• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.501-510
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• 1999

북한강 수계의 농업소유역에 대하여 하천수(2년)와 지하수(1년) 수질을 모니터링하여 분석하였다. 농업소유역의 주요한 비점원 오염물질인 총질소, 질산성 질소, 총인, BOD, TSS 및 대장균 농도를 주기적으로 측정하였다. 계절에 따른 수질의 변화 및 지하수와 하천수 수질과의 관계 비교를 통하여 토지이용이 수질에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구유역의 지하수 수위와 총질소, 질산성 질소의 농도의 벼농사와 밀접한 관련이 있었고 지하수와 하천수의 질소농도의 변화도 밀접한 관련이 있음이 나타나 벼농사가 하천의 질소농도에 많은영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 토지이용(벼농사)과 지하수 및 하천수의 총인, BOD, 대장균 농도 사이에는 일정한 관계를 발견할 수 없었다. 본 연구결과는 농업소유역의 수질변화를 이해하고 소하천의 수질관리정책을 개발하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to estimate the pollutant loads from paddy fields by cultivation practices using a non-point-sources models. One of them is CREAMS-PADDY model that was developed considering the water balance and mass balance of paddy fields. The CREAMS-PADDY model was applied to provide basic data to reduce runoff loadings under various scenarios such as various water management control and various fertilizer condition. The model was verified against T-N, T-P and runoff flow data collected during cropping periods at 2000. The model results agreed well with the measured data in verification. The results showed that the model could be used for estimating the runoff loadings from irrigated paddy fields by cultivation practices was possible. Comparison of simulated the standard height and the sluice management of T-N and T-P runoff loadings from paddy fields were +32.4%, +10.3% in 10 mm below the standard height, -29.2%, -35.9% in 20 mm above the standard height, 52.6%, 59.0% in 40 mm above the standard height, respectively. Comparison of simulated the standard fertilizer and the fertilizer control of T-N and T-P runoff loadings from paddy fields were -1.3%, -21.7%in reduction of conventional fertilizer 30%, -1.0%, -12.5% in reduction of standard fertilizer 30%, respectively. Therefore, reducing nonpoint-sources nutrient loading by reducing fertilization may not work well in the range of normal paddy rice farming practices, and instead it could be achieved by reducing surface drainage outflow.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.186-186
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• 2012

새만금에서 농업용수의 안정적인 확보를 위해서는 새만금호의 수질관리가 절대적으로 필요하며 농업비점오염 부하량이 총인기준으로 52~72%를 차지하는 것을 고려할 때 농업비점오염 관리는 중요하다. 이에 "새만금유역농업비점오염 저감기법 개발 연구"를 통해 논과 밭 등의 농업비점 오염원별 최적관리기법 개발을 목적으로 모니터링 연구가 수행되었다. 유역규모 물수지 및 물질수지 분석에 있어서 논은 전체 농업용수의 60%를 차지하고 있다. 특히 농업비점오염 중에서 논은 물고 및 담수심의 관리에 따라서 기타 토지이용과 상이한 유출특성을 보인다. 따라서 유역규모에서 논으로부터 발생되는 비점오염의 시공간적인 부하량의 변화를 예측하기 위해서는 반드시 논에서의 물관리와 시비관리에 따른 수량과 수질의 유출특성에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 물관리 및 시비관리 방법에 따라 논으로부터 발생되는 오염부하량이 수질에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해서는 논에서의 물수지 및 물질수지 모니터링 기법이 활용될 수 있다. 하지만 모니터링 접근 방식은 오랜 시간과 많은 비용을 필요로 하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 고려되어 지고 있는 여러 저감기법들 중에서 농업비점오염물질의 유출에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 가장 적합한 저감기법 (Best Managment Practices, BMPs)을 선정하기 위해서 다양한 수학적인 모형들이 사용되어 왔다. 비점오염 관리는 오염물질이 오염원에서 발생되는 양 자체를 줄이거나 또는 오염원으로부터 수체에 이르기까지의 과정에서 운송을 차단시키는 방법들을 활용하고 있다. 따라서 논에서의 비점오염 모델링 또한 논에서의 유출 특성 및 질소와 인과 같은 영양물질과 관련된 기작을 고려한 모형들이 선택 및 적용되어야 한다. 논에서의 물관리 및 시비관리를 고려할 수 있는 모형들로는 CREAMS-PADDY, GLEAMS-PADDY, PADDYMOD, APEX와 같은 모형들이 개발되어 사용되어 왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서 논으로부터의 비점오염 부하량 예측을 위해 사용되어 온 모형들의 장단점을 비교 분석하고 적합한 모형들을 동일한 시험포장에 적용하여 논 비점오염관련 모형들의 국내 적용성을 제시하였다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2018년도 학술발표회
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• pp.245-245
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• 2018

최근 도시화 및 산업화의 발달로 불투수면적이 증가함에 따라 건기 시 토지 표면에 축적된 오염물질이 강우유출수와 함께 하천으로 유출되는 등 수질오염의 가중과 불특정 지역에서 발생하는 비점오염원의 집중관리가 필요한 실정이다. 우리나라는 환경기초시설 등의 건설로 점오염원 관리는 강화되었지만, 비점오염원의 부하량은 점차 증가되고 있는 추세이며, 환경부 및 관계부처에서는 비점오염관리를 위한 여러 정책을 추진 중에 있다. 국내에서 사용하고 있는 비점오염저감장치는 자연형 시설과 장치형 시설로 구분되는데, 이 중 장치형 시설은 필터를 사용하여 비점오염저감의 효율성을 증가시키지만, 필터를 사용함으로써 유지관리 및 경제적인 측면에서 매우 불리하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 필터가 없는 장치형 시설을 고안하여 자연 순환기능을 최대한 유지하고, 오염물질을 최적으로 제거할 수 있는 방안을 마련하고자 수리실험을 통해 비점오염원의 제거효율을 분석하였다. 수리학적 상사법칙에 따라 원형대비 1/3축소모형과 2가지의 원형모형에 대해 총 3가지 모형에 대해 환경부에서 고시한 비점오염저감장치 기준을 뛰어넘는 유역면적, 강우강도 및 부유물질의 양으로 실험을 진행하였다. 실험결과는 유입수 농도에 대한 유출수의 농도로 계산하였으며, 장치에서 유출 직후 5분 간격으로 채취한 후, 수질공정시험법을 참고하여 부유물질에 대한 실험 중 하나인 유리섬유여과방법을 이용해 실험 결과를 도출하였다. 실험 결과, 본 연구에서 고안한 장치형 시설은 필터를 사용하지 않음에도 불구하고 환경부 기준인 부유물질 제거효율 80%이상을 만족한 것으로 나타나 현재 사용하고 있는 장치형 시설보다 유지관리 및 경제성 등이 우수할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2015

Control of surface runoff from upland soil is essential to reduce nonpoint source pollution. The use of non-woven fabric as a soil cover can be helpful to control surface runoff. The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the furrow cover effects of black non-woven fabric on the nutrient discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation. The experimental plots consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF), cow manure compost (CMC), and pig manure compost (PMC) treatment. Each nutrient material treatment plot has control (no furrow cover (NFC)) and black non-woven fabric cover treatment, respectively. The amount of nutrient application was chemical fertilizer of $190-112-149(N-P_2O_5-K_2O)kgha^{-1}$, cow manure compost of $29.5tonha^{-1}$, and pig manure compost of $7.9tonha^{-1}$ as recommended amount after soil test for red pepper cultivation. Compared to control (NFC), furrow cover treatment with black non-woven fabric reduced the amount of T-N discharge by 50% at CF treatment, 36.9% at CMC treatment, and 44.8% at PMC treatment. Furrow cover treatment with black non-woven fabric reduced the amount of T-P discharge by 37.1% at CF treatment, 49.9% at CMC treatment, and 63.4% at PMC treatment compared to control (NFC). The production of red pepper did not show significant difference. There was no weed occurring in furrow cover treatment plots with black non-woven fabric. Results from this study showed that the furrow cover with black non-woven fabric could play a significant role in reduce nutrient discharge from upland soil used for red pepper cultivation.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.572-579
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• 2011

We have examined the runoff characteristics of nonpoint source (NPS) in fields. Two monitoring sites were equipped with an automatic velocity meter and water sampler. Monitoring was conducted at fields 1 and field 2 during the rainfall event. Ten rainfall-runoff events were monitored and analyzed during the study period. The results show that runoff occurred if daily rainfall and intensity were higher than 40 mm and 1.6 mm/hr except a few extreme rainfall events with very high intensity. Runoff of field 1 was approximately twice of that of field 2. Event mean concentrations (EMC) and pollution load of analyzed water quality indices were also higher in field 2 than in field 1. Especially, TN load from field 2 was $75.4 mg/m^2$ and was about 5 times higher than that from field 1. Analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient of water quality parameter indicates that besides of TN all items in fields 1 have tight relationship respectively (p < 0.01). But those of fields 2 have a significant (p < 0.05). Estimating units loading of NPS, we suggested that variable such as soil texture, rainfall amount and intensity and slope were needed to be considered from agricultural landuses. The results of this study can be used as a basic data in the development and implementation of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) in Korea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.868-876
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• 2011

A five-year field monitoring was conducted to monitor characteristics of suspended solid (SS) export from paddy fields. The observed EMCs of SS ranged 1.2~517 mg/L (avg. 52.1 mg/L) during storm period. The concentration of SS during non-storm period were 1.1~349.5 mg/L (avg. 36.1 mg/L). Monthly load of SS was high during summer when rainfall amount was high. The load was higher than that of May when tillage effect is expected. There was no significant relationship between SS EMCs and rainfall or drainage amount. However, effects of rainfall and drainage were found to be significant for event load of SS. But, there was no apparent relationship between rainfall amount of cropping period and load of SS for that period. The observed SS load was 164.8~456.0 kg/ha (avg. 301.2 kg/ha) and mostly occurred during storm period. This study results also suggested that SS load estimation by USLE equation for paddy field could be overestimated, if not carefully handled. Monitoring studies for various climate, soil, and agricultural management are required to get better scope of SS export from paddy fields.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2023

In this study, the removal efficiency of road sweeping and sand filter facility for removing total suspended solid (TSS) as nonpoint source pollution from expressway was evaluated for the last 10 years (2012~2021) using ROADMOD. ROADMOD is a screening level model and was calibrated for runoff rate and TSS loading both at the inlet, which is the loading from the drainage area, and the outlet, from the sand filter facility. The drainage area is 715 m² and the dimensions of sand filter facility are 1.5 m (wide) × 3.8 m (length) × 1.5 m (depth). The monitoring period for model calibration was the rainfall event during Aug. 31~Sep. 1, 2021 and the amount of rainfall was 74.5 mm. As a result of calibration, the determination coefficients (R²) of the flow rate were 0.66 and 0.86, for the inlet and outlet, respectively, and those of TSS loading were 0.50 and 0.84, for the inlet and outlet, respectively. Considering that ROADMOD is a screening level model, the calibration results were reasonable to evaluate the best management practices (BMPs) on the expressway. Using ROADMOD simulation results for 2012~2021, the average yearly runoff rate from the expressway was 82% and removal efficiency was 9% for road sweeping, 35% for sand filter facility, and 39% for both road sweeping and sand filter facility.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.316-328
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• 2023

In this study, the characteristics of nonpoint pollutant outflow and contribution rate of pollution in Songya-stream mainstream and tributaries were analyzed. Further, water pollution management and improvement measures for pollution-oriented rivers were proposed. An on-site investigation was conducted to determine the inflow of major pollutants into the basin, and it was found that pollutants generated from agricultural land and livestock facilities flowed into the river, resulting in a high concentration of turbid water. Based on the analysis results of the pollution load data calculated through actual measurement monitoring (flow and water quality) and the occurrence and emission load data calculated using the national pollution source survey data, the S3 and S6 were selected as the concerned pollution tributaries in the Songya-stream basin. Results of cluster analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient evaluation and Density based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) technique showed that the S3 and S6 were most consistent with the C2 cluster (a cluster of Songya-stream mainstream owned area) corresponding to the mainstream of Songya-stream. The analysis results of the major pollutants in the concerned pollution tributaries showed that livestock and land pollutants were the major pollutants. Consequently, optimal management techniques such as fertilizer management, water gate management in paddy, vegetated filter strip and livestock manure public treatment were proposed to reduce livestock and land pollutants.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
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• pp.129-129
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• 2021

Constructed wetlands (CW) are artificially developed wetlands that are used to control water pollution. In central India, the field application of CW started on the late 1990s but are mostly focused on wastewater treatment. In this paper, different existing and experimental studies on constructed wetlands were reviewed to be able to determine the current status of wetlands in India to identify the type of CW that is more suitable in managing a specific target pollutant and type of wastewater. Wetlands were categorized into three types: vertical flow, horizontal flow, and hybrid while the wastewater were classified as domestic and industrial. Based on the review, 80% of constructed wetlands are used for treating domestic wastewater while 20% are treating industrial wastewater. Inflow analysis showed that industrial wastewater in hybrid constructed wetland produced the highest average concentration for parameters like COD (2851 mg/L) and BOD (5715 mg/L) while the lowest concentration was TN (13.97 mg/L) found in municipal wastewater. In terms of removing nonpoint source pollutants, it was revealed that vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) are more effective at removing TSS and BOD as compared to horizontal flow constructed wetlands (HFCW) and hybrid constructed wetlands (HCW). HCW were found to be capable of efficiently removing COD and TN. Meanwhile, HFCW showed the highest TP removal among all the types of wetlands. In addition, VFCW were more effective for domestic wastewater while HCW are more effective for treating industrial wastewater. Lastly, there is currently a need to conduct further research on constructed wetlands for industrial wastewater as well as stormwater treatment to be able to gather more data and improve wetland design, performance, and maintenance.