• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.278-282
• /
• 1998

Various neurotransmitters have been proposed as possible mediators of penile erection. Especially, norepinephrine and serotonin might have a important role in sexual arousal and penile erection. And it could be hypothesized that the psychogenic impotence is associated with the depletion or imbalance of norepinephrine and serotonin from evidences, such as the symptomatic manifestation of depression and the antidepressantinduced sexual dysfunction. The authors investigates the association of norepienphrine and serotonin with psychogenic impotence. The psychogenic impotent group(PIG) consisted of twenty-three patients with psychogenic impotence and the controlled group(CG) consisted of twenty-seven patients without psychogenic impotence. PIG had no organic cause accounting for their erectile dysfunction. The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were applied to each subject to assess mood, state anxiety(SA) and trait anxiety(TA). Plasma norepinephrine level from systemic blood and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(HIAA) levels from 24-hours urine were measured in each subject. The mean score of BDI of PIG was significantly higher than that of CG(p=0.015). PIG had a tendency of higher TA compared with CG(p=0.054). And also SA was higher in PIG, but did not show significant difference(p=0.193). The level of norepinephrine was significantly lower in patient with psychogenic impotence(p=0.000). And the level of 24-hours urine 5-HIAA was lower in PIG but did not show significant difference(p=0.494). Although the authors did not exclude depressive disorders in PIG, the present findings suggest that psychogenic impotence might have higher depressive mood and trait anxiety, and be associated with the depletion of norepinephrine in systemic blood.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.13 no.1 s.21
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 1977

The author confirmed the development of the smooth muscle in the oviduct proprius and anterior mesosalpinx in the leghorn, and observed that there was a variation between the action of norepinephrine on albumin-secreting portion of productive oviduct and that of non-productive one, and that $PGE_1$ might play a significant role on the activation of adrenergic ${\alpha}$-receptor in the non-productive oviduct. 1. There were many bundles of smooth muscles with irregular directions, which were identified in the both oviduct proprius and anterior mesosalpinx by Mallory aniline-blue orange G stain. 2. In vitro experiments, the anterior mesosalpinx was always relaxed by norepinephrine. While the albumin-secreting portion of non-productive period of oviduct was relaxed, but that of the productive one contracted by norepinephrine. Both the anterior mesosalpinx and oviduct proprius of chick responsed with relaxation to norepinephrine as shown in the non-productive hen. In vivo experiments, norepinephrine injected through the jugular vein increased the intraoviductal pressure in the productive oviduct, but decreased that in the non-productive one. 3. By treatment with $PGE_1$, in vitro, the relaxation induced not only by norepinephrine, but by periarterial electrical stimulation was converted into contraction, and in the presence of phentolamine, this conversion by $PGE_1$ was not shown. 4. The intra-oviductal pressure of the productive hen treated with indomethacin for 4 days was decreased by norepinephrine, but the increase in pressure by $PGE_1$ or $PGE_{2{\alpha}}$ was supersensitized when these drugs were administered through jugular vein. However, in vivo, the relaxation by norepinephrine was not converted into the stimulation after $PGE_1$ treatment. It might be summarized that the regulation of intra-oviductal pressure was dependent on the summation of the movement of both oviduct and mesosalpinx and intramurally produced prostaglandins contributes to the inherent tone of the prcductive oviduct by activating adrenergic ${\alpha}$-receptor.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2021

meta-iodobenzylguanidine is one of the norepinephrine analogs and reuptakes together with norepinephrine with norepinephrine transporter. The radioiodinated ligand, ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine, is the most widely used for single photon emission computed tomography imaging to diagnose functional abnormalities and tumors of the sympathetic nervous system. In this study, we performed cellular uptake studies of ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in positive- and negative-norepinephrine transporter cells in vitro to verify the uptake activity for norepinephrine transporter. After ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine was injected via a tail vein into normal mice, Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography images were acquired at 1 h, 4 h, and 24 h post-injection, and quantified the distribution in each organ including the adrenal medulla as a norepinephrine transporter expressing organ. In vitro cell study showed that ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine specifically uptaked via norepinephrine transporter, and significant uptake of ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine in the adrenal medulla in vivo single photon emission computed tomography images. These results demonstrated that single photon emission computed tomography imaging with ¹²³I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine were able to quantify the biodistribution in vivo in the adrenal medulla in normal mice.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the norepinephrine－induced nociceptive effects by monitoring catecholamines and its metabolites in human body. Methods: To exam the antisympathetic effect from the healthy volunteer(male:15, female:15) by monitoring changes of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, metanephrine, normetanephrine, and others of urine, a comparative study with warm water immersion ($40.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) and infrared (250W) was carried out. Results: The urinalysis showed that the concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly decreased by both warm water immersion－and infrared－stimulated group of urine in 24 hours. Conclusion: Therefore, these results suggest that the diminished responsiveness on the epinephrine and norepinephrine to warm water immersion and infrared in volunteer may be, in part, related by the increased of antisympathetic effects.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 1988

To elucidate one of the effect of piperine on the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, influence of piperine upon the contractile action of norepinephrine, methoxamine and tyramine as well as uptake and release of $[^{3}H]-norepinephrine$ has been investigated in naive and chronic piperine-treated vas deferens of rats. $pA_2$ value for ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ of phentolamine was significantly increased. Chronic piperine-treated group was markedly shown increased efflux of $[^{3}H]-norepinephrine$ and muscular tension, but was not affected the neuronal up-take and release of $[^{3}H]-norepinephrine$. It can be concluded that potentiation of the effect of norepinephrine by acute and chronic piperine treated group may be due to the change of affinity of ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$, and partly due to possible modification of storage mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1983

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of Serotonin and Norepinephrine on Aldehyde Oxidase activity in rabbit liver, in vitro. The results were as follows; 1. Aldehyde Oxidase was measured optimum substrate concentration at $5{\times}10^{-4}M$ and incubation time for 10 minutes. 2. Aldehyde Oxidase were inhibited by Serotonin and Norepinephrine. 3. It was observed that relationship between biogenic amines and substrate were competitive inhibition on Aldehyde Oxidase.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 1988

To examine the selectivity of diltiazem, used in the cardiovascular diseases, on alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor-induced pressor responses, effect of diltiazem on alpha-adrenocepter agonist-induced pressor responses were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits and spinal rabbits. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Intravenous diltiazem(10, 30, 100, 300, $1000{\mu}g/kg$) produced dose-dependent depressor response in rabbits. 2. Pressor responses to intravenous norepinephrine($10{\mu}g/kg$) and phenylephrine ($30{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous diltiazem in rabbits and no difference was noted between the degree of both inhibitions of the pressor response by diltiazem. 3. Presser responses to intravenous norepinephrine ($3{\mu}g/kg$), phenylephrine ($20{\mu}g/kg$) and clonidine ($300{\mu}g/kg$) were inhibited by pretreatment with intravenous diltiazem in spinal rabbits. No difference was noted between the inhibition of norepinephrine-induced pressor response and that of phenylephrine-induced pressor response by diltiazem. The inhibition of clonidine-induced pressor response by diltiazem was slightly prominent than that of norepinephrine- or phenylephrine-induced pressor response. These results suggest that diltiazem significantly inhibits both pressor responses mediated by alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.226-230
• /
• 1994

The characteristics of voltage-dependent ^{45}Calcium$ uptake and norepinephrine release as factors controlling neural activities in the hypothalamus which is an important regulatory site for cardiovascular function wre studied. Two groups of animals : male spontaneously hyperterisive rat (SHR) and age-matched nomotensive wistar rat (NW) were used in this study. Animals at 4, 6 and 16 weeks of age were sacrificed by decapitiation and the hypothalamus was dissected out. Voltage-dependent calcium uptake and norepinephrine release were determined from hypothalamic synaptosomes either in low potassium (5 mM) or high potassium (41 mM) stimulatory conditions by using ^{45}Ca$ isotope and HPLC-ECD techniques. Degrees of voltage-dependent ^{45}Calcium$ uptake and norepinephrine release evoked by calcium uptake in the hypothalamus of prehypertensive phase (4 weeks old) of SHR were significantly smaller than those in NW of the same age. However, in the developmental phase (6 weeks old) and the established phase (16 weeks old) of hyperrtension in SHR, degrees of voltage-dependent ^{45}Calcium$ uptake and norepinephrine release were similar to those of age-matched normotensive wistae eats. These data imply that the deficit in hypothalamic norepinephrine release might be an important underlying factor for the development of hypertension in SHR.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.135-140
• /
• 1969

In order to investigate the effect of autonomic nervous system on salivary gland, the authors have observed the effects of various drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system to the rat submaxillary gland by comparing the changes of gland weight, the amylase activity and various electrolyte contents with control group. The results are as follows; 1. The pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine, atropine and DMPP increased the rat submaxillary gland weight. 2. The amylase activities of rat submaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine, but decreased by atropine and DMPP. 3. Calcium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by pilocarpine and physostigmine, hut slightly increased by norepinephrine. 4. Magnesium contents of rat submarillary gland were increased by DMPP, but decreased by pilocarpine, physostigmine and norepinephrine. 5. Sodium contents of rat subnaxillary gland were increased by pilocarpine, physostigmine, norepinephrine and DMPP, but decreased by atropine. 6. Potassium contents of rat submaxillary gland were highly increased by atropine, and slightly increased by DMPP and norepinephrine, but decreased by pilocarpine and physostigmine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.281-291
• /
• 1990

The $Ca^{2+}-substitutional$ roles of strontium for the contractile processes were investigated in the rabbit renal artery. The contractions induced by either norepinephrine or high $K^+$ in the condition which intra- and extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ were replaced by $Sr^{2+}$, i.e. $Sr^{2+}-mediated$ contractions, were dose-dependent. And then the maximal amplitude of contraction, as compared with $Ca^{2+}-mediated$ contraction, was about 50% in norepinephrine and about 70% in high $K^+$. The $Sr^{2+}-mediated$ contractions were independent in the contraction by norepinephrine $(10^{-5}M)$ but dependent in those by high $K^+(100\;mM)$ on the extracellular $Sr^{2+}$ concentration. Also $Sr^{2+}-mediated$ contractions induced by norepinephrine were observed in the $Sr^{2+}-free$ Tyrode's solution. The $Sr^{2+}-mediated$ contractions induced by either norepinephrine or high $K^+$ were suppressed by verapamil, a $Ca^{2+}-channel$ blocker. By extracellular addition of $Sr^{2+}$, the $Ca^{2+}-mediated$ contractions induced by norepinephrine $(10^{-5}M)$ or 40 mM $K^+$ were inhibited but those by high $K^+(100\;mM)$ were increased. And the $Sr^{2+}-mediated$ contractions were increased by extracellular addition of $Ca^{2+}$ but did not reach the level of $Ca^{2+}-mediated$ contraction. Therfore it is suggested that in the vascular smooth muscle of rabbit renal artery $Sr^{2+}$ could enter the smooth muscle cells easily through the potential-operated calcium channel (POC) but not easily through the receptor-operated calcium channel (ROG), and $Sr^{2+}$ might be stored in the intracellular $Ca^{2+}-binding$ site and released by NE and induced the contraction by a way of activating directly the contractile apparatus.