• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2007

Dlx3 is a homeodomain protein and is known to playa role in development and differentiation of many tissues. Deletion of four base pairs in DLX3 (NT3198) is causally related to tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome (OMIM # 190320), a genetic disorder manifested by taurodontism, hair abnormalities, and increased bone density in the cranium. Although the observed defects of TDO syndrome involves bone, little is known about the role of Dlx3 in bone remodeling process. In this study, we examined the effect of wild type DLX3 (wtDlx3) expression on osteoclast differentiation and compared it with that of 4-BP DEL DLX3 (TDO mtDlx3). To examine whether Dlx3 is expressed during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the presence of receptor activator of nuclear factor-B ligand (RANKL). Dlx3 protein level increased slightly after RANKL treatment for 1 day and peaked when the fusion of prefusion osteoclasts actively progressed. When wtDlx3 and TDO mtDlx3 were overexpressed in RAW264.7 cells, they enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and the expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes such as calcitonin receptor, vitronectin receptor and cathepsin K. Since osteoclast differentiation is critically regulated by the balance between RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG), we examined the effect of Dlx3 overexpression on expression of RANKL and OPG in C2C12 cells in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Overexpression of wtDlx3 enhanced RANKL mRNA expression while slightly suppressed OPG expression. However, TDO mtDlx3 did not exert significant effects. This result suggests that inability of TDO mtDlx3 to regulate expression of RANKL and OPG may contribute to increased bone density in TDO syndrome patients. Taken together, it is suggested that Dlx3 playa role as a positive regulator of osteoclast differentiation via up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes in osteoclasts, as well as via increasing the ratio of RANKL to OPG in osteoblastic cells.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2005

Bone remodeling is a process controlled by the action of two major bone cells; the bone forming osteoblast and the bone resorbing osteoclast. In the process of osteoclastogenesis, stromal cells and osteoblast produce RANKL, OPG, and M-CSF, which in turn regulate the osteoclastogenesis. During the bone resorption by activated osteoclasts, extracellular $Ca^{2+}/{PO_4}^{2-}$ concentration and degraded organic materials goes up, providing the hypertonic microenvironment. In this study, we tested the effects of hypertonicity due to the degraded organic materials on osteoclastogenesis in co-culture system. It was examined the cellular response of osteoblastic cell in terms of osteoclastogenesis by applying the sucrose, and mannitol, as a substitute of degraded organic materials to co-culture system. Apart from the sucrose, mannitol, and NaCl was tested to be compared to the effect of organic osmotic particles. The addition of sucrose and mannitol (25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mM) to co-culture medium inhibited the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells induced by 10 nM $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2vitaminD_3$ ($1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$). However, NaCl did exert harmful effect upon the cells in this co-culture system, which is attributed to DNA damage in high concentration of NaCl. To further investigate the mechanism by which hypertonicity inhibits $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$-induced osteoclastogenesis, the mRNA expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) were monitored by RT-PCR. In the presence of sucrose (50 mM), RANKL mRNA expression was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, while the change in OPG and M-CSF mRNA were not occurred in significantly. The RANKL mRNA expression was inhibited for 48 hours in the presence of sucrose (50 mM), but such a decrement recovered after 72 hours. However, there were no considerable changes in the expression of OPG and M-CSF mRNA. Conclusively, these findings strongly suggest that hypertonic stress down-regulates $1{\alpha},25(OH)_2D_3$-induced osteoclastogenesis via RANKL signal pathway in osteoblastic cell, and may playa pivotal role as a regulator that modulates osteoclastogenesis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.733-744
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• 2002

The fibroblasts are the principal cells in the periodontal ligament of peridontium. As the periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) show similar phenotype with osteoblasts, the PDLF are thought to play an important role in alveolar bone remodeling. Cell-to-cell contacted signaling is crucial for osteoclast formation. Recently it has been reported that PDLJ enhance the bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts differentiated from hematopoietic preosteoclasts. The aims of this study were to $clarify\;^{1)}$ the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis $and\;^{2)}$ whether we can use preosteoclast cell line instead of primary hematopoietic preosteoclast cells for studying the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastic differentiation of mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was compared with that of mouse bone marrow-derived M-CSF dependent cell (MDBM), a well-known hematopoietic preosteoclast model, by examining, 1) osteoclast-specific gene expression such as calcitonin receptor, M-CSF receptor (c-fms), cathepsin K, receptoractivator nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) ,2) generation of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells (MNCs), and 3) generation of resorption pit on the $OAAS^{TM}$ plate. RAW264.7 cultured in the medium containing of soluble osteoclast differentiation Factor (sODF) showed similar phenotype with MDBM-derived osteoclasts, those are mRNA expression pattern of osteoclast-specific genes, TRAP(+) MNCs generation, and bone resorbing abivity. Formation of resorption pits by osteoclastic MNCs differentiated from sODF-treated RAW264.7, was completely blocked by the addition of osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble decoy receptor for ODF, to the sODF-containing culture me야um. The effects of PDLF on differentiation of RAW264.7 into　the TRAP(+) multinucleated osteoclast-like cells were examined using coculture system. PDLF were fxed with paraformaldehyde, followed by coculture with RAW264.7, which induced formation of TRAP(+) MNCs in the absence of additional treatment of sODF. When compared with untreated and fixed PDLF (fPDLF), IL-1 ${\beta}$-treated, or lipopolysaccha-ride-treated and then fixed PDLF showed two-folld increase in the supporting activity of osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 coculture system. There were no TRAP(+) MNCs formation in coculture system of RAW264.7 with PDLF of no fixation. These findigs suggested that we can replace the primary hematopoietic preosteoclasts for RAW264. 7 cell line for studying the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis, and we hypothesize that PDLF control osteoclastogenesis through ODF expression which might be enhanced by inflammatory signals.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2008

흰쥐 간의 약 70%정도를 외과적으로 제거한 후, 시간 경과에 따라 간세포들의 증식과 간조직의 재구성 과정에서 나타나는 변화를 관찰하였고, 세포분열과 연관되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있는 metallothionein (MT)의 발현양상 및 세포내 분포 위치를 알아보고자 하였다. 간 절제 후 광학현미경 관찰 결과, 초기부터 소엽의 중심 정맥 주변 세포판이 붕괴되고 군집이 형성되는 모습이 관찰되었으며 간 절제 후 1일째 이미 세포들의 증식이 뚜렷이 증가하여 있는 모습을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이후 활발한 세포분열이 계속되어 재생이 이루어지게 되며 남아 있던 간조직은 약 7일이 경과하면 원 상태의 수준으로 회복되고, 재구성이 완료되는 것으로 조사되었다. 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 증식중인 간세포들의 미세구조 변화를 관찰하였던 결과, 간 절제 후 3시간 경과한 흰쥐 간세포들에서 핵/세포질 비가 비교적 높게 나타났고, 미토콘드리아의 수가 증가하였으며, 유리리보솜이나 폴리솜들의 분포도 증가된 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 간 절제 후 24시간 전후 실험군에서는 세포질내 지방방울이 극단적으로 증가된 것이 확인되었으며 간 세포들 사이의 세포연접이 사라지거나 약화된 모습을 나타내었다. 7일째 실험군에서는 세포간 연접장치나 세포내 핵과 소기관들의 분포, 담세관의 미세구조 등이 정상대조군과 유사하게 나타났다. MT의 발현 및 위치를 알아보기 위한 면역조직화학결과 정상대조군 간세포에서는 MT에 대한 양성반응이 세포질과 핵에서 약하게 관찰되었으나, 간 절제 후 3시간이 경과한 실험군에서부터 MT에 대한 양성반응이 증가하기 시작하였으며, 일부 세포들에서는 핵에서도 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 시간 경과에 따라 핵에서의 양성반응은 지속되다가 3일이 경과한 실험군에서부터 핵과 세포질에서의 반응이 약하게 나타나며, 7일이 경과한 실험군에서는 정상대조군과 같은 미약한 반응을 나타냈다. 결론적으로, 부분 간 절제 후 재생과정은 간소엽의 체제가 붕괴되고 세포 증식이 이루어지며, 조직의 재구성과정을 거치는 것으로 요약될 수 있다. 또한 MT 단백질은 간세포들의 세포분열에 연관이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.169-183
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• 2003

교정력에 의한 치아 이동은 기계적인 힘에 의하여 압박측에는 다양한 구조를 가진 치주 조직에 혈류의 변화가 생기며 국소적으로 산소 장력에도 변화가 생겨 저산소 상태 가 유발됨은 이미 확인한 바 있다. 본 연구는 치아 주위 골격을 형성하는 조골세포를 대상으로 교정적 치아 이동과 유사한 시험관내 조건을 설정하여 저산소 상태 시 유발되는 조골세포 고사조절 기전을 규명하고자 시행하였다. 생리적인 저산소증의 실험조건으로 $2\%$ 산소상태를 설정하여 저산소 하에서 세포가 고사(apoptosis) 됨을 확인하였고, stress유발 시 많은 관련을 가진 것으로 알려진 p-38 MAPK의 활성을 관찰하였다. 또한 p-38 MAPK의 억제제인 SB203580의 전처치로 인하여 세포의 죽음이 억제됨을 확인하였고, 저산소 상태 시 활성형태로 분절되는 caspase-3, -6및 9등의 세포고사관련 효소들의 활성 형태로의 분절이 억제됨을 확인하였으며 이러한 caspase의 기질인 Lamin-A등의 분절 또한 억제됨을 밝혔다. 또한 마이토콘드리아 내의 cytochrome c의 세포질내로의 이동 또한 조절됨을 확인함으로써 p-38 MAPK의 조절단계를 시사하여 주고 있다. 본 연구로 치아 이동 시 유발되는 저산소 상태 하에서 발생하는 조골세포의 고사 조절에 p-38 MAPK가 관여함을 확인하였다.