• 대한화학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.453-459
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• 1976

염화포름산 메틸과 치환아닐린 및 염화포름산 페닐의 할로겐 교환반응을 속도론적으로 아세톤 속에서 연구하였다. 속도상수는 중간체를 동반하는 첨가-제거(SAN) 메카니즘으로도 합리적으로 해석되나 분자궤도론적 및 동위원소 효과 연구결과를 고려할 때 1단계$(Sn_2)$ 메카니즘이 더욱 타당함을 알았다. 결론으로 반응성이 큰 친핵체들은 "늦은"형의 천이상태를 이루고 반응성이 작은 친핵체들은 "이른"형의 천이상태를 이룬다는 것을 알았다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.136-140
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• 1993

새로운 methotrexate 중간체인 diethyl N-[4-{[(2,4-diamino-6-yl)methyl]-amino}benzoyl]-L-glutamate(10)를 합성하기 위하여 p-nitrobenzoic acid를 chlorination한 다음 L-glutamic acid와 coupling하고 이를 esterification한 후, 환원과 methylation시켜 diethyl N-(4-methylaminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate(7)를 합성하였다. 이 화합물(7)을 DMF 존재하에서 NaH와 allyl chloride를 가하여 allylation한 다음 여기에 $IN_3$ addition 반응으로 diethyl-p-[N-(2-azido-3-iodopropyl)-N-methyl]aminobenzoyl-L-glutamate(9)를 합성하였다. 이 화합물(9)을 2,4,5,6-tetraaminopyrimidine hydrochloride와 cyclization시켜 methotrexate diethylester를 얻었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.327-333
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• 2009

For the Pt-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of enones, Pt complexes were employed in the presence of various phosphine ligands and $H_2\;(or\;Et_3SiH),$ affording inter- and intra-molecular coupling products in good to modest yield. Depending on reaction protocols, different phosphine ligands were required to optimize the conditions. In the aldol reaction, the Pt catalyst involving $P(2,4,6-(OMe)_3C_6H_2)3\;or\;P(p-OMeC_6H_4)_3$ was chosen. Michael reaction proceeds in good yields in the presence of $P(p-CF_3C_6H_4)_3$. Regarding the activity of the reductants, $H_2$ exhibited superior activity to $Et_3SiH$, resulting in a shorter reaction time and higher yield in the aldol and Michael reaction. In light of the deuterium labeling studies, the catalytic cycle including the hydrometalation of the enones by the platinum hydride species was proposed.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.618-625
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• 1993

25$^{\circ}C$의 50%(v/v) 메탄올-물의 혼합용액 속에서 pH 변화에 따른 X-치환된 N-(benzoyl)-C-(N-methylanilino)imidoylchloride(s)들의 가수분해 반응속도상수를 측정하여 반응속도식, 치환기효과, 용매효과, 염효과, 열역학적 활성화 파라미터 및 가수분해반응 생성물 분석 등의 결과로부터 pH 3.0~10.0까지의 사이에서는 azocarbonium ion 중간체를 지나는 $S_N$1형 반응, pH 3.0 이하의 pH 10.0 이상의 pH에서는 사면체 중간체를 지나는 친핵성 첨가-제거반응(A$d_{N-E}$)이 일어남을 제안하였다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2020

Hexachloro-cyclophosphazene(HCCP), a formaldehyde-free flame retardant (FR), was steam-cured with triethanol amine(TEA) to impart durable flame-retardancy to cotton fabrics. While the HCCP treatment alone showed very limited resistance to repeated laundering cycles, the addition of TEA substantially improved the laundering durability of the FR cotton up to twenty laundering cycles. The extended washing resistance was accomplished by the increased nucleophilic substitution of unreacted P-Cl groups in HCCP by the TEA resulting in the more densely crosslinked FR networks. With increasing molar ratio of TEA to the HCCP up to 2, the flame retarding effectivity and the synergistic effectiveness improved to 2.8 and 1.8 respectively. TGA and microscale combustion calorimetry verified the pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of the FR-cotton, which showed lower maximum pyrolysis and combustion temperatures together with substantially decreased peak pyrolysis and heat release rate, synergistically yielding larger amounts of carbonaceous chars. The formaldehyde-free HCCP and TEA can be a durable FR finishing agents for cotton fabrics acting through a solid-phase flame-retarding mechanism.

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2022

Alteration of the mGluR5 density is closely related to various brain diseases including schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, mGluR5 is considered as a valuable imaging biomarker for brain disease and many radiopharmaceuticals have been developed so far. Among them, [¹⁸F]FPEB has favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics, and this is the most frequently used radiopharmaceutical for preclinical and clinical studies. In the present study, we want to introduce the optimized radiosynthetic method for the routine production of [¹⁸F]FPEB using a GE TRACERlabTM FXFN pro module. In addition, the entire process was monitored with a webcam to solve the problems arising from the synthetic process. As a result, [¹⁸F]FPEB was prepared by nucleophilic substitution from its nitro- precursor at 120℃ for 20 min in dimethyl sulfoxide. Radiochemical yield was 13.7 ± 5.1% (decay-corrected, n = 91) with the molar activity of 84 ± 17 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis. The radiochemical purity was determined to be above 96%. The manufactured [¹⁸F]FPEB injection for quality controls were carried out in accordance with an KIRAMS approved protocol, as per ICH and USP guidelines.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.629-636
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• 1990

CTABr 미셀 용액속에서의 sodium 2-alkylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonate(R-BISO$_3$Na)의 음이온에 의해 추진되는 p-nitrophenyldiphenylphosphate(p-NPDPP)의 탈인산화 반응은 sodium benzimidazole-5-sulfonate(BI-SO$_3$Na)의 음이온에 의해 추진되는 반응의 반응속도보다 현저히 감소하고, 알킬기의 길이가 methyl기에서 heptyl기로 길어질수록 감소의 정도가 더욱 크다. 이것은 CTABr을 포함하고 있지 않는 수용액속에서의 BI-SO$_3$Na 및 R-BI$^-$SO$_3$Na 에 의한 탈인산화 반응속도가 별차이가 없음을 감안할 때, 이들 친핵체의 알킬기가 미셀 의사층(micellar pseudophase)내에서 입체장애(steric hinderance)로 작용하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 이것은 수용액과 미셀 용액속에서의 반응의 측정된 활성화에너지(△H$^\neq$/TEX>, △G$^\neq$/TEX> 및 △S$^\neq$/TEX>)의 값과도 정성적으로 일치하고 있다. 이러한 입체장애가 반응속도에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 계산하고자 시도하였다. Nonyl기에서 pentadecyl기까지 긴 알킬기를 갖고 있는 R-BI$^-$SO3Na는 그것들의 benzimidazole 부분(BI moiety)이 친핵체로 작용할 뿐 아니라, 이 분자들은 CTABr을 포함하지 않는 수용액속에서 미셀을 형성하여 반응을 촉진함을 알았다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2000

2-PhenyI-4H,5H-3-methyl-3-thiazolinium perchlorate(PTP)유도체들의 가수분해속도상수를 수용액에서 자외선 분광법으로 측정하여 넓은 pH 범위에서 적용될 수 있는 속도식을 구하였다. pH에 따른 속도상수의 변화, 가수분해 생성물의 확인, 일반염기 및 치환기 효과 등을 바탕으로 반응 메카니즘을 제안하였다. 즉 pH 4.0 이하에서는 물분자의 첨가가 일어나 가수분해가 진행되며, pH 9.0 이상에서는 전형적인 Michael type의 반응이 일어나며, pH $4.5{\sim}8.0$ 사이에서는 이들 두 반응이 경쟁적으로 일어남을 알았다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.3735-3742
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• 2013

Background: Cardamom (Elettaria cardamom), also known as "Queen of Spices", has been traditionally used as a culinary ingredient due to its pleasant aroma and taste. In addition to this role, studies on cardamom have demonstrated cancer chemopreventive potential in in vitro and in vivo systems. Nevertheless, the precise poly-pharmacological nature of naturally occurring chemo-preventive compounds in cardamom has still not been fully demystified. Methods:In this study, an effort has been made to identify the proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of Cardamom's bioactive principles (eucalyptol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene and geraniol) by employing a dual reverse virtual screening protocol. Experimentally proven target information of the bioactive principles was annotated from bioassay databases and compared with the virtually screened set of targets to evaluate the reliability of the computational identification. To study the molecular interaction pattern of the anti-tumor action, molecular docking simulation was performed with Auto Dock Pyrx. Interaction studies of binding pose of eucalyptol with Caspase 3 were conducted to obtain an insight into the interacting amino acids and their inter-molecular bondings. Results:A prioritized list of target proteins associated with multiple forms of cancer and ranked by their Fit Score (Pharm Mapper) and descending 3D score (Reverse Screen 3D) were obtained from the two independent inverse screening platforms. Molecular docking studies exploring the bioactive principle targeted action revealed that H- bonds and electrostatic interactions forms the chief contributing factor in inter-molecular interactions associated with anti-tumor activity. Eucalyptol binds to the Caspase 3 with a specific framework that is well-suited for nucleophilic attacks by polar residues inside the Caspase 3 catalytic site. Conclusion:This study revealed vital information about the poly-pharmacological anti-tumor mode-of-action of essential oils in cardamom. In addition, a probabilistic set of anti-tumor targets for cardamom was generated, which can be further confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 H1-길항체로 알려진 항히스타민제의 일종인 염산 아젤라스틴을 합성하기 위하여 phthalic anhydride, 4-chlorophenylacetic acid, hydrazine 2HCl를 이용하여 4단계 반응을 거쳐 합성하였다. 첫 번째 반응은 카르복실기와 히드록실기가 제거되는 반응이고, 두 번째 반응은 3-(4-chlorobenzylidene)phthalide의 비누화 반응이다. 세 번째 반응은 일차아민의 친핵성 첨가반응이 일어나는 반응이며, 네 번째 반응은 N-methyl-1-aza-bicyclo[3,2,0]heptane에 세 번째 반응의 생성물을 첨가하여 반응시키면 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(2H)phthalazinone가 합성되는 반응이다. 합성한 생성물을 FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR을 이용하여 분석하였고, 80%의 수율로 합성물을 얻었다.