• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2002

Background : Although patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer are known to have a poor prognosis, the prognostic factors for survival have not been well evaluated. Such factors may be different from those for overall survival. This study was performed to analyze the prognostic factors for survuval and the variation of survival according to metastatic organ, in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1997 to December 2000, 151 patients with confirmed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled into this study retrospectively. The clinical and laboratory data were analyzed using univareate Kaplan-Meied and Multivariate Cox regression models. Results : On univariate analysis, age, performance status, serum albumin level, weight loss, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systemic chemotherapy, the number of metastatic organs and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were significant factors (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, important factors for survival were ECOG performance (relative risk of death [RR]: 2.709), systemic chemotherapy (RR: 1.944), serum LDH level (RR: 1.819) and FEV1 (RR: 1.774) (p<0.05), Metastasis to the brain and liver was also a significant factor on univariate analysis). The presence of single lung metastasis was associated with better survival than that of other metastatic organs (p=0.000). Conclusion : We confirmed that performance status and systemic chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors, as has been recognized. The survival of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients was different according to the metastatic organs. Among the metastatic sites, only patients with metastasis to the lung showed bettrer survival than that of other sites, while metastasis of the brain or liver was associated with worse survival than that of other sites.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.102-111
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• 2015

Due to the rapid advancements in detection technologies, saliva has the potential to become a first-line diagnostic sample of choice in the fields of medicine and dentistry. Saliva has many useful advantages to serum. Simple, non-invasive and cost-effective approaches can be made possible for the screening of large populations. There is minimal risk of infections during sample collection and saliva can be used in clinically challenging situations, such as obtaining samples from children, or disabled or anxious patients. This review examines the diagnostic application of saliva and provides a summary of recent research advancement.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.60-63
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• 2011

Seizure is a foreseeable risk in patients with brain lesion. However, seizure during treating non-brain lesion is not a familiar situation to neurosurgeon. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a relatively common situation after systemic chemotherapy. The aim of this study is to make neurosurgeons aware of this potential medical problem. A 52-year-old woman with advanced gastric cancer, presented with low back pain due to spinal metastasis at the 4th lumbar vertebra. Ten cycles of chemotherapy with FOLFOX (5-Fluoruracil/Oxaliplatin) had been completed 23 days ago. Two days before the planned operation, a generalized tonic clonic seizure occurred. She did not have a history of hypertension or seizure. The seizure was stopped with lorazepam 4mg. The brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed high signal changes in both parieto-occipital lobes on the T2-weighted images, and these were partially enhanced, suggesting PRES. The surgery was preceded by treatment with an antiepileptic drug. The MR images, taken 1.5 months after the seizure, showed that the lesion was no longer present. At 3 month follow-up, no additional seizure attack occurred without any seizure medication. The possibility of a seizure attack should be considered if the patient has a history of chemotherapy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.456-462
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• 2007

Since the first description of bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in 2002, the number of report on the disease has rapidly been increasing. Now, BRONJ is considered as a new entity, which is emerging problem in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Bisphosphonates (BPs) can be categorized into 2 groups: nitrogen-containing and non-nitrogen containing, and nitrogen-containing BPs are considered to have more efficacy and toxicity possibly. It is unusual for osteonecrosis to occur in the maxilla but BRONJ is found in both the mandible and the maxilla, which is one of the special features of BRONJ compared with common infectious osteomyelitis of the jaws. Intravenous BPs are usually more likely to cause BRONJ than oral BPs which are frequently prescribed for osteoporosis and osteopenia. Nonetheless, the use of intravenous BPs cannot be prevented because of systemic condition of the patients. Although it is rare that oral BPs cause BRONJ in osteoporosis/osteopenia patients, we should be aware of BRONJ since the population of the patients is exceedingly increasing with the prolonging of life expectancy. So, we'd like to enlighten upon the problems and solutions of BRONJ.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.829-837
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• 2021

The study investigates the impact of the Counter-Cyclical Buffer Policy (CCB) on regional development bank profitability in Sumatra, Indonesia. CCB requires banks to hold capital at times when credit is growing rapidly so that the buffer can be reduced if the financial cycle turns down or the economic and financial environment becomes substantially worse. This study employs time series data of regional development banks (RDBs) in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The methodology applied in this study is a panel dynamic model with Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM). The results show that increasing capital through the implementation of CCB did not have a significant effect on RDBs' profitability. The findings of this study suggest that the activation and implementation of CCB lead to an increase in the amount and cost of loans to companies but do not affect the profitability of RDBs. The value of a Non-Performing Loan (NPL) proved to have a negative and significant effect on bank profitability. The CCB policy aims to overcome the pro-cyclicality of credit growth and improve bank resilience through increased capital which is expected to reduce excessive credit growth as a source of systemic risk. This causes a lack of lending to the community so that the profits obtained by the bank decrease.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-194
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• 2007

Purpose : $Henoch-Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ Purpura(HSP) is a self-limited systemic small vessel vasculitis, however, renal involvement is considered to contribute to the outcome of this disease. Therefore, identifying the renal risk factors in HSP and prevention of renal involvement are important. The aim of this study is to investigate whether early steroid administration in HSP could reduce the rate of renal involvement. Methods : We retrospectively studied two hundred children with HSP. We had administrated steroids orally to resolve of severe abdominal pain, joint and scrotal symptoms. We analyzed the relationship between the steroid therapy to relieve systemic symptoms and the subsequent renal involvement in HSP. Results : There were no significant differences in the incidence and duration of renal involvement according to steroid administration and its duration. In HSP patients with renal manifestations, steroid administration group showed a tendency of hematuria and steroid non-administration group showed a tendency of proteinuria, however, we could not find statistically significant differences in each group. There was no significant difference in the duration of purpura presence according to steroid administration. However, persistent purpura increased the incidence and the duration of renal involvement. Conclusion : Early steroid administration did not reduce the risk of renal involvement, there-fore, steroid could not prevent delayed nephritis in children with HSP On the other side, Persistent Purpura, known to be not related to steroid therapy, was associated with renal involvement. We suggest that early steroid administration could not be useful in preventing the renal involvement in HSP. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2007;11:185-194)

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.304-310
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• 2017

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder. We evaluated whether white blood cell (WBC) count, is associated with the severity of COPD, independent of other inflammatory conditions, such as metabolic syndrome. Methods: The WBC counts were compared between 1227 COPD patients and 8679 non-COPD adults older than 40. The relationships between the WBC count, lung function, and symptoms score in COPD patients, were determined, using general linear regression analyses. Results: The WBC count was negatively associated with forced vital capacity (FVC, L), FVC (% predicted), forced expiry volume in one second ($FEV_1$, L), and $FEV_1$ (% predicted) in COPD patients. Additionally, the WBC count was independently associated with the quality of life measure, by EQ5D-index score. However, this relationship between WBC count, and disease severity, was not significant in current smokers, because of the confounding effect of smoking, on the WBC count. Conclusion: The WBC count is associated with current smoking status and COPD severity, and a risk factor for poor lung function, and quality of life, especially in non-currently smoking COPD patients. The WBC count can be used, as an easily measurable COPD biomarker.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.255-260
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• 2013

This study was attempted to identify the differences of mental health and media use according to the addiction of communication media. Data collection was surveyed using interview and questionnaires by 250 subjects from March 12 to May 13, 2012. The results were as follows : First, with regard to mobile phone use time for communication in the use of over 2 hrs, subjects replied that addictive group was significantly higher than non-addictive group($X^2$=8.51, p=.00). Secondly, in case often depression, the risk ratio of addictive group was significantly higher 4.0 times than non-addictive group(OR=4.0, 95%, Cl=2.4-36.9). In conclusion, in order to prevent the addictive use of communication media, it is needed to make various environment such as sound life rhythm maintenance, systemic and periodic education.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.103-117
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• 2019

The mixture of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT) and 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), CMIT/MIT, is a preservative in cosmetics. CMIT/MIT is a highly effective preservative; however, it is also a commonly known skin sensitizer. Therefore, in the present study, a risk assessment for safety management of CMIT/MIT was conducted on products containing 0.0015% of CMIT/MIT, which is the maximum MIT level allowed in current products. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for CMIT/MIT was 2.8 mg/kg bw/day obtained from a two-generation reproductive toxicity test, and the skin sensitization toxicity standard value for CMIT/MIT, or the no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL), was $1.25{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ in humans. According to a calculation of body exposure to cosmetics use, the systemic exposure dosage (SED) was calculated as 0.00423 mg/kg bw/day when leave-on and rinse-off products were considered. Additionally, the consumer exposure level (CEL) amounted to $0.77512{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for all representative cosmetics and $0.00584{\mu}g/cm^2/day$ for rinse-off products only. As a result, the non-cancer margin of safety (MOS) was calculated as 633, and CMIT/MIT was determined to be safe when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. In addition, the skin sensitization acceptable exposure level (AEL)/CEL was calculated as 0.00538 for all representative cosmetics and 2.14225 for rinse-off products; thus, CMIT/MIT was considered a skin sensitizer when all representative cosmetics were evaluated. Current regulations indicate that CMIT/MIT can only be used at concentrations 0.0015% or less and is prohibited from use in other cosmetics products. According to the results of this risk assessment, the CMIT/MIT regulatory values currently used in cosmetics are evaluated as appropriate.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 2021

This study used raw data from the 2016-2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey to study the correlation between blood lipid and periodontal disease in Korean men and women, and selected the final 11,797 people as subjects of analysis. A stratified analysis of smoking and residential areas was conducted to see the link between blood lipid and periodontal disease in Korean men. In men, non-smokers had a significant correlation of 1.38(95% CI:1.09-1.76), and in men, the risk group had a odds ratio of 1.49(95% CI:1.16-1.91), and in smokers, the risk group had odds ratio of 1.76 (95% CI:1.39-2.23) shows that the warning group is significant in relation to the intersecting ratio 1.14(95% CI:1.16-1.70) and the risk group 1.60(95% CI:1.32-1.94) periodontal disease. In conclusion, men's blood lipids and periodontal diseases are associated with smoking or residential areas, and are especially intended to be used as basic data in developing health education programs related to systemic and periodontal diseases for men in urban areas. In developing education programs for men in urban areas in the future, we want to use them as basic data.