• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

Effects on nonylphenol (NP) treatment on early development of fertilized eggs and survival of larvae in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Fertilized eggs and hatched larvae were exposed to aqueous solutions of NP at nominal concentrations of 50, 100, 150 and 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L. In the control I and II (methanol-carrier control) groups, the hatchability of fertilized eggs were 90.7$\pm$7.02 and 90.0$\pm$5.29％ (P <0.05), respectively. However, treatments of NP concentrations at 50, 100, 150 and 200 ug/L were reduced to 78.7$\pm$4.16, 46.0$\pm$9.17, 48.0$\pm$3.46 and 33.3$\pm$11.02% (P<0.05), respectively. The time to hatching of fertilized eggs was delayed in high-dose NP treatment groups rather than control groups. Fertilized eggs of NP immersed group could not hatch normally, and also vertebra of the larvae observed as abnormal shape. Cumulative mortality of hatched larvae after 26hr NP treatment was 38.3, 78.3, 88.3 and 100% in NP 50, 100, 150 and 200 ug/L treatment groups, respectively. Whereas, control I and II were 11.7, 16.7% (P<0.05). Hatched larvae showed most death at the embryonic development stage with abnormalities. These results suggest that NP treatment in fertilized eggs and larvae was inhibited as normally development for fertilized egg and growing of larvae.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.415-420
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• 2013

A determination method for $^{237}Np$ in spent nuclear fuel samples was developed using an isotope dilution method with $^{239}Np$ as a spike. In this method, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was taken for the $^{237}Np$ instead of the previously used alpha spectrometry. $^{237}Np$ and $^{239}Np$ were measured by ICP-MS and gamma spectrometry, respectively. The recovery yield of $^{237}Np$ in synthetic samples was $95.9{\pm}9.7$% (1S, n=4). The $^{237}Np$ contents in the spent fuel samples were 0.15, 0.25, and $1.06{\mu}g/mgU$ and these values were compared with those from ORIGEN-2 code. A fairly good agreement between the measurements (m) and calculations (c) was obtained, giving ratios (m/c) of 0.93, 1.12 and 1.25 for the three PWR spent fuel samples with burnups of 16.7, 19.0, and 55.9 GWd/MtU, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1999

Based on literature, status and role of the NP in America was reviewed. The process of developing NP program in America suggests us many things. In America, nurse practitioners have sustained a mutually beneficial status with their patients for over thirty years. Excel fence in academic education and clinical training will enable nurse practitioners to continue to provide quality health care. The magnitude changes in the health care system of the United States, the challange of providing real access of health care continues. Lack of access to adequate primary care was the driving force in the initial 1965 Federal Involvement in developing the NP role. In 1993 President Bill Clinton's health care reform initiative provided policy support for NPs as primary care providers. The Institute of Medicine explicitly recognized NPs as an integral part of the primary care team. In addition, several national reports recognized NPs as affordable, accessible, high-quality care providers. The recent passage of direct Medicare reimbursement for NPs reflected public policy statements coincided with and likely contributed to a growth spurt in the NP workforce. From 1965 to 1977 NP programs offered traditional primary care clinical tracks(adult, family, woman's health, and pediatrics) for relatively small clusters of students in a variety of institutional settings. From 1978 to 1990 these educational programs were incorporated into graduate schools of nursing. By 1990 the majority of NPs received educational preparation in master's-level nursing programs. A new emphases was placed on postmaster's NP programs designed for master's prepared clinical nurse specialists and nurse managers. he the health care system shifted hospital nursing resources toward community-based care, these master's -level nurses sought additional NP preparation. NP educational programs are defined as the educational structure in which one or more NP clinical tracks are offered. NP clinical tracks, in turn, offer curriculum and supervised clinical experiences that match standards in specific practice areas such as family(FNP), adult(AUP), geriatrics(GNP), pediatrics(PNP), women's health (WHNP), neonatal (NNP), and acute care(ACNP). There were indications that NP practice was expanding into new clinical areas as evidenced by new types of tracks, particularly in acute care and psychiatry. The increase in acute care NP students likely reflects the increased demand from hospitals and other acute care settings. In Korea, change of nurse's role into nurse practitioner's role may have many difficulties. The need of health consumer, policy support of government, approval of medical care team are all essential component. Every nursing personnel make effort to planning the new health care delivery system.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2023

In this study, we prepared naproxen (NP) imprinted biodegradable polymer based multi-layer biomaterials using allbanggae starch (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and alginic acid (SA), and investigated their physicochemical properties and the controlled drug release effects. In addition, the prepared multi-layer biomaterials were characterized by FE-SEM and FT-IR. In order to confirm the controlled drug release effect for the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS), the NP release properties of NP imprinted multi-layer biomaterials were investigated using various pH buffer solutions and artificial skin at 36.5 ℃. The results of NP release in various pH buffer solutions indicated that the NP release at high pH was about 1.3 times faster than that at low pH. In addition, NP release in multi-layer biomaterials was about 4.0 times slower than that in single-layer biomaterials. It was confirmed that the NP release rate in triple-layer biomaterials was 4.0 times slower than that in single-layer biomaterials while using artificial skin. Also, it could be found that NP in double-layer biomaterials and triple-layer biomaterials was released sustainably for 12 h. The NP release mechanism in pH buffer solutions followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism, but followed the non-Fickian diffusion mechanism with artificial skin.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.187-200
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study is to see in terms of $F_{0}$ variation in Japanese how discourse focus and the lexical word accent interact with each other in realizing overall intonation patterns. Discourse focus causes prosodic restructuring of phrase structures and, as a result, largely affects pitch contours, whereas the lexical word accent is said to delimit the $F_{0}$ into a certain range. Measurement of $F_{0}$ was made of utterances of Japanese sentences to observe behavior of pitch contours with varied focus assignment and lexical accent specifications. The utterances were obtained in question-answer discourse contexts so that in a sentence, either one NP was always focused or no focus was assigned. I set four points for $F_{0}$ measurement; $F_{1s},F_{1m}, F_{2s}$, and $F_{2m}$, two for each noun phrase corresponding to $F_{0}$ at the beginning of the first syllable and that of the vocalic portion of the second syllable in the two NP's. The results of present study were as follows: (1) for all combination of lexical accent types, the $F_{0}$ rise both in NP1 and NP2 are higher when focused than when not focused. (2) NP2 starts a new accentual phrase when focused, showing even higher $F_{0}$ than NP1, the latter of which implies that in forming a new accentual phrase by focusing, catathesis does not seem to take effect on NP2 preceded by accented NP1. (3) unfocused NP2 preceded by unaccented NP1 has higher $F_{0}$ than those preceded by accented NP1.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.331-338
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of noni (Morinda citrifolia) powder on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of ground pork meat. Four samples of ground pork meat were prepared as follow: CON without noni powder, NP0.5 with 0.5% noni powder, NP1.0 with 1.0% noni powder, and NP1.5 with 1.5% noni powder. The moisture content of CON was the highest (p<0.05). The ash, fiber, fat retention, hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, lightness, and yellowness increased with the addition of the noni powder (p<0.05). The protein, fat, water holding capacity, cooking yield, moisture retention, springiness,and redness of the cooked meat were not significantly different among the samples. The pH of CON was the highest among the samples (p<0.05). The TBARS of CON, NP0.5, NP1.0, and NP1.5 were 0.48, 0.41, 0.36 and 0.34 mg/kg, respectively, and the NP1.5 was the lowest (p<0.05). The DPPH radical scavenging activity of CON, NP0.5, NP1.0, and NP1.5 were 10.4%, 20.8%, 34.6% and 45.3%, respectively, and the NP1.5 was the highest (p<0.05). Consequently, these results support the possible use of noni powder for meat product industry, as addition of noni powder enhances the antioxidant activities of ground pork meat.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 2018

AREVA NP (Courbevoie, Paris, France) is actively developing several enhanced accident-tolerant fuels cladding concepts ranging from near-term evolutionary (Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding) to long-term revolutionary (SiC/SiC composite cladding) solutions, relying on its worldwide teams and partnerships, with programs and irradiations planned both in Europe and the United States. The most advanced and mature solution is a dense, adherent chromium coating on zirconium alloy cladding, which was initially developed along with the CEA and EDF in the French joint nuclear R&D program. The evaluation of the out-of-pile behavior of the Cr-coated cladding showed excellent results, suggesting enhanced reliability, enhanced operational flexibility, and improved economics in normal operating conditions. For example, because chromium is harder than zirconium, the Cr coating provides the cladding with a significantly improved wear resistance. Furthermore, Cr-coated samples exhibit extremely low corrosion kinetics in autoclave and prevents accelerated corrosion in harsh environments such as in water with 70 ppm Li leading to improved operational flexibility. Finally, AREVA NP has fabricated a physical vapor deposition prototype machine to coat full-length cladding tubes. This machine will be used for the manufacturing of full-length lead test rods in commercial reactors by 2019.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 2019

Previously, we reported negative effects of low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure on the reproductive organs of F1 male mice. In the present study was further investigated the endocrine disrupting effect of NP exposure to F2 generation male mice. Mice were divided into 2 groups; (1) CON, control animals and (2) NP-50 ($50{\mu}g/L$), animals were treated with NP via drinking water. NP exposures were continuously conducted from parental pre-mating period until the postnatal day (PND) 55 of F2 offsprings. Mice were sacrificed on PND 55 and the reproductive tissue weights were measured. The initial (at PND 21) and terminal (PND 55) body weights of the NP-50 group animals were not significantly different from those of control group animals. NP exposure fail to induce a significant weight change of the testes, seminal vesicle and prostate except absolute epididymal weight (p<0.05). However, pathohistological studies revealed that NP-treated F2 animals showed evident decrease in seminiferous tubule diameters, reduced luminal area and number of germ cells. Also, sloughing morphologies in the tubules were notable. In the caudal epididymis, fewer mature sperms and swollen epithelial cells were found in the NP-treated group. The present study demonstrated that the subchronic low-dose NP exposure induced pathohistological abnormalities in testis and epididymis of F2 mice, and we assumed that these 'qualitative' changes in reproductive tissues could be derived from the epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modification, altered DNA accessibility and chromatin structure. Further studies are needed to achieve a better understanding on the multi- or trans-generational effects of NP on the reproductive health and a human application.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 1993

The antioxidant in the oriental drug, NP-S, traditionally used as a therapeutic agent for Hepatitis B was identified. The NP-S was divided into two fractions at molecular weight cut-off of 1000 by ultrafiltration and the fraction having molecular weight less than 1000 was named as NP-S(l)10. Both NP-S and NP-S(l)10 had antioxidant activity. An antioxidant that was extracted by chloroform from water-insoluble fraction in lyophilized NP-S(l)10 had a little smaller activity than NP-S(l)10 and identified as cyclooctasulfur(S8) by mass spectrum.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

Effects of nonylphenol (NP) on gonadal development and growth of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. NP treatment was carried out to fry fish (during 55 to 64 days after hatching) using oral adminstration at nominal NP concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 tig/g BW Gonad before NP treatment was sexually undifferentiated as observed with mostly gonia cells. At 159 days after hatching, ovarian lamella of ovary were filled with oogonia and perinucleolus oocytes. On the other hand, testicular lobules of the testis were occupied by spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids. Histological observation of ovary and testis development was any different between the control and NP treated groups. However, growth was significantly increased in NP treated groups than control groups (P< 0.05). These results considerate that NP has any effect for sex differentiation and gonadal development, but act for early growth in olive flounder.