl-w는 모든 군에서 발현이 감소되었으며, Bcl-2는 발현이 증가 되었다. pro-apoptotic molecules에서는 Bad가 제 3군 (편평세포암종)에서 발현이 증가 되었고, 나머지는 감소하였다. BH-3 only protein에서는 Bmf가 제 2군에서, BBC3가 제 3군에서 발현이 증가하였고, 나머지는 모든 군에서 감소하였다. 결론적으로, 4-NQO로 유도된 백서의 발암단계에서, Bcl-2 family의 mRNA 양상은 다양하게 관찰되었으나, Bad 및 BBC3 mRNA가 제 3군에서, Bmf mRNA가 제 2군에서의 발현이 특별함을 알 수 있어, 다단계 발암과정에서의 구강암을 진단하는데 유용하리라 사료된다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.47-63
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• 2011

Purpose : This research is to examine the work and job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals. This research is done to provide basic data needed for establishing work realms of paramedics in hospitals and to enhance their degree of satisfaction. Methods : Research questionnaire survey was conducted on 141 paramedics working in the emergency room of 32 university hospitals from August 24, 2010 to September 30, 2010 through direct visits and telephone interviews or email to explain the purpose of this research and assurance of confidentiality of responses on the questionnaires. As the tool for the degree of job satisfaction, 'The Index of Work Satisfaction' developed by Slavitt, et al(1978) and revised and supplemented by Soon-shim Kim and Hye-ran Kwon(2002) was used. The collected data were analyzed by evaluating frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA, Cronbach's $\alpha$ by using SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results : 1. Investigating the work and role of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals, electrocardiogram(EKG) was found to be highest with $\alpha$ was widely used with the rate of patient evaluation and test area. In the medical treatment for patients area, cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) with 95%(134 persons) and ventilation assistance through ambu bagging(BVM) with 95%(134 persons) were found to be high. $\alpha$ were performed. In the role within the hospital and other areas, a member of CPR team in the hospital accounted for 78%(110 persons). 2. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, the total mean score was 2.91. The mean score in each question area indicated: section on job 3.48, autonomy 3.05, interaction 3.01, organizational demand 2.85, working conditions 2.67, salaries 2.40. This result obviously demonstrates the work of paramedics itself was most satisfied but the salaries were most dissatisfied. 3. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the general characteristics showed significant difference in age (F=6.547, p=.002), gender (F=4.436, p=.000) marital status (F=-3.270, p= .001), religion (F=2.041, p= .043), motive for application (F=3.603, p= .015), and salary (F=6.658, p= .000). 대학병원 응급실 내 1급 응급구조사의 업무와 직무만족도 The Journal of the Korean Society of Emergency Medical Technology Vol. 15 (1) 63 4. In the measurements of the job satisfaction of paramedics working at university hospitals, job satisfaction based on the working environmental characteristics showed significant difference in total number of paramedics (F=3.779, p= .012), form of employment (F=5.601, p= .001), existence or non-existence of intention to change jobs (F=-4.037, p= .000). Conclusion : The work of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals consists of lots of treatment processes after specialized diagnosis and performance of professionally subdivided works. However, current legislation does not reflect such circumstances to which paramedics are exposed; thus, it should be considered for further revision and modification. The degree of job satisfaction of paramedics in the emergency room of university hospitals was high but low in salaries and working conditions were the weak points. The measures to enhance their degree of job satisfaction should be taken though improvement of labor conditions such as consideration of the rate of increase in salaries, compensation for overtime work, providing rest areas, improvement of current employment system, and conversion of temporary employees into regular employees.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

Objectives: Currently, Korea's medical services are divided into Western medicine and Korean medicine, and people who are not satisfied with the existing treatments are looking for complementary and alternative medicine(CAM). Therefore, this study attempted to confirm patients' perception of the ongoing collaborative treatment and integrated medical service that added CAM to collaborative treatment based on tertiary hospital users. So that we can confirm the expected advantage and disadvantage of integrated medical service system and the necessity of supporting medical expenses for it. Methods: The survey was conducted on 100 people who experienced tertiary hospital treatment and other 100 people who experienced both tertiary hospital treatment and Korean medicine treatment at the same period. The survey was conducted until the number of respondents in both group reached 100. The survey was conducted through e-mail and was conducted from September 27, 2021 to October 8, 2021. Results: For the advantages of collaborative treatment 'increased in psychological stability,' and for disadvantages 'longer time spent for treatment' were the most common. If integrated medical services are implemented in the future, expected advantages include 'consideration of various treatments.' and expected disadvantages include 'increased medical cost.' The needs to expand support for health insurance for integrated medical services were 75.5% among responders. Conclusions: We were able to find out the (expected) advantages and disadvantages of the collaborative medical care and the integrated medical system that medical users experienced or expected, also confirmed positive answers to the expansion of health insurance support for the integrated medical system.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2006

본 연구는 전국 및 시도별로 결핵 사망률의 의료보장 유형에 따른 차이를 분석하고 관련 요인을 파악하기 위해 시행되었고 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 의료급여 대상자는 건강보험 가입자에 비해 결핵 사망률이 5.6배가 높으며 남자에서는 6.3배, 여자에서는 3.8배 높아 의료보장 유형별 결핵 사망률비는 남자에서 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 각 연령군에서의 의료보장 유형별 결핵 사망률비는 30대, 40대, 50대의 장년층에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며 이러한 경향은 남자와 여자 모두 비슷하였다. 시도별 의료보장 유형별 결핵 사망률 차이는 광역자치단체마다 다른 양상을 보였다. 이러한 차이에 영향을 미치는 변수로는 재정자립도, 인구밀도, 보건소당 관할 인구수, 백만명당 병원수, 의료급여 대상자 비율로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 의료급여 대상 결핵 환자들의 결핵관리에 문제가 있으며 특히 의료급여 대상자의 중장년 계층 결핵관리가 취약하고 이는 지역별로 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 인구밀도가 높고 의료급여 대상자가 적은 비율로 있으며 재정자립도가 높은 대도시지역 일수록 건강보험 가입자에 비해 의료급여 대상자의 결핵 사망률의 격차가 높은 것으로 나타나 이들의 결핵관리 실태에 대한 보다 체계적이고 정밀한 연구가 추후 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.267-279
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• 2003

연구배경 : 흡연과 폐암 발생 사이의 인과관계는 잘 알려진 사실이지만, 흡연 습관 즉 흡연량 및 기간, 흡연을 처음 시작한 나이, 담배 연기의 흡입 정도, 그리고 담배의 종류 등 다양한 요소들이 폐암 발생에 더욱 크게 작용한다고 한다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 이에 대한 연구 특히 일상동안의 흡연으로 흡입된 타르, 니코틴이 폐암 발생에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 없는 실정이다. 방 법 : 연세대학교 의과대학 세브란스병원에 내원한 45세에서 75세 사이의 폐암 환자 150명과 나이와 성별을 일치시킨 폐암이 아닌 질병을 가진 환자 300명을 대상으로 흡연 습관에 따른 폐암 발생 및 폐암 조직형의 교차비, 일생동안 흡입한 티르와 니코틴 총량을 설문지를 통해 조사하여 산술적으로 합산하여 흡입 총량에 따른 교차비를 알아보고자 환자-대조군 연구를 시행하였다. 각 담배에 포함된 개피 당 타르, 니코틴 함량을 문헌을 통해 조사하였고, 개개인의 흡연 습관의 차이에 따른 일생동안 흡입된 타르와 니코틴의 함량을 구하였다. 결 과 : 폐암 환자군 150명 중 현재 흡연자가 가장 많았고, 여자들 중에서는 비흡연자가 가장 많았으며, 대조군도 유사하였다. 폐암 환자군의 흡연 습관 중 통계적으로 의미가 있었던 것은 흡연 기관과 총 갑년, 최근 2년간 피운 하루 당 개피 수이었고, 흡연 시작 나이와 필터 없는 담배를 피운 기간은 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 폐암 조직형 중 편평상피세포암과 소세포암은 남자와 현재 흡연자가 가장 많았으며, 선암은 여자와 비흡연자가 가장 많았다. 흡연 습관들 중 Kreyberg I에서는 흡연 시작 나이가 어릴수록, 흡연 기간이 길수록, 총 갑년이 높을수록, 최근 2년간 피운 하루 당 개피수가 많을수록, 필터없는 담배를 피운 기간이 길수록 교차비는 증가하였다. 또한 산술적으로 합산한 일생동안 흡입된 타르와 니코틴의 총량이 높을수록 교차비가 높았다. 그러나 Kreyberg II에서는 각 흡연 습관들의 교차비는 통계적으로 의미가 없었다. 결 론 : 본 연구는 단일 병원에서 조사되었고, 환자의 기억에 의존하는 제한점이 있으나, 흡연 습관이 폐암 발생, 폐암 조직형 등과 상당한 연관이 있는 것으로 조사되었고, 일생동안 흡연 습관의 변화를 타르와 니코틴의 흡입된 총량으로 산술적으로 계산하였다는 의의가 있다. 향후 이에 대한 대규모 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2005

Purpose of study: Lingual nerve damage can be caused by surgery or trauma such as physical irriatation, radiation, chemotherapy, infection and viral infection. Once nerve damage occurred, patients sometimes complain taste change and loss of taste along with serious disturbance of tongue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of unilateral lingual nerve transection on taste as well as on the maintenance of taste buds. Materials & Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-250g received unilateral transection of lingual nerve, subjected to the preference test for various taste solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) with two bottle test paradigm at 2, 4, 6, or 8 weeks after the operation. Tongue was fixed with 8% paraformaldehyde. After fixation, they were observed with scanning electron microscope(JSM-$840A^{(R)}$, JEOL, JAPAN) and counted the number of the dorsal surface of the fungiform papilla for changes of fungiform papilla. And, Fungiform papilla were obtained from coronal sections of the anterior tongue(cryosection). After cryosection, immunostaining with $G{\alpha}gust$(I-20)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), $PLC{\beta}2$(Q-15)(Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), and $T_1R_1$(Alpha Diagnostic International, USA) were done. Immunofluorescence of labeled taste bud cells was examined by confocal microscopy(F92-$300^{(R)}$, Olympus, JAPAN). Results: The preference score for salty and sweet tended to be higher in the operated rats with statistical significance, compared to the sham rats. Fungiform papilla counting were decreased after lingual nerve transaction. In 2 weeks, maximum differences occurred. Gustducin and $T_1R_1$ expressions of taste receptor in 2 and 4 weeks were decreased. $PLC{\beta}2$ were not expressed in both experimental and control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the taste recognition for sweet and salty taste changed by week 2 and 4 after unilateral lingual nerve transection. However, regeneration related taste was occurred in the presence of preserving mesoneurial tissue and the time was 6 weeks. Our results demonstrated that unilateral lingual nerve damage caused morphological and numerical change of fungiform papilla. It should be noted in our study that lingual nerve transection resulted in not only morphological and numerical change but also functional change of fungiform papillae.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 1999

목적 : 최근 학동기 소아의 집단 신체검사에 소변검사가 포함된 후 소아 신장질환에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있으나 우리나라에서 소아에서의 신증후군을 포함한 신질환의 유병율은 잘 알려져 있지않으며 과거에 비해 변화가 있는지도 확실하지 않다. 저자들은 지난 13년동안 대전시와 인근 지역으로부터 입원한 모든 신증후군 환아의 연도별 발생수와 입원환아에 대한 비율 등을 알아보고 임상 및 신조직병리학적 소견에 따라 원인질환을 분석하므로써 단일 병원에서 조사된 결과가 지금까지 알려진 소아 신증후군의 연구결과와 얼마나 근접하는지 알아보고 신증후군의 유병률의 변화를 짐작하는데 도움을 받고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1986년 5월부터 1998년 12월까지 13년동안 입원한 신증후군 환아 96명을 대상으로 입원 및 외래기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 소아 신증후군의 발생빈도는 대전시내 3개의 종합병원의 도움을 얻었다. 결과 : 연도별 환아수는 1987년 8명, 1993년 8명, 1998년 6명으로 평균 환아수는 $7.4{\pm}2.1$명이었으며, 총입원환아에 대한 비율은 1987년 0.40%, 1993년 0.27%, 1998년 0.13%으로 평균 $0.30{\pm}0.11%$를 보였다. 15세 이하 소아 10만명당 발생빈도는 1988턴 5.6명, 1993년 5.5명 및 1998년 4.8명이었다. 초발시 연령은 평균 $6.8{\pm}3.5$세로 $1{\sim}4$세 26명(27.1%), $5{\sim}7$세 29명(30.2%), $8{\sim}10$세 25명(26.0%), 11세 이상 16명(16.7%)이었다. 일차성 신증후군의 평균연령는 $6.4{\pm}3.3$세, 이차성 신증후군의 평균연령은 $11.6{\pm}3.4$세이었다. 남아가 75명으로 남녀비는 3.6:1을 보였다. 임상병리학적 분류상 일차성 신증후군이 89명(92.7%), 이차성 신증후군이 7명(7.3%)이었으며 일차성 신증후군에서 minimal change nephrotic syndrome이 71명으로 79.8%, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 11.2%, mesangial proliferation 4.5%, membranoprolifrative glomeulonephritis 3.4%, membranous nephropathy 1명 1.1%이었으며 2차성 신증후군은 $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ nephritis가 3례로 가장 많았다. 미세변화 신증후군 71명 중 비재발군이 16명으로 22.5%, 비빈발 재발군 49.3%, 빈발 재발군 18.3%, 스테로이드 의존군 9.9%를 보였다. 결론 : 대전시에서의 신증후군 환아의 발생빈도는 15세이하 소아 10만명당 약 5명으로 추정되었으며 10여 년전과 비교하여 큰 변화를 보이지는 않았다. 또한 저자들의 임상병리학적 연구결과가 다른 문헌에서 보고된 소아 신증후군의 연구결과와 큰 차이를 보이지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2009

목적 : 환자의 피폭선량 감소를 위해 PET/CT검사 시Pitch를 조절하여 환자의 피폭선량을 줄일 수 있는 방법에 대해 고려해 보고 Pitch 조정이 CT 영상과 PET의 SUV값에 영향을 주어 변화가 있는지를 살펴 보고자 한다. 방법 : Siemens사의 Biograph Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanner (CT 형식 : TRCT-240-130 (WCT-240-130)을 사용하였다. 환자의 피폭선량 평가로는 CT 조사선량 측정기인 PTW-DIADOS 11003/1383를 사용하여 선량을 측정하였고 Pitch 조정이 CT 영상에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 AAPM Standard Phantom을 이용하여 pitch 변화에 따른 CT 영상의 공간 분해능을 측정하여 비교하였다. 그리고, PET source consists of a solid radioactive cylinder phantom을 사용하여 Pitch 변화에 따른 Fusion 영상의 SUV값을 산출하여 PET/CT 영상에서 SUV값이 변하였는지 확인하였다. 결과 : 2slice CT scanner에서는 Pitch가 0.7~1.3까지는 방사선량이 크게 떨어지나 1.5~1.9까지는 방사선량의 감소가 작아졌으며 Pitch값이 커질수록 환자의 피폭선량이 작아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 Pitch값의 증가에 따른 SUV값의 변화는 거의 없었으며. Pitch값이 PET SUV값에 영향을 주지 않는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Pitch의 변화가 CT 영상에도 크게 영향을 주지 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론 : 위의 결과로 PET/CT를 사용하는 병원은 영상의 왜곡이 없고 PET SUV값에 영향을 주지 않는 범위 내에서 각 병원에 맞는 Pitch값을 찾아서 환자의 피폭 경감을 위해 노력해야 할 것이다. 그리고 Multi-detector를 가진 CT scanner인 경우에 모두 해당 될 것이라 생각되며 향후 다른 장비에서도 이와 같은 실험이 필요하다 하겠다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.97-110
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• 1973

The goal of modern nursing is to provide comprehensive nursing care to patients. If comprehensive nursing care to children (within the hospital setting) is to be provided, consideration of the stage of growth and development of the child is especially important. From clinical observation, it appeared that nurses often disregarded individual requirements of children in giving nursing care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to show that comprehensive nursing care which is based on an understanding of the growth and development of the child contributes to both the child and the mother's adaptability to the child's hospitalization. Method: Sixty children, three to three year of age, hospitalized at the Yonsei University Pediatric Ward ware studied. From April 1, 1973 to May 5, 1973, children admitted to the hospital were assigned to either an experimental or a compare groups. There were 30 children in each group. The sex and age of the children in each group was similar. In both groups were more male than female children. In the experimental group, each mother stayed with hot child continuously during his hospitalization. In the compare groups, the mother or some other member of the family stayed with the child. Each day on the child's admission the investigator visited the ward from 1-2 P.M. to 9-10 P.M., in order to provide comprehensive care for the experimental -group. The assistance given the nurses by the investigator was in the form of conferences regarding care and in giving direct care to the child and his mother. The compare group of children received nursing care as usually provided by the hospital. The instruments used to obtain the data for analysis were as follows: 1. The fear and anxiety reaction of the child was recorded by observation of the investigator for four areas: 1) separation from parent and relatives 2) reaction to Doctor and Nurse with white gowns 3) reaction to nursing care 4) reaction to injection and tests, etc. 2. Regression in area of eating, sleeping, and elimination were recorded by the investigator by questioning the mother and by observation. 3. Adaptability to the hospitalization was recorded by direct questioning of the children for areas of emotional and social adjustment. For children older than 3 years of age or children not seriously ill, using the simple I. Q. test this was possible for only 35 of the total 60 children. Result: 1. 55 percents of the total 60 children had been prepared by their parents for hospitalization. The children who had received prior preparation accepted hospitalization more readily than those who had received no preparation. (χ²=4.6 Ρ<0.05) 2. On admission 31.7 percent of the children expressed verbal fear of their discase or treatment. 25 percent felt that the disease was due to their mistake. 3. There was a significant difference in the reaction of the child to separation from the parent or relatives between the two groups. The experimental groups showed less anxiety due to separation than the compare group. (χ²=4.34 Ρ<0.05) In both groups there was less anxiety due to separation among school age (6-12 years) children than among preschool age (3-5 years) children. (χ²=9.22 Ρ<0.05) 4. More than half of the children in both groups reacted with fear and avoidance to doctor and/or nurses wearing white gowns. (χ²=0.06 Ρ<0.05) 5. The experimental group reacted more favorably to nursing in general than the compare group. (χ²=4.8 Ρ<0.05) 6. There was no difference in the fear and refused reaction to special tests and/or such as X-rays and injections, etc. between the groups. (χ²=3.77 Ρ<0.05) 7. More children in the compare group showed regressive tendencies in eating, sleeping, and elimination habits than in experimental groups. (χ²=2.3 Ρ<0.05 χ²=3.88 Ρ<0.05 χ²=4.9 Ρ<0.05) 8. There was a significant difference in the adaptability to hospitalization between the two groups. The experimental groups adapted more readily. (χ²=2.02 Ρ<0.05) 9. For children who had higher I.Q. s the adaptability to hospitalization was better regardless of the group. (χ²=5.03 Ρ<0.05) However, because of the small number of cases (60), this finding cannot be extrapolated without further verification. The date demonstrates that there was a greater adaptability to hospitalization by the child when comprehensive nursing care was given. By planning care and applying knowledge of growth and development to meet, nurses are in a position to prevent some of the psychological trauma associated with hospitalization.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.117-129
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• 1983

This study, in order to improve clinical and practical trainings in the education of radiologic technologists, applies to 76 medical institutions of 91 ones which are used as the hospitals of clinical and practical training in 9 existing junior colleges except 3 new ones of 12 ones throughout all over the country from November 1, in 1982 to April 30, in 1983. And the purpose of this study is to research the percent conditions of basic practical trainings and clinical ones enforced in each college, and the percent conditions, equipments, contents, and opinions in clinical and practical trainings enforced in each hospital. The results are summarized as follows; 1. In the case of junior colleges in the whole country the curriculum of basic practical trainings averages 336.66 hours and the limits are between 120 and 510 hours. The actual hours in practice average 140 hours and the limits are between 60 and 240 hours, which correspond to 41.58% of the curriculum of basic practical trainings. 2. There were three junior colleges among nine that had a reserved hospital for clinical and practical trainings(only 33.33%). 3. The period of the practice was almost vacation in 4 junior colleges. The practice was conducted only for students to want the practice(44.45%), junior colleges that all students in them conducted the practice was 2 junior colleges and presented 22.22%. 4. In the field of students engaging in the practice, each field of radiation therapy and nuclear medicine presented 16.5%, 20.3% and almost students didin't have experience for the practice. 5. In medical institutions the educational institutions for intern showed 67.11%. Hospital with radiologist showed 26.32%. Radiotechnologist who had experience below 5 years presented 60.17%. 6. In the equipment for radiation diagnosis, each hospital had no difference. The number of hospitals passessing diagnostic equipments above 125 KVP was 56.26%. But radiation therapy equipment and nuclear medicine equipment had extremely low rate. 7. In the diagnosis of patient in the practice hospital, conventional radiography-to Skull, Chest, Abdomen, Skeleton, Urogenital system-reached the criterion. But special radiography was comparatively low. There appeared low rate, 32.89% in the field of nuclear medicine, 15.79% in the field of radiation therapy. 8. Students who carried out the practice were 1-89 students, days in practice were 1-30 days. There were differences in that point among among hospitals. Junior colleges conducting the practice were 2 colleges per hospital. Scope of the object were 1-8 junior colleges. 9. The practice conducted for the request of the colleges presented 72.37%, in addition, The prctices were conducted for growth of the younger generation and the same coperation with the colleges establishment of sisterhood with the colleges, relationship with students. 10. The practice conducted without the establishment of plan presented 59.21% The need for guiding book to the practice and evaluating was recognized over 90%. 11. In the relation between the practice with achievement of credit. There were big differences in opinion between hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group; hospital-Group had opinion that must follow achievement of credit with the practice. The colleges-Group had opinion that must conduct the practice after achieving credit. 12. After conducting the practice, in the practice leaders satisfaction degree dissatisfactory opinion presented the most rate 80.26%. Very much satisfactory opinion, as one hospital, presentd only 1.32%. 13. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the practice leader must have actual experiences, lectures and achievement, an opinion that actual experiences is over 5 years. 14. In the guide of human relation, cooperation, responsibility, courtesy to patients. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the guide must be involved in the period of the practice and must be instructed.