• 제목/요약/키워드: Normal Paraffin

검색결과 108건 처리시간 0.027초

축소 노멀 도데케인 화학반응 메커니즘 개발 (Development of Reduced Normal Dodecane Chemical Kinetics)

  • 이상열;김규진;민경덕
    • 한국자동차공학회논문집
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2013
  • Generally, a reduced chemical mechanism of n-heptane is used as chemical fuel of a 3-D diesel engine simulation because diesel fuel consists of hundreds of chemical components and various chemical classes so that it is very complex and large to use for the calculation. However, the importance of fuel in a 3-D simulation increases because detailed fuel characteristics are the key factor in the recent engine research such as homogeneous charged compression ignition engine. In this study, normal paraffin, iso paraffin and aromatics were selected to represent diesel characteristics and n-dodecane was used as a representative normal paraffin to describe the heavy molecular weight of diesel oil (C10~C20). Reduced kinetics of iso-octane and toluene which are representative species of iso paraffin and aromatics respectively were developed in the previous study. Some species were selected based on the sensitivity analysis and a mechanism was developed based on the general oxidation scheme. The ignition delay times, maximum pressure and temperature of the new reduced n-dodecane chemical mechanisms were well matched to the detailed mechanism data.

Possible Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Association with HPV18 or HPV33 Infection

  • Zhang, Pei-Pei;Zhou, Lei;Cao, Jia-Shi;Li, Yi-Ping;Zeng, Zhi;Sun, Ni;Shen, Li;Zhu, Hao-Yue;Ruan, Yang;Zha, Wen-Ting;Wang, Xin-Yu;Zhang, Ke-Qiang;Zhang, Ran
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.2959-2964
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    • 2016
  • The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in Hunan province. DNA samples were collected from paraffin embedded ovarian tissue from 322 patients with EOC, 99 with ovarian benign tumors and 199 normal persons. The polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were used to identify the HPV types in the samples. The relationship between the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) was investigated combined with clinical data. The prevalence of HPV18 and HPV33 in EOC group and benign group was higher than in the normal group. HPV18 and HPV33 may play a role in the development of both EOC and ovarian benign tumor and may participate in the development of EOC with traditional risk factors, family history and abortion, possibly exerting synergistic effects.

Effect of Chain Matching between Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid on High Pressure Rheology

  • Ohno, N.;Mukai, R.;Rahman, Md.Z.;Shibata, K.
    • 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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    • pp.83-84
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    • 2002
  • For estimation of chain-matching phenomena between normal paraffin as a solvent and straight-chain fatty acid as an additive, the density measurement of n-dodecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane were carried out at oil temperature 313K and pressure up to 1.3 GPa. Their solidification pressure were easily determined by the appearance of molecular crystal, abrupt volumetric contraction and generation of heat of solidification and showed minima under the matching condition. The bulk modulus K of molecular crystal was evaluated using phase diagram. The bulk modulus showed maxima under the each matching condition. The chain matching effect on the bulk modulus beyond the scope of the interfacial phenomena are confirmed.

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3차원 생물체 가시화 모델 구축장치 개발 및 성능평가 (Development and Evaluation of System for 3D Visualization Model of Biological Objects)

  • 황헌;최태현;김철수;이수희
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.545-552
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    • 2001
  • Nondestructive methods such as ultrasonic and magnetic resonance imaging systems have many advantages but still much expensive. And they do not give exact color information and may miss some details. If it is allowed to destruct a biological object to obtain interior and exterior informations, 3D image visualization model from a series of sliced sectional images gives more useful information with relatively low cost. In this paper, a PC based automatic 3D visualization system is presented. The system is composed of three modules. The first module is the handling and image acquisition module. The handling module feeds and slices a cylindrical shape paraffin, which holds a biological object inside the paraffin. And the paraffin is kept being solid by cooling while being handled. The image acquisition modulo captures the sectional image of the object merged into the paraffin consecutively. The second one is the system control and interface module, which controls actuators for feeding, slicing, and image capturing. And the last one is the image processing and visualization module, which processes a series of acquired sectional images and generates a 3D volumetric model. To verify the condition for the uniform slicing, normal directional forces of the cutting edge according to the various cutting angles were measured using a strain gauge and the amount of the sliced chips were weighed and analyzed. Once the 3D model was constructed on the computer, user could manipulate it with various transformation methods such as translation, rotation, and scaling including arbitrary sectional view.

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구강암 환자 치료시 치과용 기초상 왁스(Paraffin Wax)의 유용성 평가 (Radiotherapic Valuation of Paraffin Wax for Patients with Oral Cancer)

  • 나경수;서석진;이제희;유숙현
    • 대한방사선치료학회지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.41-49
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    • 2011
  • 목 적: 구강암 환자의 방사선 치료시 기존 강내 충전물인 Mouth piece, Putty 인상제와 자체 제작한 Paraffin Wax를 비교하여 그 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 재료별 충전물을 $10{\times}10{\times}1cm$의 크기로 제작하여 물(물 등가 팬텀)을 기준으로 선량 감쇠율을 측정하였으며, 구강암 환자 중 충전물별 각 2명씩을 대상으로 Aria system의 offline review 프로그램으로 DRR (Digitally Reconstructed Radiograph)과 각 5회 촬영한 Portal vision을 비교하여 고정기구로서의 재현성을 확인하였다. 원통형 팬텀(phantom)을 제작하여 치료 계획시 불가피 하게 충전물이 조사야 내에 포함되는 경우의 흡수선량 변화에 따른 MU (monitor unit) 차이를 비교하였다. 결 과: 선량감쇠율은 Mouth piece (Air) 6 MV +3.5%, 10 MV -0.7%, Paraffin 6 MV +0.34%, 10 MV +0.31%, Putty 6 MV -2.31%, 10 MV -1.76%로 측정되었다. 자세 재현성은 Mouth piece ${\pm}3mm$, Paraffin ${\pm}2mm$, Putty ${\pm}2mm$의 오차를 나타내었다. $5{\times}4{\times}2.5cm$ 크기의 충전물이 조사야 내에 포함되는 경우의 흡수선량 변화에 따른 선속의 MU 차이는 6 MV 계산시 Water 232 MU를 기준으로 백분율 환산시 Paraffin -0.9% (230 MU), Putty +7.8% (250 MU)의 증감을 나타내었다. 결 론: 기존 Mouth piece의 경우 상악과 하악을 이격시킴에는 문제가 없으나 구강내 구조물을 반영하지 못해 재현성을 확신하지 못하고 공동과 조직 사이의 계면선량이 감소하는 단점이 있었다. 그에 반해 Putty 인상제는 자세재현성이나 구강을 충전함에 있어 우수함을 알 수 있으나, 물에 비해 두께 1 cm당 약 -2.3%의 선량감쇠가 발생해 선량계획에 있어 불리하고 정상조직에 불필요한 과선량이 조사되었다. Paraffin의 경우 지방과 유사한 조직등가물질로 선량감쇠가 적고, 구강내 구조물을 반영한 맞춤형 제작이 가능해 재현성이 우수하며 강내 공동을 충분히 충전시켜 병변에 목적한 선량을 전달하는데 가장 이상적인 재료라 사료된다.

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Investigation of Partial Least Squares (PLS) Calibration Performance based on Different Resolutions of Near Infrared Spectra

  • Chung, Hoe-Il;Choi, Seung-Yeol;Choo, Jae-Bum;Lee, Young-Il
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제25권5호
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    • pp.647-651
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    • 2004
  • Partial Least Squares (PLS) calibration performance has been systematically investigated by changing spectral resolutions of near-infrared (NIR) spectra. For this purpose, synthetic samples simulating naphtha were prepared to examine the calibration performance in complex chemical matrix. These samples were composed of $C_6-C_9$ normal paraffin, iso-paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic hydrocarbons. NIR spectra with four different resolutions of 4, 8, 16, and 32$cm^{-1}$ were collected and then PLS regression was performed. For PLS calibration, five different group compositions (such as total paraffin content) and six different pure components (such as benzene concentration) were selected. The overall results showed that at least 8$cm^{-1}$ resolution was required to resolve the complex chemical matrix such as naphtha. It was found that the influence of resolution on the PLS calibration was varied by the spectral features of a component.

Morphological Changes of Radiation-Induced Atretic Follicles in Mouse Ovary

  • ;;유관희
    • 대한의생명과학회지
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.105-112
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    • 2006
  • This study was undertaken to investigate the morphological changes between normal and atretic follicle after gamma irradiation and treatment of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The ovaries of each group of treated immature mice were prepared the paraffin sections after 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours (hrs) of those treatment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain, reticulin stain, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunohistochemical stain were performed on the each paraffin sections. As the results of HE staining, the condensed nuclei of oocytes were observed in the atretic primordial follicles, on the other hand the condensations of granulosa cell nuclei were prominent in the atretic primary, preantral, and antral follicles. Only the granulosa cells of atretic follicle were stained specifically with TUNEL staining but not stained in the theca cells, which suggested granulosa cells degenerated through apoptosis. In the reticulin staining, the basement membranes of atretic follicle which was stained weakly showed irregular structure and detachment from the follicles. The ratio of normal to atretic follicle in control and FSH treated group was about 33% but this ratio increased rapidly over 90% in the 6, 12, and 24 hrs group after the irradiation. It could be suggested that the gamma irradiation is the useful tool far the induction of follicle atresia and immunohistochemical staining methods are essential in the study of follicle atresia.

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Total Scalp의 방사선 치료 시 Helmet Bolus 제작방법에 관한 연구 (Comparison of Three Different Helmet Bolus Device for Total Scalp Irradiation)

  • 송용민;김종식;홍채선;주상규;박주영;박수연
    • 대한방사선치료학회지
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.31-37
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    • 2012
  • 목 적: Total Scalp의 방사선 치료 시 표면선량(surface dose)을 증가시키기 위해 조직보상체(bolus)를 사용한다. 이에 본 저자는 두피(scalp) 전체를 덮는 조직보상체로서 Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic물질을 각각 적용한 Helmet bolus를 제작하여 유용성을 비교 평가해보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: Rando 팬톰을 이용하여 두피 고정용구(mask)를 만든 후 전체 두피에 Bolx-II (Action Products, USA), paraffin wax (Densply, USA), solid thermoplastic 물질(Med-Tec, USA)을 0.5 cm 두께로 동일하게 적용한 Helmet bolus를 각각 제작 하였다. 각 Helmet bolus에 대한 물리적 특성을 평가하기 위해 전산화 단층촬영(computed tomography) (GE, Ultra Light Speed16)을 시행 후 방사선치료계획시스템(radiation therapy planning system) (Philips, Pinnacle)을 이용하여 최적의 치료 계획(radiationtherapy plan)을 세웠으며, 각 조직 보상체(bolus)에 대한 밀도 변화(density variation)화를 분석하였다. 선량 분포(dose distribution)평가(evaluation)를 위해 선량체적히스토그램(Dose-Volume Histogram) (DVH)을 이용해 임상표적체적(Clinical Target Volume) (CTV)에 대한 Dose-homogeneity index (DHI, $D_{90}/D_{10}$), Conformity index (CI, $V_{95}/TV$)를, 정상 뇌 조직(Normal brain tissue)에 있어$V_{20}$, $V_{30}$을 각각 구하여 비교 하였다. 또한 총 제작시간을 측정하여 제작과정에서의 효율성을 평가하였고, 열형광선량계 (Thermoluminescent Dosimeter)를 사용하여 실제 치료 시 각 두피의 표면선량을 확인 하였다. 결 과: Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic 물질에 대한 밀도측정(density measurement) 결과 $0.952{\pm}0.13g/cm^3$, $0.842{\pm}0.17g/cm^3$, $0.908{\pm}0.24g/cm^3$로 Bolx-II의 밀도변화(density variation)가 가장 작았다. Bolx-II, paraffin wax, solid thermoplastic 물질을 적용한 각 Helmet bolus DHI는 0.89, 0.85, 0.77, CI는 0.86, 0.78, 0.74로 Bolx-II가 가장 우수 하였으며, 정상조직에 있어 뇌(braintissue)의 $V_{20}$은 11.50%, 10.80%, 10.07%, $V_{30}$은 7.62%, 7.40%, 7.31%로 나타났다. 제작 시 총 소요 시간은 30분, 120분, 90분 이였으며, Bolx-II를 적용한 Helmet bolus 제작과정이 가장 간단하였다. 열형광선량계(Thermoluminescent Dosimeter) 측정 결과세 Helmet bolus 모두 ${\pm}7%$ 이내의 선량오차를 보였다. 결 론: Total Scalp의 방사선치료 시 Bolx-II를 사용한 Helmet bolus의 적용은 CTV (Clinical Target Volume)에 대한 Homogeneity와 Conformity를 높여 줄 뿐만 아니라 제작시간 및 제작방법이 간단하여 임상 적용 시 유용하리라 생각된다.

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Application of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging in the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

  • Zhang, Ping;Zhong, Shuncong;Zhang, Junxi;Ding, Jian;Liu, Zhenxiang;Huang, Yi;Zhou, Ning;Nsengiyumva, Walter;Zhang, Tianfu
    • Current Optics and Photonics
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.31-43
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    • 2020
  • The feasibility of the application of terahertz electromagnetic waves in the diagnosis of prostate cancer was examined. Four samples of incomplete cancerous prostatic paraffin-embedded tissues were examined using terahertz spectral imaging (TPI) system and the results obtained by comparing the absorption coefficient and refractive index of prostate tumor, normal prostate tissue and smooth muscle from one of the paraffin tissue masses examined were reported. Three hundred and sixty cases of absorption coefficients from one of the paraffin tissues examined were used as raw data to classify these three tissues using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM). An excellent classification with an accuracy of 92.22% in the prediction set was achieved. Using the distribution information of THz reflection signal intensity from sample surface and absorption coefficient of the sample, an attempt was made to use the TPI system to identify the boundaries of the different tissues involved (prostate tumors, normal and smooth muscles). The location of three identified regions in the terahertz images (frequency domain slice absorption coefficient imaging, 1.2 THz) were compared with those obtained from the histopathologic examination. The tissue tumor region had a distinctively visible color and could well be distinguished from other tissue regions in terahertz images. Results indicate that a THz spectroscopy imaging system can be efficiently used in conjunction with the proposed advanced computer-based mathematical analysis method to identify tumor regions in the paraffin tissue mass of prostate cancer.

석유로부터 유래되는 오염물질에 관한 연구(II) 한국 연근해산 어류중 Normal- 및 Iso-paraffin 함량 (Studies on the Pollutants from Petroleum (II) On the Normal-and Iso-paraffins Detected in the Fishes from the Near Sea of Korea)

  • 하배진;박영현;이수환;황귀서
    • 약학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.11-16
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    • 1984
  • As main index of petroleum pollution in the marine organisms n-, iso-paraffins were purified with clean-up method and measured by FID-GC. Ten species of fishes from the near seas of Korea were employed for the study. n-Heptadecane was detected in most fishes. n-Hexadecane and n-octadecane of n-paraffins were highly accumulated in four species of fishes(Seriola quinqueradiata, Sardinia melamosticta, Clupanodon punctatus and Stromateoids argentus), also n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane accumulated in Cololadis saira. Remarkable peak pattern of n-paraffins was not observed in other fishes. Pristane of iso-paraffins was detected in four species of fishes (Sardinia melamosticta, Clupanodon punctatus, Stromateoides orgentus and Cololadis saira).

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