• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 2008

배경: 심폐바이패스 없는 관상동맥우회술의 개발은 심폐바이패스로 일어나는 부작용을 피함으로써 관상동맥우회술의 적용범위를 더 확대할 수 있게 하였다. 특히 심폐바이페스 없는 관상동맥우회술은 심근보호 폐 및 신기능의 보호, 혈액응고 장애 예방, 전신 염증 반응 및 인지기능의 예방 등에서 이점이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 관상동맥우회수술을 좀 더 작대 적용할 수 있는지를 알기 위하여 심폐바이패스 없는 관상동맥우회술의 임상성적을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1999년 5월부터 2007년 8월까지 관상동맥우회술을 시행한 310예의 한자 중 심폐바이패스 없이 시행한 100명을 대상으로 하였다. 남자가 63명, 여자가 37명이었으며 평균연령은 $62{\pm}10$세($29{\sim}82$세)이었다. 수술 전 진단은 불안정성 협심증이 77예, 안정성 협심증이 16예이었으며 급성심근경색증인 경우가 7예이었다. 동반된 질병은 고혈압이 48예, 당뇨병 42예, 신부전증의 경우가 10예이었고 만성폐쇄성폐질환이 5예, 경동맥질환이 동반된 경우가 6예이었다. 수슬 전 평균 심박출률은 $56.7{\pm}11.6%$ ($26{\sim}74%$)였다. 관상동맥조영술에서 심혈관질환이 47예, 이혈관질환이 25예이었고 단일혈관질환이 24예였으며, 이 중 좌주관상동맥협착이 있는 경우가 23예이었다. 내흉동맥은 97예에서 경상이식편으로 획득하였고 요골동맥과 대복재정맥은 각각 70예, 45예이었으며 이 중 내시경을 사용한 혈관 확보는 각각 53예, 41예 이었다. 결과: 평균 $2.7{\pm}1.2$개의 문합을 하였다. 일측 내흉동맥은 95예(95%)에서 사용되었으며 요골동맥이 62예, 대복재정맥이 39예였고 양측 내흉동맥은 2예에서 시행되었으며, 100예 중 연속문합은 46예가 있었다. 각각의 관상동맥별 문합 수는 좌전하행지가 97개소, 둔각변연지가 63개소, 대각지가 53개소, 우관상동맥이 30개소, 중간분지가 11개소, 후하행동맥이 9개소, 그리고 후측방분지가 3개소였다. 수술 중 심폐바이패스로 전환한 경우는 4예 있었다. 전체 100예 중 72예에서 퇴원 전 관상동맥조영술 혹은 다중절편 컴퓨터 단층촬영술을 이용한 관상동맥영상술로 확인하였는데 198문합 중에 184문합(92.9%)에서 개통성이 유지되었다. 수술 후 1예에서 패혈증으로 사망하였으며, 뇌경색 1예와 창상 감염 1예가 있었고 술 후 부정맥과 심근경색증은 없었다. 수술 후 평균 인공호흡기보조시간은 $20{\pm}35$시간이었으며 중환자실 체류시간은 $68{\pm}47$시간이었다. 수술 중 평균 수혈양은 $4.0{\pm}2.6\;pack$이었다. 결론: 저자들은 100예의 심폐바이패스 없는 관상동맥우회술을 시행하여 좋은 성적을 얻었기에 관상동맥우회수술의 범위를 확대하기 위해 사용할 수 있는 수술이라 제시할 수 있겠다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2003

목 적 : 소아 Graves병의 진단 시 발병 연령에 따른 갑상선 기능, 임상 양상, 갑상선 항체가 및 치료 기간 등이 어떻게 다른지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시도하였다. 방 법 : 1989년 1월 1일부터 1995년 12월 31일까지 7년간 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원과 강남성모병원 소아과에서 Graves병으로 진단 받고 3년 이상 추적관찰이 가능하였던 환아 52명을 대상으로 Tanner의 성 성숙도를 기준으로 사춘기 이전에 발병한 군(사춘기전군)과 사춘기 시작 후 발병한 군(사춘기군)으로 나누어 갑상선 기능상태, 갑상선 항체, TSH 수용체 항체, 치료 후 갑상선 기능검사치가 정상화되는 시기 및 치료 기간 등을 조사하였다. 결 과 : 1) 전체 52명 중 남녀간의 성비는 1 : 12로 주로 여아에서 발병하였다. 2) 사춘기전군은 14명(남아 2명), 사춘기군은 38명(남아 2명)으로 각각 평균연령은 $7.2{\pm}0.9$세, $12.4{\pm}1.5$세이었다. 3) 치료 전 사춘기전군과 사춘기군에서 $T_3$는 $3.98{\pm}1.70$과 $3.82{\pm}1.63ng/mL$, $T_4$는 $17.49{\pm}5.56$과 $19.23{\pm}6.01{\mu}g/dL$, TSH는 $0.07{\pm}0.11$과 $0.07{\pm}0.24mIU/L$ 등으로 서로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) 치료 전 사춘기전군과 사춘기군에서 AMA 양성률은 85%와 89%이었고, 평균 항체가는 사춘기군이 사춘기전군보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). ATA 양성율은 각각 57.1%와 72.2%였으나 평균 항체가의 차이는 없었으며 TBII의 양성율은 각각 92.9%와 84.2%였고 평균 항체가는 사춘기전군에서 사춘기군보다 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 5) 치료 후 사춘기전군과 사춘기군에서 $T_3$, $T_4$, TSH, TBII가 정상화되는 소요되는 기간은 $T_3$는 각각 $6.8{\pm}5.0$과 $5.4{\pm}13.2$개월, $T_4$는 각각 $2.3{\pm}1.9$와 $2.1{\pm}2.2$개월, TSH는 각각 $14.6{\pm}11.0$과 $6.8{\pm}7.8$개월, TBII는 각각 $26.7{\pm}24.0$과 $20.8{\pm}12.1$개월로 사춘기전군에서 TSH가 정상화되는 기간이 사춘기군보다 더 길었다(P<0.05). 두 군 모두 $T_4$, $T_3$, TSH, TBII 순으로 정상화되었다. 6) 치료 기간은 사춘기전군($53.3{\pm}19.3$개월)이 사춘기군($37.9{\pm}16.3$개월)보다 유의하게 길었다(P<0.01). 7) 약물 치료 3년 동안 관해는 사춘기전군에서 8례(57.1%), 사춘기군에서 26례(68.4%)였고 재발율은 각각 6례(75%) 및 17례(65.3%)였다. 8) Graves병의 진단 시 연령과 치료 기간 사이에는 역상관관계가 있었다(P=0.03). 결 론 : 소아에서 사춘기 이전에 발병하는 Graves병은 사춘기 이후에 발병하는 경우보다 항갑상선제 치료기간이 더 필요하다는 사실을 알 수 있었으며 앞으로 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 장기간의 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.320-333
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• 2001

연구배경 : 최고호기유량은 비교적 간단하고, 반복적으로 기도폐쇄의 정도를 양적으로 나타낼 수 있는 수치로, 최근 천식의 치료방침을 결정하는데 있어 최고호기유량 측정의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 외국에서는 정상 성인에서의 최고호기유량의 추정정상치를 구하기 위한 대규모 단변연구가 시행되었으나 1991년 American Lung Association에서 정한 기준을 정확히 적용하여 추정정상치 뿐만 아니라, 최고호기유량의 정규분포성을 검정하고 정상치의 하한선까지 제시한 대규모 단면연구가 시행되지 않았다. 이번 연구를 통해 정상 성인을 대상으로 한국인에서의 추정정상치를 구해 이전의 연구결과 및 외국인을 대상으로 한 연구결과와 비교하며, 정상치의 하한선을 구함으로써 한국인에서의 최고 호기유량의 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 8월부터 2000년 1월까지 세브란스 건강검진센터에 내원한 정상 성인 중 과거에 폐질환을 앓은 적이 있거나, 호흡기 증상을 호소하거나 흡연을 한 적이 없는 남성 233명과 여성 631명을 대상으로 Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter와 Jaeger Master Lab의 폐기능검사기를 이용하여 최고호기유량을 측정한 후 다중회귀분석을 시행하여 정상추정치에 대한 회귀방정식을 구하였다. 또한 최고호기유량의 정규분포성에 대한 검정을 시행한 후 정상치의 하한선에 대한 회귀방정식을 구하고 이를 외국 및 이전에 한국에서 시행한 연구결과와 비교하였다. 결 과 : Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter를 이용하여 측정 한 최고호기유량의 정상추정치 (PEF : L/min)는 남성에서는 $25.117+4.587{\times}$연령(year)-$0.064{\times}$연령$^2+2.931{\times}$신장(cm)이었고($R^2=025$), 여성에서는 $146.942-0.011{\times}$연령$^2+1.795{\times}$신장(cm)+$0.836{\times}$체중(kg)이었다($R^2=0.21$). 최고호기유량의 정상치의 하한선은 남성에서는 $25.117+4.587{\times}$연령(year)-$0.064{\times}$연령$^2+1.936{\times}$신장(cm)이었고, 여성에서는 $146.942-0.011{\times}$연령$^2+1.232{\times}$신장(cm)+$0.481{\times}$체중(kg)이었다. 최고호기유량은 정규분포를 하였다. 남성에서 Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter로 측정한 한국인의 최고호기유량의 정상추정치는 영국인 및 일본인의 수치와 유사하였다. 여성에서 Mini-Wright Peak Flow Meter로 측정한 한국인의 최고호기유량의 정상추정치는 영국인의 수치와 유사하였고 일본인의 수치보다는 높았다. 남성에서는 정상추정치의 71% 이하를 여성에서는 정상추정치의 76% 이하를 비정상적인 수치를 볼 수 있었다. 결 론 : 호흡기질환이 없는 건강한 남성 233명과 여성 631 명을 대상으로 Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter로 최고호기유량을 측정하여 정상추정치 및 정상치의 하한선을 구하였다. 이는 외국인을 대상으로 한 연구결과와 차이를 보였고, 한국인을 대상으로 한 이전 연구결과와도 차이가 있었다. 향후 한국인을 대상으로 한 최고호기유량의 정상추정치에 대한 연구가 계속 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 2000

연구배경 : 기관지 천식등과 같은 만성 기도질환의 병태생리는 점액의 과분비, 배상세포의 과형성, 평활근의 비후와 호산구등의 염증세포의 침윤등으로 설명되고 있다. 배상세포의 증식에 대한 생화학적 기전은 이러한 양상을 만드는데 필요한 시간이 길고, 기도염증과 연관된 매우 복잡함 때문에 아직 잘 알려지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 저자들은 배상세포증식과 기도염증의 상관성을 알고자 그 첫 단계로 백서의 기관을 통한 $TiO_2$의 주입으로 단시간 내에 형성되는 배상세포증식의 동물 모형을 만들어 기도내 주로 어느 부위에서 배상세포의 과형성이 나타나는지 관찰하고 염증세포의 침윤 여부 및 dexamethasone 이 과형성된 배상세포 및 침윤된 염증세포에 대해 영향을 평가해 보고자 하였다. 방법 : 8주된 21마리의 수컷 Sprague-Dawley를 세 군으로 나누어서 첫 번째 군(group 1) 은 endotoxin-free water를 기관내 주입하고 두 번째 군(group 2)은 $TiO_2$를 주입을 하고 세 번째 군(group 3)은 $TiO_2$를 주입하고 dexamethasone을 $TiO_2$ 투여전날부터 희생전날까지 투여하였다. 흰쥐를 희생시켜 기관, 기관지와 폐 부위를 각각 절제하여 paraffin bloc을 만든 후 $4{\mu}m$의 section을 하여 PAS 염색한 후 각 부위에서의 상피세포에 대한 배상세포의 비를 구하여 각 군별로 비교하였고, Luna 염색으로 호산구의 침윤을 비교하였다. 결과 : 1. 기관에서의 배상세포의 비의 평균은 1군에서는 4.09$\pm$8.28%, 2군은 10.19$\pm$11.33%로 $TiO_2$를 주입한 2군에서 배상세포의 과형성을 관찰할 수 있었다 (P<0.01). 2. 주 기관지에서의 배상세포의 비의 평균은 1군에서 3.61$\pm$4.84%, 2군에서는 34.09$\pm$23.91%로 $TiO_2$를 주입한 2군에서 배상세포의 과형성을 관찰 할 수 있었다(P<0.01). 3. 세기관지 부위에서의 배상세포의 양성 incidence와 severity (R$\times$S)로 표시를 하였으며 이는 각각 1 군은 0, 2군은 0.3 이었다. 4. 침윤된 호산구는 1군(1.99$\pm$3.84%)에서보다 2군 (21.43$\pm$23.85%)에서 유의하게 증가되었다(p<0.05). 5. 1군, 2군, 3군의 주기관지내에서 배상세포의 과형성과 호산구 침윤간에는 의미있는 상관관계를 보였다(p=0.001). 6. dexamethasone이 배상세포의 과형성과 호산구의 침윤을 억제함을 관찰하였다. 결론 : 백서에서 $TiO_2$로 처치시 기도에서 배상세포의 과형성이 5일내에 주로 주 기관지에서 발생하였으며 호산구 침윤이 동반하는 배상세포 증식의 동물 모형이 만들어졌다. 배상세포의 과형성은 염증과 동반되며 dexamethasone 투여시 억제되므로, 배상세포의 증식기전 에서 기도내 염증과정이 주요한 역할을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 향 후 이러한 동물 모형은 배상세포 증식의 기전을 이해하는데 유용한 도구가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제34권
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• pp.61-72
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• 2022

목 적: 기존의 CBCT(Cone-beam Computed-tomography)는 호흡에 의한 움직임의 영향을 받는 부위에서 장기의 움직임으로 표적용적에 오차가 발생했다. 본 논문의 목적은 호흡동조방사선치료를 시행할 때 오차를 감소시켜주는 Gated CBCT(Gated Cone-beam Computed-Tomography)기능을 이용하여 정확성과 소요시간의 각각 유용성을 평가하고 위상에 따른 적절성에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: Gated CBCT의 유용성을 평가하기 위해 Truebeam STx^TM에서 QUASAR^TM 호흡 움직임 팬텀과 납 표지자 삽입물(lead marker inserts)을 이용하여 전체 위상(Full Phase), 20~80% 위상, 30~70% 위상, 40~60% 위상마다 5회씩 Gated CBCT를 촬영하여 납 표지자의 번짐(Blurring) 길이를 측정하고 투시 촬영(fluoroscopy)의 Trigger mode를 사용하여 최고 위상(Top Phase)에서 구간이 끝나는 지점까지 납 표지자가 움직이는 거리를 5회씩 측정하여 비교하였다. 삼나무 고체 종양 삽입물(Cedar Solid Tumor Inserts)을 이용하여 4차원 전산화단층촬영(4-Dimentional Computed-tomography, 4DCT)을 촬영하여 전체 위상, 20~80% 위상, 30~70% 위상, 40~60% 위상마다 표적 용적을 설정하고 축 방향(S-I방향)으로 5회씩 길이를 측정하였고 동일하게 Gated CBCT를 5회씩 촬영하고 영상의 CT 값(CT number)을 분석하여 표적이 움직인 거리를 측정하여 비교하였다. 결 과: 납 표지자 삽입물을 이용하여 촬영한 Gated CBCT에서 전체 위상은 평균 4.46 cm, 20~80% 위상은 평균 3.11 cm, 30~70% 위상은 평균 1.94 cm, 40~60% 위상은 평균 0.90 cm가 측정되었다. 투시 촬영에서 납 표지자의 축방향 움직임 거리는 평균 4.38 cm였고 Trigger mode를 이용하여 최고 위상부터 Beam off 구간까지의 거리는 20~80% 위상은 평균 3.342 cm, 30~70% 위상은 평균 2.04 cm, 40~60% 위상은 평균 0.84 cm가 측정되었다. 두 결과를 비교하였을 때 전체 위상은 0.08 cm, 20~80% 위상은 0.23 cm, 30~70% 위상은 0.10 cm, 40~60% 위상은 0.07 cm의 차이가 확인되었다. 삼나무 고체 종양 삽입물을 이용하여 촬영한 4차원 전산화단층촬영 영상으로 윤곽 묘사(contouring)한 내부표적용적(Internal Target Volume, ITV)과 치료계획용적(Planning Target Volume, PTV) 윤곽의 길이는 전체 위상에서 6.40 cm, 7.40 cm, 20~80% 위상에서 4.96 cm, 5.96 cm, 30~70% 위상에서 4.42 cm, 5.42 cm, 40~60% 위상에서 2.95 cm, 3.95 cm가 측정되었고 촬영한 Gated CBCT에서 Full 위상은 평균 6.35 cm, 20~80% 위상은 평균 5.25 cm, 30~70% 위상은 평균 4.04 cm, 40~60% 위상은 평균 3.08 cm가 측정되었다. 두 결과를 비교하였을 때 내부표적용적에서 ±8.5% 이내의 오차로 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 결 론: 기존의 CBCT는 호흡에 의한 움직임의 영향을 받는 부위에서 장기의 움직임으로 오차가 발생하는 문제가 있었지만 본 연구를 통해서 Gated CBCT를 이용하여 설정한 위상의 표적 용적과 비슷한 영상을 얻어 정확한 영상유도를 시행하여 유용성을 확인하였다. 하지만 설정한 위상이 줄어들수록 영상 촬영소요시간이 길어진다. 따라서, 촬영소요시간과 위상의 오차를 고려했을 때 30~70% 위상 이상의 넓은 위상을 사용하는 호흡동조 정위체부방사선치료 환자에게 적용하는 것이 적절하다고 생각한다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2001

목적 : 비인강암 환자의 국소제어율을 향상시키기 위한 목적으로 보상 여과판을 이용한 전방위 강도변조 방사선치료방법(intensity modulated radiation therapy : IMRT)을 계획하고 기존 3차원 입체조형치료방법과 비교하여 최적의 방사선치료방법을 모색하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 3-차원 입체조형치료계획으로 치료받았던 비강암환자(T4N0M0) 1예를 선택하여 치료면의 굴곡과 뼈, 공동 등 불균질 조직으로 인하여 발생되는 표적체적의 선량분포를 균일하게 만들고 주변 정상장기의 손상을 최소화하기 위한 일차 입사선량의 강도 조절을 보상여과판으로 시행 하였다. 환자는 열변성 plastic mask로 고정시킨 후 치료조준용 CT Scan (PQ5000)을 이용하여 3 mm 간격으로 scan 하고 가상조준장치(virtual simulator)와 3차원 방사선치료계획 컴퓨터$(ADAC-Pinnacle^3)$를 이용하여 보상여과판을 제작하였다. 각 조사면을 세분한 소조사선(beamlet)의 강도 가중치(weighting)를 계산하고 가중치에 따른 선량 감약을 보상여과판의 두께로 환산하여 판별이 쉽도록 도표화하였다. 방사선 치료성과의 기준은 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 선량체적표(dose volume histogram : DVH)와 종양억제확율(tumor control probability : TCP)및 정상조직 손상확율(normal tissue complication probability : NTCP)의 수학적 관계식을 이용하여 치료효과를 평가하였다. 결과 : 전방위 IMRT에서 계획용표적체적(planning target volume: PTV)내의 최소선량과 최대선량의 차이가 입체조형치료계획보다 약간 증가하였으며 평균선량은 강도조절치료계획에서 약 $10\%$, 더 높았고 전체 방사선량의 $95\%$가 포함되는 체적(V95)은 비교적 양쪽 설계방법에서 비슷한 양상을 보이고 있었다. 주위 건강장기들의 DVH에서 방사선에 민감한 장기인 시신경, 측두엽, 이하선, 뇌간, 척수, 측두하악골관절 등은 강도조절치료계획에서 많이 보호되었다. PTV의 종양제어확율은 입체조형치료계획과 강도변조치료계획에서 모두 비교적 균일하였으며 계획선량이 50 Gy에서 80 Gy로 증가함에 따라 TCP가 0.45에서 0.56으로 완만하게 증가하였다. 척수, 측두하악골 관절, 뇌간, 측두엽, 이하선, 시신경교차, 시신경 등 정상장기의 손상확율은 입체조형치료계획보다 강도조절치료계획에서 월등히 감소되었으며 특히 뇌간(brain stem)의 NTCP는 입체조형치료계획에서 보다 강도조절치료계획에서 훨씬 적은 값(0.3에서 0.15)으로 감소되었다. 계획선량의 증가에 따른 TCP와 NTCP를 입체조형치료계획과 강도조절치료계획에서 TCP는 공히 완만한 증가를 보였으나 NTCP값은 선량증가에 비례적으로 증가하였고 입체조형치료계획이 강도조절치료계획보다 월등히 증가하였다. 결론 : 보상여과판을 이용한 전방위 강도변조 방사선치료에서 PTV내의 선량 균일도의 개선은 없었지만 뇌간, 척수강 등 정상장기의 피폭을 줄일 수 있었다. 특히 인체표면의 굴곡이 심하거나 뼈, 동공 등으로 종양에 도달하는 방사선량분포가 균일하지 않을 경우 매우 유리한 치료방법이였다. 방사선치료성적을 평가함에 있어 DVH와 TCP, NTCP 등 수학적 척도를 이용함으로서 치료성과의 예측, 종양선량의 증가(dose escalation), 방사선수술의 지표 및 방사선치료의 질적 상황을 정량적 수치로 평가할 수 있어 방사선치료성과 향상에 기여할 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.77-96
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• 1997

The duty shifts of hospital nurses not only affect nurses' physical and mental health but also present various personnel management problems which often result in high turnover rates. In this context a study was carried out from October to November 1995 for a period of two months to find out the status of hospital nurses' duty shift patterns, and preferred duty hours and fixed duty shifts. The study population was 867 RNs working in five general hospitals located in Seoul and its vicinity. The questionnaire developed by the writer was used for data collection. The response rate was 85.9 percent or 745 returns. The SAS program was used for data analysis with the computation of frequencies, percentages and Chi square test. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. General characteristics of the study population: 56 percent of respondents was (25 years group and 76.5 percent were "single": the predominant proportion of respondents was junior nursing college graduates(92.2%) and have less than 5 years nursing experience in hospitals(65.5%). For their future working plan in nursing profession, nearly 50% responded as uncertain The reasons given for their career plan was predominantly 'personal growth and development' rather than financial reasons. 2. The interval for rotations of duty stations was found to be mostly irregular(56.4%) while others reported as weekly(16.1%), monthly(12.9%), and fixed terms(4.6%). 3. The main problems related to duty shifts particularly the evening and night duty nurses reported were "not enough time for the family, " "afraid of security problems after the work when returning home late at night." and "lack of leisure time". "problems in physical and physiological adjustment." "problems in family life." "lack of time for interactions with fellow nurses" etc. 4. The forty percent of respondents reported to have '1-2 times' of duty shift rotations while all others reported that '0 time'. '2-3 times'. 'more than 3 times' etc. which suggest the irregularity in duty shift rotations. 5. The majority(62.8%) of study population found to favor the rotating system of duty stations. The reasons for favoring the rotation system were: the opportunity for "learning new things and personal development." "better human relations are possible. "better understanding in various duty stations." "changes in monotonous routine job" etc. The proportion of those disfavor the rotating 'system was 34.7 percent. giving the reasons of"it impedes development of specialization." "poor job performances." "stress factors" etc. Furthermore. respondents made the following comments in relation to the rotation of duty stations: the nurses should be given the opportunity to participate in the. decision making process: personal interest and aptitudes should be considered: regular intervals for the rotations or it should be planned in advance. etc. 6. For the future career plan. the older. married group with longer nursing experiences appeared to think the nursing as their lifetime career more likely than the younger. single group with shorter nursing experiences ($x^2=61.19.{\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=41.55.{\;}p=.000$). The reason given for their future career plan regardless of length of future service, was predominantly "personal growth and development" rather than financial reasons. For further analysis, the group those with the shorter career plan appeared to claim "financial reasons" for their future career more readily than the group who consider the nursing job as their lifetime career$(x^2$= 11.73, p=.003) did. This finding suggests the need for careful .considerations in personnel management of nursing administration particularly when dealing with the nurses' career development. The majority of respondents preferred the fixed day shift. However, further analysis of those preferred evening shift by age and civil status, "< 25 years group"(15.1%) and "single group"(13.2) were more likely to favor the fixed evening shift than > 25 years(6.4%) and married(4.8%)groups. This differences were statistically significant ($x^2=14.54, {\;}p=.000;{\;}x^2=8.75, {\;}p=.003$). 7. A great majority of respondents(86.9% or n=647) found to prefer the day shifts. When the four different types of duty shifts(Types A. B. C, D) were presented, 55.0 percent of total respondents preferred the A type or the existing one followed by D type(22.7%). B type(12.4%) and C type(8.2%). 8. When the condition of monetary incentives for the evening(20% of salary) and night shifts(40% of. salary) of the existing duty type was presented. again the day shift appeared to be the most preferred one although the rate was slightly lower(66.4% against 86.9%). In the case of evening shift, with the same incentive, the preference rates for evening and night shifts increased from 11.0 to 22.4 percent and from 0.5 to 3.0 percent respectively. When the age variable was controlled. < 25 yrs group showed higher rates(31.6%. 4.8%) than those of > 25 yrs group(15.5%. 1.3%) respectively preferring the evening and night shifts(p=.000). The civil status also seemed to operate on the preferences of the duty shifts as the single group showed lower rate(69.0%) for day duty against 83. 6% of the married group. and higher rates for evening and night duties(27.2%. 15.1%) respectively against those of the married group(3.8%. 1.8%) while a higher proportion of the married group(83. 6%) preferred the day duties than the single group(69.0%). These differences were found to be statistically all significant(p=.001). 9. The findings on preferences of three different types of fixed duty hours namely, B, C. and D(with additional monetary incentives) are as follows in order of preference: B type(12hrs a day, 3days a wk): day shift(64.1%), evening shift(26.1%). night shift(6.5%) C type(12hrs a day. 4days a wk) : evening shift(49.2%). day shift(32.8%), night shift(11.5%) D type(10hrs a day. 4days a wk): showed the similar trend as B type. The findings of higher preferences on the evening and night duties when the incentives are given. as shown above, suggest the need for the introductions of different patterns of duty hours and incentive measures in order to overcome the difficulties in rostering the nursing duties. However, the interpretation of the above data, particularly the C type, needs cautions as the total number of respondents is very small(n=61). It requires further in-depth study. In conclusion. it seemed to suggest that the patterns of nurses duty hours and shifts in the most hospitals in the country have neither been tried for different duty types nor been flexible. The stereotype rostering system of three shifts and insensitiveness for personal life aspect of nurses seemed to be prevailing. This study seems to support that irregular and frequent rotations of duty shifts may be contributing factors for most nurses' maladjustment problems in physical and mental health. personal and family life which eventually may result in high turnover rates. In order to overcome the increasing problems in personnel management of hospital nurses particularly in rostering of evening and night duty shifts, which may related to eventual high turnover rates, the findings of this study strongly suggest the need for an introduction of new rostering systems including fixed duties and appropriate incentive measures for evenings and nights which the most nurses want to avoid, In considering the nursing care of inpatients is the round-the clock business. the practice of the nursing duty shift system is inevitable. In this context, based on the findings of this study. the following are recommended: 1. The further in-depth studies on duty shifts and hours need to be undertaken for the development of appropriate and effective rostering systems for hospital nurses. 2. An introduction of appropriate incentive measures for evening and night duty shifts along with organizational considerations such as the trials for preferred duty time bands, duty hours, and fixed duty shifts should be considered if good quality of care for the patients be maintained for the round the clock. This may require an initiation of systematic research and development activities in the field of hospital nursing administration as a part of permanent system in the hospital. 3. Planned and regular intervals, orientation and training, and professional and personal growth should be considered for the rotation of different duty stations or units. 4. In considering the higher degree of preferences in the duty type of "10hours a day, 4days a week" shown in this study, it would be worthwhile to undertake the R&D type studies in large hospital settings.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-50
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• 1984

The levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives considerably effect to the health of households, communities and the nation. This study was designed to grasp the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of houswives and analyse the various factors effecting to health in order to provide health education services as well as materials for effective formulation and implementation of health policy to improve the health of the nation. This study has been conducted through interviews by trained surveyers for 4,281 housewives selected from 4,500 households throughout the country for 40 days during July 11-August 20, 1983. The results of survey were analysed by stepwise multiple regression and path analysis are summarized as follows; 1. Based on the measurement instrument applied to this study, the levels of health knowledge, attitude and practice of housewives were extremely low with 54.5 points out of 100 points in full. Higher level with 72 points and above was approximately 21 percent and lower level with 39 points and below was approx. 24 percent. The middle level was approx. 55 percent. In order to implement health programs successively, health education should be more strengthened and to improve the level of health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the nation, political consideration as a part of spiritual reformation must be concentrated on health. 2. The level of health knowledge indicated the highest points with 57.3 the level of attitude was the second with 55.0 points and the practice level was the lowest with 50.0 point. Therefore, planning and implementation of health education program must be based on the persuasion and motivation that health knowledge turn into practice. 3. Housewives who had higher level of health knowledge, showed their practice level was relatively lower and those who had middle or low level of it practice level was the reverse. 4. Correlations among health knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were generally higher and statistically significant at 0.1 percent level. Correlation between total health KAP level and health knowledge was the highest with r=.8092. 5. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to the age, number of children, marital status, self-assessed health status and concern on health of the housewives interviewed (p<0.001) 6. Health KAP levels also showed significant differences according to the education level, economic status, employment before marriage and grown-up area of the housewives interviewed. (p<0.001) 7. Heath KAP levels showed significant differences according to health insurance benificiary and the existence of patients in the family. (p<0.001). 8. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to distance to government organizations, schools, distance to health facilities, telephone possession rate, television possession rate, newspaper reading rate and activities of Ban meeting and Women's club. (p<0.001) 9. Health KAP levels showed significant differences according to electric mass communication media such as television, radio and village broadcasting etc. and printed media such as newspaper, magazine and booklets etc., IEC variables such as individual consultation and husband-wife communication, however, there was no significance with group training. 10. Health KAP of the housewives showed close correlation with personal characteristics variables, i.e., education level (r=.5302), age (r=-.3694) grown-up area (r=.3357) and employment before marriage. In general, correlation of health knowledge level was higher than the levels of attitude or practice. In case of health concern and health insurance, correlation of practice level was higher than health knowledge level. 11. Health KAP levels showed higher correlation with community environmental characteristics, Ban meeting and activity of Women's club, however, no correlation with New-village movement. 12. Among IEC variables, husband-wife communication showed the highest correlation with health KAP levels and printed media, electric mas communication media and health consultation in order. Therefore, encouragement of husband-wife communication and development of training program for men should be included in health education program. 13. Mass media such as electric mass com. and printed media were effective for knowledge transmission and husband-wife communication and individual consultation were effective for health practice. Group training was significant for knowledge transmission, however, but not significant for attitude formation or turning to health practice. To improve health KAP levels, health knowledge should be transmitted via mass media and health consultation with health professionals and field health workers should be strengthened. 14. Correlation of health KAP levels showed that knowledge level was generally higher than that of practice and recognized that knowledge was not linked with attitude or practice. 15. The twenty-five variables effecting health KAP levels of housewives had 41 per cent explanation variances among which education level had great contribution (β=.2309) and electric mass com. media (β=.1778), husband-wife communication (β=.1482), printed media, grown-up area, and distance to government organizations in order. Variances explained (R²) of health KAP were 31%, 15%, and 30% respectively. 16. Principal variables contributed to health KAP were education level (β=.12320, β=.1465), electric mass comm. media (β=.1762, β=.1839), printed media, (β=.1383, β=.1420) husband-wife communication (β=.1004, β=.1067), grown-up area and distance to government organizations, in order. Since education level contributes greatly to health KAP of the housewives, health education including curriculum development in primary, middle and high schools must be emphasized and health science must be selected as one of the basic liberal arts subject in universities. 17. Variences explained of IEC variables to health KAP were 19% in total, 14% in knowledge, 9% in attitude, and 10% in health practice. Contributions of IEC variables to health KAP levels were printed media (β=.3882), electric mass comm media (β=.3165), husb-band wife com. (β=.2095,) and consultation on health (β=.0841) in order, however, group training showed negative effect (β=-.0402). National fund must be invested for the development of Health Program through mass media such as TV and radio etc. and for printed materials such as newspaper, magazines, phamplet etc. needed for transmission of health knowledge. 18. Variables contributed to health KAP levels through IEC variables with indirect effects were education level (Ind E=0.0410), health concern (Ind E=.0161), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0137), TV possession rate and activity of Ban meeting in order, however, health facility showed negative effect (Ind E=-.0232) and other variables showed direct effect but not indirect effect. 19. Among the variables effecting health KAP level, education level showed the highest in total effect (TE=.2693) then IEC (TE=.1972), grown-up city (TE=.1237), newspaper reading rate (TE=.1020), distance to government organization (TE=.095) in order. 20. Variables indicating indirect effects to health KAP levels were; at knowledge level with R²=30%, education level (Ind E=.0344), newspaper reading rate (Ind E=.0112), TV possession rate (Ind E=.0689), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079) in order and at attitude level with R²=13%, education level (Ind E=. 0338), activity of Ban meeting (Ind E=.0079), and at practice level with R²=29%. education level (Ind E=.0268), health facility (Ind E=.0830) and concern on health (Ind E=.0105). 21. Total effect to health KAP levels and IEC by variable characteristics, personal characteristics variables indicated larger than community characteristics variables. 22. Multiple Correlation Coefficient (MCC) expressed by the Personal Characteristic Variable was .5049 and explained approximately 25% of variances. MCC expressed by total Community environment variable was .4283 and explained approx. 18% of variances. MCC expressed by IEC Variables was .4380 and explained approx. 19% of variances. The most important variable effected to health KAP levels was personal characteristic and then IEC variable, Community Environment variable in order. When the IEC effected with personal characteristic or community characteristic, the MCC or the variances were relatively higher than effecting alone. Therefore it was identified that the IEC was one of the important intermediate variable.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2013

2008년부터 A형 간염 환자들이 급속히 증가하고 본원에 내원하여 건진을 받는 대부분의 수검자들이 A형 간염(IgG) 항체 생성 유무에 관심이 많아지며 검사 건수가 증가하였다. 그에 따라 항체 검사결과가 cut-off값에 걸리는 검체가 많아져 원인을 분석하였더니 대부분 A형 간염 예방접종을 한 수검자들이었다. 이에 저자들은 건강증진센터에서 설문조사를 통하여 자연면역을 획득한 수검자들 그룹과 본원에서 A형 간염 예방접종(1차, 2차)을 실시한 직원들 그룹으로 나누어 검사를 시행하였고 cut-off값을 기준으로 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교하고 진단검사의학과와 핵의학과에서 사용하는 진단 시약간에 항체 생성률과 그에 대한 역가를 비교해 보고자 했고, 2012년 8월 한 달 동안 건진 수검자 185명을 설문조사하여 자연면역을 획득한 119명과 본원에서 예방 접종을 실시한 직원들을 대상으로 1차 접종자 53명, 2차 접종자 59명으로 대상을 분류했다. 항체 생성률은 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$), 0.60-0.89 (1+), 0.30-0.59 (2+), 0.01-0.29 (3+)로 나누어 역가를 비교하고, 같은 기준으로 제조사별 백신 접종 후 항체 생성률에 대한 역가를 비교평가 해 보았다. 그 결과, 건진 수검자 중 자연 면역을 획득한 수검자는 cut-off값 1을 기준했을 때, 0.90-1.10 (${\pm}$)가 0%, 0.60-0.89 (1+)가 0%, 0.30-0.59 (2+)가 4.2%, 0.01-0.29 (3+)가 96%로 역가가 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$)가 100%였다. 그리고 예방접종을 실시한 직원들의 항체 생성률은 1차 접종자 중 ${\pm}$가 59.1%, 1+가 18.1%, 2+가 18.1%, 3+가 4.6%로 총 45.3%였고, 역가는 $${\geq_-}$$ 0.60 ($${\leq_-}1+$$)가 77.3%였다. 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 ${\pm}$가 1.9%, 1+가 15.4%, 2+가 36.54%, 3+가 46.2%로 총 88.1%였고 역가는 <0.60 ($${\geq_-}2+$$) 82.7%가 였다. 또한 제조사별로 비교 하였을 때 1차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 20.8% (${\pm}24.5%$), GB 15.7% (${\pm}7.8%$), RIAKEY 94.3% (${\pm}3.8%$), ROCHE 83% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 73.1% (${\pm}5.8%$)였고, 2차 접종자의 항체 생성률은 BNIBT 86.4% (${\pm}1.7%$), GB 88.5% (${\pm}1.9%$), RIAKEY 100% (${\pm}0%$), ROCHE 98.3% (${\pm}0%$), Abbot 98.2% (${\pm}0%$)였다. 즉 자연면역 항체가 예방접종에 의한 항체보다 역가가 높다는 것을 알 수 있었고, 1차 접종 후 보다는 2차 접종 후 검사를 시행했을 때 항체 생성률과 역가가 대부분 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 결과 보고시 negative, index (${\pm}$), weak positive (1+), positive (2+), strong positive (3+)로 역가를 나누어 보고를 하거나 결과값에 index값을 같이 적어서 결과를 상세히 보고한다면 과거결과와 비교도 가능할 것이다. 또 제조사별 비교 시 1차 예방접종 후의 항체 생성률과 역가에서 시약간에 많은 차이를 보이고 있었고, 매년 예방 접종률이 높아지고 있는 시점에서 이러한 차이를 줄이기 위해서 각 제조사들은 민감도나 재현성에 더 주의를 기울여야 하겠고, 자연면역항체와 예방접종을 통한 항체간에 생길 수 있는 미지의 차이를 감안하여 검사자들이 사용하는 시약을 신뢰할 수 있도록 더 연구하고 개발해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.165-203
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• 1987

This project was a service-cum-research effort with a quasi-experimental study design to examine the health benefits of an integrated Family Planning (FP)/Maternal & Child health (MCH) Service approach that provides crucial factors missing in the present on-going programs. The specific objectives were: 1) To test the effectiveness of trained nurse/midwives (MW) assigned as change agents in the Health Sub-Center (HSC) to bring about the changes in the eight FP/MCH indicators, namely; (i)FP/MCH contacts between field workers and their clients (ii) the use of effective FP methods, (iii) the inter-birth interval and/or open interval, (iv) prenatal care by medically qualified personnel, (v) medically supervised deliveries, (vi) the rate of induced abortion, (vii) maternal and infant morbidity, and (viii) preinatal & infant mortality. 2) To measure the integrative linkage (contacts) between MW & HSC workers and between HSC and clients. 3) To examine the organizational or administrative factors influencing integrative linkage between health workers. Study design; The above objectives called for quasi-experimental design setting up a study and control area with and without a midwife. An active intervention program (FP/MCH minimum 'package' program) was conducted for a 2 year period from June 1982-July 1984 in Seosan County and 'before and after' surveys were conducted to measure the change. Service input; This study was undertaken by the Soonchunhyang University in collaboration with WHO. After a baseline survery in 1981, trained nurses/midwives were introduced into two health sub-centers in a rural setting (Seosan county) for a 2 year period from 1982 to 1984. A major service input was the establishment of midwifery services in the existing health delivery system with emphasis on nurse/midwife's role as the link between health workers (nurse aids) and village health workers, and the referral of risk patients to the private physician (OBGY specialist). An evaluation survey was made in August 1984 to assess the effectiveness of this alternative integrated approach in the study areas in comparison with the control area which had normal government services. Method of evaluation; a. In this study, the primary objective was first to examine to what extent the FP/MCH package program brought about changes in the pre-determined eight indicators (outcome and impact measures) and the following relationship was first analyzed; b. Nevertheless, this project did not automatically accept the assumption that if two or more activities were integrated, the results would automatically be better than a non-integrated or categorical program. There is a need to assess the 'integration process' itself within the package program. The process of integration was measured in terms of interactive linkages, or the quantity & quality of contacts between workers & clients and among workers. Intergrative linkages were hypothesized to be influenced by organizational factors at the HSC clinic level including HSC goals, sltrurture, authority, leadership style, resources, and personal characteristics of HSC staff. The extent or degree of integration, as measured by the intensity of integrative linkages, was in turn presumed to influence programme performance. Thus as indicated diagrammatically below, organizational factors constituted the independent variables, integration as the intervening variable and programme performance with respect to family planning and health services as the dependent variable: Concerning organizational factors, however, due to the limited number of HSCs (2 in the study area and 3 in the control area), they were studied by participatory observation of an anthropologist who was independent of the project. In this observation, we examined whether the assumed integration process actually occurred or not. If not, what were the constraints in producing an effective integration process. Summary of Findings; A) Program effects and impact 1. Effects on FP use: During this 2 year action period, FP acceptance increased from 58% in 1981 to 78% in 1984 in both the study and control areas. This increase in both areas was mainly due to the new family planning campaign driven by the Government for the same study period. Therefore, there was no increment of FP acceptance rate due to additional input of MW to the on-going FP program. But in the study area, quality aspects of FP were somewhat improved, having a better continuation rate of IUDs & pills and more use of effective Contraceptive methods in comparison with the control area. 2. Effects of use of MCH services: Between the study and control areas, however, there was a significant difference in maternal and child health care. For example, the coverage of prenatal care was increased from 53% for 1981 birth cohort to 75% for 1984 birth cohort in the study area. In the control area, the same increased from 41% (1981) to 65% (1984). It is noteworthy that almost two thirds of the recent birth cohort received prenatal care even in the control area, indicating that there is a growing demand of MCH care as the size of family norm becomes smaller 3. There has been a substantive increase in delivery care by medical professions in the study area, with an annual increase rate of 10% due to midwives input in the study areas. The project had about two times greater effect on postnatal care (68% vs. 33%) at delivery care(45.2% vs. 26.1%). 4. The study area had better reproductive efficiency (wanted pregancies with FP practice & healthy live births survived by one year old) than the control area, especially among women under 30 (14.1% vs. 9.6%). The proportion of women who preferred the 1st trimester for their first prenatal care rose significantly in the study area as compared to the control area (24% vs 13%). B) Effects on Interactive Linkage 1. This project made a contribution in making several useful steps in the direction of service integration, namely; i) The health workers have become familiar with procedures on how to work together with each other (especially with a midwife) in carrying out their work in FP/MCH and, ii) The health workers have gotten a feeling of the usefulness of family health records (statistical integration) in identifying targets in their own work and their usefulness in caring for family health. 2. On the other hand, because of a lack of required organizational factors, complete linkage was not obtained as the project intended. i) In regards to the government health worker's activities in terms of home visiting there was not much difference between the study & control areas though the MW did more home visiting than Government health workers. ii) In assessing the service performance of MW & health workers, the midwives balanced their workload between 40% FP, 40% MCH & 20% other activities (mainly immunization). However, $85{\sim}90%$ of the services provided by the health workers were other than FP/MCH, mainly for immunizations such as the encephalitis campaign. In the control area, a similar pattern was observed. Over 75% of their service was other than FP/MCH. Therefore, the pattern shows the health workers are a long way from becoming multipurpose workers even though the government is pushing in this direction. 3. Villagers were much more likely to visit the health sub-center clinic in the study area than in the control area (58% vs.31%) and for more combined care (45% vs.23%). C) Organization factors (admistrative integrative issues) 1. When MW (new workers with higher qualification) were introduced to HSC, it was noted that there were conflicts between the existing HSC workers (Nurse aids with less qualification than MW) and the MW for the beginning period of the project. The cause of the conflict was studied by an anthropologist and it was pointed out that these functional integration problems stemmed from the structural inadequacies of the health subcenter organization as indicated below; i) There is still no general consensus about the objectives and goals of the project between the project staff and the existing health workers. ii) There is no formal linkage between the responsibility of each member's job in the health sub-center. iii) There is still little chance for midwives to play a catalytic role or to establish communicative networks between workers in order to link various knowledge and skills to provide better FP/MCH services in the health sub-center. 2. Based on the above findings the project recommended to the County Chief (who has power to control the administrative staff and the technical staff in his county) the following ; i) In order to solve the conflicts between the individual roles and functions in performing health care activities, there must be goals agreed upon by both. ii) The health sub·center must function as an autonomous organization to undertake the integration health project. In order to do that, it is necessary to support administrative considerations, and to establish a communication system for supervision and to control of the health sub-centers. iii) The administrative organization, tentatively, must be organized to bind the health worker's midwive's and director's jobs by an organic relationship in order to achieve the integrative system under the leadership of health sub-center director. After submitting this observation report, there has been better understanding from frequent meetings & communication between HW/MW in FP/MCH work as the program developed. Lessons learned from the Seosan Project (on issues of FP/MCH integration in Korea); 1) A majority or about 80% of the couples are now practicing FP. As indicated by the study, there is a growing demand from clients for the health system to provide more MCH services than FP in order to maintain the achieved small size of family through FP practice. It is fortunate to see that the government is now formulating a MCH policy for the year 2,000 and revising MCH laws and regulations to emphasize more MCH care for achieving a small size family through family planning practice. 2) Goal consensus in FP/MCH shouBd be made among the health workers It administrators, especially to emphasize the need of care of 'wanted' child. But there is a long way to go to realize the 'real' integration of FP into MCH in Korea, unless there is a structural integration FP/MCH because a categorical FP is still first priority to reduce the rate of population growth for economic reasons but not yet for health/welfare reasons in practice. 3) There should be more financial allocation: (i) a midwife should be made available to help to promote the MCH program and coordinate services, (in) there should be a health sub·center director who can provide leadership training for managing the integrated program. There is a need for 'organizational support', if the decision of integration is made to obtain benefit from both FP & MCH. In other words, costs should be paid equally to both FP/MCH. The integration slogan itself, without the commitment of paying such costs, is powerless to advocate it. 4) Need of management training for middle level health personnel is more acute as the Government has already constructed 90 MCH centers attached to the County Health Center but without adequate manpower, facilities, and guidelines for integrating the work of both FP and MCH. 5) The local government still considers these MCH centers only as delivery centers to take care only of those visiting maternity cases. The MCH center should be a center for the managment of all pregnancies occurring in the community and the promotion of FP with a systematic and effective linkage of resources available in the county such as i.e. Village Health Worker, Community Health Practitioner, Health Sub-center Physicians & Health workers, Doctors and Midwives in MCH center, OBGY Specialists in clinics & hospitals as practiced by the Seosan project at primary health care level.