• 제목/요약/키워드: Normal component

검색결과 888건 처리시간 0.028초

가축분뇨의 자원화 용량 평가에 관한 연구 (A Study on Recycling Capacity Assessment of Livestock Manure)

  • 안태웅;최이송;오종민
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.311-320
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    • 2008
  • Reusing livestock manure have various advantages in securing soil organic resources, and since the costs needed for converting them into liquefied fertilizers are relatively moderate compared to normal treatment, such methods are necessary. In this study, the Recycling Capacity Assessment of Gyeonggi-do was carried out by comparing between the fertilizer demands for specific crops based on the cultivation areas and the amount of fertilizer resources that are generated from livestock manure. From this assessment, the possibility of obtaining resources by converting livestock manure into fertilizers were evaluated. The amount generated of Livestock Manure in Gyeonggi-do were evaluated by applying the emission units to the number of livestock manure. And from the amount generated of Livestock Manure, the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure were calculated by using the fertilizer a component rate. When considering the amount of fertilizer produced from Livestock Manure based on the type of livestock, N 6,626 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 1,824 ton/year, $K_2O$ 4,480 ton/year were produced from milk cow manure, while N 5,247 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 2,772 ton/year, $K_2O$ 2,879 ton/year, were produced from beef cattle manure. N 14,924 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 7,205 ton/year, $K_2O$ 6,750 ton/year were produced from pigs and N 12,651 ton/year, $P_2O_5$ 4,458 ton/year, $K_2O$ 5,542 ton/year were produced by chickens. So the total amount of fertilizers that can be obtained from livestock manure were 3,668 ton/year Nitrogen, 16,259 ton/year phosphate and 19,651 ton/year kalium. And the total fertilizer demands in Gyeonggi-do were Nitrogen 27,200 ton/year, Phosphate 8,853 ton/year, and kalium 13,211 ton/year respectively. Nitrogen which had higher demands than production quantities were considered as limitation factors in crop growth. So the Recycling Capacity Assessment was carried out mainly based on Nitrogen. Since the Nitrogen quantities that can be provided by recycling livestock manure were 3,532 ton/year lesser than the Nitrogen demands, it is estimated that it would be desirable to convert livestock manure into resources. But in order to properly convert the entire livestock manure into organic resources, the seasonal situation that effects the nitrogen demands of crops along with the regional effects due to the industrial structures should be seriously analyzed. In addition, a system that can effectively produce and manage fertilizer should be established.

왕부류행(王不留行)과 경엽여루채(硬葉女婁菜)가 알콜 투여로 유발된 흰쥐의 고지혈증과 간 손상의 예방에 미치는 영향 (Preventive effects of Saponariae Vaccariae Semen and Melandryi Firmi Herba on hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol)

  • 최재영;서부일;오달석;박지하;노성수
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.27-34
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : This study was performed to compare the preventive effect of water extracts from Saponariae Vaccariae Semen(SVS) and Melandryi Firmi Herba(MFH) on hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol. Methods : Except for the normal group, I fed rat on 25% alcohol for 55 days. And each extract was administrated for the same period. I measured the serum component in rat's blood, body weight and weight of liver. Results : At first, I observed effects of SVS and MFH on hyperlipidemia induced by alcohol. SVS and MFH group didn't show the significant decrease of total cholesterol in comparison with those of the control group. SVS and MFH group showed the significant increase of HDL-cholesterol in comparison with those of the control group. SVS group showed the significant decrease of triglyceride in comparison with those of the control group, but MFH group didn't show the significant decrease of triglyceride in comparison with those of the control group. SVS group showed the significant increase of body weight in comparison with those of the control group at 4weeks and 8weeks. But, MFH group didn't show the significant changes of body weight in comparison with those of the control group at 4weeks and 8weeks. By the way, SVS group showed the significant decrease of triglyceride in comparison with those of MFH group. SVS group showed the significant increase of body weight in comparison with those of MFH group at 8weeks. At second, I observed effects of SVS and MFH on liver damage induced by alcohol. SVS and MFH group showed the significant decrease of AST(aspartate aminotransferase), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), ALP(alkaline phosphatase) and LDH(lactate dehydrogenase) in comparison with those of the control group. SVS group showed the significant increase of liver weight in comparison with those of the control group, but MFH group didn't show the significant increase of liver weight in comparison with those of the control group. By the way, SVS group showed the significant increase of liver weight in comparison with those of MFH group. Conclusions : Reviewing these experimental results, it suggests that water extracts from SVS and MFH have pharmaceutical preventive efficacy on hyperlipidemia and liver damage induced by alcohol. Therefore further additional study should be conducted to elucidate the pharmaceutical efficacy of these in depth.

Determination of Genetic Diversity among Korean Hanwoo Cattle Based on Physical Characteristics

  • Choi, T.J.;Lee, S.S.;Yoon, D.H.;Kang, H.S.;Kim, C.D.;Hwang, I.H.;Kim, C.Y.;Jin, X.;Yang, C.G.;Seo, K.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제25권9호
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    • pp.1205-1215
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to establish genetic criteria for phenotypic characteristics of Hanwoo cattle based on allele frequencies and genetic variance analysis using microsatellite markers. Analysis of the genetic diversity among 399 Hanwoo cattle classified according to nose pigmentation and coat color was carried out using 22 microsatellite markers. The results revealed that the INRA035 locus was associated with the highest $F_{is}$ (0.536). Given that the $F_{is}$ value for the Hanwoo INRA035 population ranged from 0.533 (white) to 1.000 (white spotted), this finding was consistent with the loci being fixed in Hanwoo cattle. Expected heterozygosities of the Hanwoo groups classified by coat colors and degree of nose pigmentation ranged from $0.689{\pm}0.023$ (Holstein) to $0.743{\pm}0.021$ (nose pigmentation level of d). Normal Hanwoo and animals with a mixed white coat showed the closest relationship because the lowest $D_A$ value was observed between these groups. However, a pair-wise differentiation test of $F_{st}$ showed no significant difference among the Hanwoo groups classified by coat color and degree of nose pigmentation (p<0.01). Moreover, results of the neighbor-joining tree based on a $D_A$ genetic distance matrix within 399 Hanwoo individuals and principal component analyses confirmed that different groups of cattle with mixed coat color and nose pigmentation formed other specific groups representing Hanwoo genetic and phenotypic characteristics. The results of this study support a relaxation of policies regulating bull selection or animal registration in an effort to minimize financial loss, and could provide basic information that can be used for establishing criteria to classify Hanwoo phenotypes.

멀티 탑재체를 가진 6 U 초소형위성의 열설계 검증을 위한 궤도 열해석 (On-orbit Thermal Analysis for Verification of Thermal Design of 6 U Nano-Satellite with Multiple Payloads)

  • 김지석;김희경;김민기;김해동
    • 한국항공우주학회지
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    • 제48권6호
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    • pp.455-466
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구에서는 다수의 우주 환경 관측용 탑재체를 장착한 6U급 초소형위성에 대한 열모델을 구축하여 이를 기반으로 수행된 열설계에 대해 기술하였으며, 궤도 열해석을 통해 적용된 열설계의 유효성을 입증하였다. 초소형위성의 특성을 고려하여 표면 처리 및 절연체, 열전도체 등의 수동 열제어 기법 위주로 열설계를 진행하였지만, 배터리 및 추력기 등과 같이 작동 온도의 범위가 좁고 궤도 열환경에 직접적으로 노출되는 부품들에 대해서는 능동 열제어 기법 중 하나인 히터를 적용하였다. 궤도 열해석 조건은 기본적으로 위성의 궤도 조건을 바탕으로 하며, 임무 시나리오에 따른 발열량 및 위성의 자세에 따라 임무 모드, 초기 운용 모드, 비상운용 모드, 편대 비행 모드로 분류하여 궤도 열해석을 수행하였다. 각 모드 별 해석 결과를 통해 모든 부품들이 작동 온도 조건을 만족하는 것을 확인하였고, 비상운용 모드의 해석 결과를 통해 배터리 및 추력기의 히터 용량과 작동 주기를 산출하였다.

발치지수(Extraction Index) 기준에 관한 두부 방사선학적 연구 (A Roentgenographic Study on the Extraction Index in Korean Adolescent)

  • 신수정;장영일
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.349-358
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    • 1996
  • 부정교합을 치료하기 위해 영구치 발거여부를 결정하는 것은 교정학의 역사상 커다란 논쟁거리였고, 따라서 진단과정에서 사용되는 많은 분석법들과 발치의 기준들이 제시되었다. 이제까지 제시되어 온 발치기준들(Extraction formulas)을 검토해 보면, 치열궁 장경 부조화, 치열의 전방돌출, 그리고 환자의 골격형태에 기초하여 발치를 결정함을 알 수 있다. 이들 중에서 가장 중요하게 고려되어야 할 진단요소는 환자의 골격형태로, 결국 개개 환자의 부정교합은 그 환자의 골격형태 범위 내에서 치료되어야 하기 때문이다. EI(Extraction Index)는 환자의 골격형태를 감별진단 할수 있는 CF를 기본으로 구성되어 있고, CF는 부정교합의 수직적, 수평적 요소를 감별해내는 ODI이와 APDI로 이루어져 있다. 또한 피에는 환자의 안모에 영향을 미치는 절치간 각과 입술의 전후방 위치가 포함되어 있어서 안모형태도 고려되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 정상 교합자로서 골격이 조화를 이루며 좋은 안모를 가지고 있고 교정치료를 받은 적이 없는 11.2 - 14.4 세의 아동을 대상으로 하여 두부계측 방사선 사진을 분석하여 EI에 관련된 항목들을 측정한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. ODI이는 $73.5^{\circ}$, APDI는 $82.8^{\circ}$, CF는 $156.3^{\circ}$ 였다. 2. 절치간 각은 $123.6^{\circ}$ 였다. 3. E-line에 대한 상순의 거리는 0.0mm, 하순은 1.4mm 였다. 4. Extraction Index는 153.8 였다.

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한국어판 완벽주의 구성 척도의 표준화 연구 (A Validation Study of the Measure of Constructs Underlying Perfectionism-Korean version (M-CUP-K))

  • 천주아;강지인;남궁기;김혜원;손성연;김세주
    • 대한불안의학회지
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.103-112
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    • 2016
  • Objective : This study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the Measure of Constructs Underlying Perfectionism-Korean version (M-CUP-K). Methods : Two hundred and six normal subjects completed a battery of measures including M-CUP-K, Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-Korean version (FMPS-K), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Psychometric properties of the M-CUP-K were analyzed. Results : The principal component analysis for construct validity resulted in 56 items composed of 6 factors (factor 1 : Dissatisfaction-Reactivity to Mistakes; factor 2 : Order-Details and Checking ; factor 3 : Satisfaction ; factor 4 : High standards ; factor 5 : Perceived Pressure from Others-Perfectionism toward Others ; factor 6 : Black and White Thinking about Tasks and Activities), compared to the original version. The M-CUP-K total and subscale scores were more strongly correlated with those of the other perfectionism-specific measure, FMPS-K, with a correlation of 0.822 (convergent validity) than with those of the nonspecific depression measure (discriminant validity). The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ value for internal consistency of M-CUP-K was in an excellent range (r=0.872-0.935). The test-retest reliability for external validity suggested a good temporal stability with a total score correlation of 0.827. Conclusion : This study revealed that the M-CUP-K has good reliability and validity. Therefore, the M-CUP-K can be used as a promising measure of perfectionism in Korea.

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산후 우울 경험에 관한 연구 -Q 방법론적 접근- (A Study on the Postpartum Depression Experience : Q-Methodological Approach)

  • 장혜숙;김수진;김정선;김흥규;최의순
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제26권4호
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    • pp.917-929
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of this study is to explore types of postpartum depression and to understand the nature and structure of the postpartum depression by using Q-methodological approach. As a way of research, 55 statements concerning postpartum depression were selected through individual interviews with postpartum mothers and literature review. 30 women were chosen as a subject group for the study, with opinions shown in 55 statements divided into 9 scales by forced distribution. PC QUANL Program was used for analysis and Q-factors were analyzed by using principal component analysis. As a result, postpartum depression experience was classified into 5 types. There are "Role-Strain Type", "Unattributional Depression Type", "Psychosomatic Symptoms Type", "Self-Compassion Type", and "Role-Crisis Type". Type I was named "Role-Strain Type", referring to the strain generally experienced by mothers with regard to the new role as a mother and as a social member. Type II was named "Unattributional Depression Type", referring to the symptom experienced by people who were in a state of vanity and a sense of loss. They often break into tears for no specific reasons. In case of Type III, people in a state of "Psychosomatic Symptoms Type" develop physical symptoms after suffering from inherent emotional conflict. Type IV was named "Self-Compassion Type" refers to the symptom shown by those who feel pity for their children and for themselves. And they show inability to cope with the reality properly. Type V was named "Role -Crisis Type", which is experienced by people who have a burden and a severe fear of their own job and their children in their mind, also showing serious conflict with maternal role. Futhermore, it was carried out to examine structure of postpartum depression in terms of degree of depression and adjustment ability. Type I showed mild degree of depression and relatively good adjustment ability. Type II showed broad range of degree in depression and moderate adjustment ability. Type III showed moderate depression and relatively low adjustment ability. Type IV revealed relatively serious degree of depression and the lowest adjustment ability. Type V revealed very serious degree of depression and the lowest adjustment ability. As a result, considering the structure of postpartum depression. Type I is considered to be a normal depression sympton which most mothers generally experience, followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV and Type V, each of which show increasingly worse degree of depression and lower adjustment ability. In conclusion, it seems to be it is necessary to understand distinct symptoms of postpartum depression and to examine the characteristics and structure of those types, so that it could lead to more individual nursing approach.cteristics and structure of those types, so that it could lead to more individual nursing approach.

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한국 젊은이의 안면미 선호경향에 관한 연구 : 얼굴의 측모평가를 중심으로 (A STUDY ON THE FACIAL ESTHETIC PREFERENCES AMONG KOREAN YOUTHS: ASSESSMENT OF PROFILE PREFERENCES)

  • 송세진;최익찬
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.881-920
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    • 1992
  • This study was designed to assess profile preferences among Korean youths in the year 1992. Facial esthetics was evaluated by means of silhouette profiles, eliminating the influence of a number of aspects that may affect judgment when normal lateral photographs are used. The main points of preference to be clarified here are as follows. First, on facial convexity, Second, on nasion depth, Third, on mentolabial sulcus depth, Fourth, on the position of upper and lower lips, Fifth, on facial type according to Angle's classification of malocclusion, Sixth, on Song's tangents. The 54 subjects printed in questionnaire as black and white silhouettes were selected from 300 tracings from cephalometric radiographs of people whose age ranging from 11 to 20 years. Photographs of six female subjects were retouched by computer graphic software and printed in color and black/white photographs which were used for adaptation of eyes of participants in selecting profiles in silhouette. They constitute 2 questions. The 54 subjects were grouped as 22 questions, each of them composed of 6 subjects, according to the aspects to be clarified. Twenty four questions in total were asked to assess profile preferences. For the assessment, the profile line, the facial esthetic triangle, Song's tangents, and Angle's classification of malocclusion were introduced. The profile line is composed of 11 component points which are Trichion, Glabella, Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Supramentale, Pogonion, and Gnathion. The facial esthetic triangle is composed of 3 tangents: A-tangent which is the tangent of dorsum of nose, B-tangent which is the line passing through Sn and Ls, and C-tangent which is drawn on the turning point of the curve which lies between mentolabial sulcus (Sm) and pogonion (Pg). Angle's classification has 3 types of malocclusion which are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class II malocclusion is subdivided into Division 1 and Division 2. The participants of the survey were composed of 861 college students (448 male students, 413 female students) whose majors grouped as Fine Arts. Liberal Arts, and Natural Sciences, and whose mean age 21.8 years. The statistics program SPSS/PC + of SPSS Inc. was used to analyze answers of participants. Crosstabulation, Chi-square test, and Kendall test were done. The conclusions are as follows: First, Korean youths have a tendency to prefer the slightly convex face to the flat or concave face. Second, they prefer a moderately deep nasion. Third, they prefer a moderately deep mentolabial sulcus. Fourth, they prefer the position of lips which are near to Ricketts' E-line. The position of the upper lip which is slightly posterior to E-line is preferred. The upper lip which lies too far anterior or posterior to the lower lip is not perferred. Fifth, they prefer most, according to Angle's Classification of Malocclusion, Class I facial profile which has a slight inclination to Class II division 2. The order of preference is Class I, Class II division 2, Class III, and Class II division 1. Sixth, they prefer the type 2 and 3 of Song's tangents. The facial profile within which A-and B-tangent meet is preferred. The facial profile which has Cotangent that .meets with A-tangent slightly posterior to the crossing point of A-and B-tangent or that parallels with B-tangent is preferred.

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니세털 정(아세틸-엘-카르니틴 500 mg)에 대한 엘카틴 정의 생물학적 동등성 (Bioequivalence of L-Cartin Tablet to Nicetile Tablet (Acetyl-L-Carnitine 500 mg))

  • 조혜영;윤지훈;오인준;문재동;이용복
    • 한국임상약학회지
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.49-56
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    • 2001
  • Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), an endogenous component of the L-carnitine family, is a naturally existing molecule synthesized from L-carnitine (LC) by carnitine acetyl transferase. ALC has been shown to improve the cognitive performance of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer's type and proposed for treating Alzheimer's disease in pharmacological doses. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioefuivalence of two ALC tablets, $Nicetile^{TM} (Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co.) and $L-Cartin^{TM}$ (Kuhn Il Pharmaceutical Co.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The ALC release from the two ALC tablets in vitro was tested using KP VII Apparatus II method in various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 6.0 and 6.8). Twenty six normal male volunteers, $24.46\pm3.67$ years in age and $64.45\pm5.54$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\times2$cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 500 mg of ALC was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ALC in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Because of the presence of endogenous ALC, the calibration was performed using dialyzed serum. The dissolution profiles of the two ALC tablets were similar in all the dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were $0.35\%,\;0.93\%\;and\;2.34\%$ respectively, when calculated against the $Nicetile^{TM} tablet. The powers $(1-\beta)\;for\;AUC_t$ , and Cmax were $98.72\%\;and\;85.48\%$, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $(\Delta)\;at\;\alpha=0.05\;and\;1-\beta=0.8$ were less than $20\%,\;(e.g.,\;13.21\%\;and\;18.42\%\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$ respectively). The $90\%$ confidence intervals were within $\pm20\%\;(e.g.,\;-7.38\sim8.09\;and\;-9.86\sim11.72\;for\;AUC_t,\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). These two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $L-Cartin^{TM}$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Nicetile^{TM} tablet.

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저분자 Silk Peptide의 모발 보호효과 및 미세구조 분석 (Hair Care effects of hair cosmetics including Low molecular weight silk peptide component and micro structure analysis)

  • 현지원;이광길;여주홍;최태부
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제23권5호
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    • pp.439-444
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구에서는 누에고치의 기능적인 면을 고려한 모발화장품으로서의 이용가능성을 타진하여 최종적으로는 누에고치 가수 분해물인 실크 단백질을 이용한 제품을 개발하고 그 효과를 연구하였다. 분자량 300-500의 저분자 실크펩타이드를 원료로 한 트리트먼트를 제조하고 성분함량에 차이를 두어 총 4개의 sample을 제조, 저분자 실크단백질이 손상모발 내부로 침투하여 모발에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 모발 화장품으로써의 효용성과 모발 보호 효과에 대한 기초물성 실험을 하고, AFM을 통한 모발의 미세구조변화를 연구하였다. 누에고치 가수분해 단백질을 이용한 제품의 모발 보호 효과에 대한 기초물성 실험으로 모발의 질량, 모간 굵기, 흡광도, 보습력 변화를 측정한 결과, S.P.T 처리 후의 모발 sample은 이전과 비교하여 전반적으로 모발의 질량, 굵기가 증가함과 동시에 뛰어난 보습 효과를 나타내었다. 한편 모발표면의 손상정도와 두께, 큐티클의 height변화에 대한 roughness를 측정한 결과에서 또한 S.P.T 샘플이 건강모와 같은 수준의 큐티클 상태로 회복한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 물론 성분함량에 따라 약간의 차이는 존재하였으나 실크펩타이드를 원료로 한 Treatment 조성물은 전반적으로 화학시술로 인하여 손상된 모발표면에 흡착, 큐티클 손상부를 부드럽게 매워주는 역할을 함으로써 향후 효과적인 천연 모발 컨디셔닝 제품의 하나로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.