• 대한방사선치료학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2003

I. 목적 Total Body Irradiation(TBI)와 Half Body Irradiation(HBI), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, E-Wing's sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, neuroblastoma 등의 특수한 경우에 넓은 광자선 조사면($40{\times}40cm2$ 이상)이 임상적으로 사용될 수 있다. 넓은 광자선 조사면의 선량분포는 매번 실제 측정 대신 좁은 광자선 조사면 (표준 SSD 100cm, 조사면의 크기 $40{\times}40cm2$ 미만)에서 얻은 측정결과를 이용하여 보정할 수 있으나, 단 순한 계산에 의한 방법만으로는 산란 방사선의 여러 가지 요인에 의한 실제 신체 각 부위의 선량 및 그 균일성을 알기는 힘들다. 본 연구에서는 치료거리 증가에 따른 넓은 광자선 조사면의 기본 parameter(PDD, TMR, Output, Sc, Sp)를 측정하고, 좁은 광자선 조사면에서 얻은 측정결과와 비교하여 그 차이를 확인해 보고 실제 적용여부를 알아보고자 한다. II. 대상 및 방법 표준 SSD 100cm에서 Multidata water phantom을 이용하여 조사면의 크기 변화에 따라 기본parameter(PDD, TMR, Output, Sc, Sp)를 측정하였다. 먼저 SSD 180cm에서(phantom이 치료실 바닥으로 수직방향) 조사면 증가에 따른 기본 parameter를 측정하였고, SSD 350cm에서(phantom이 치료실 벽면으로 수평방향이고 horizotal beam의 측정이 가능한 mylar를 가진 small water phantom을 이용) 같은 방법으로 측정하여 서로 비교해보았다. III. 결과 및 결론 SSD 180cm과 350cm에서 측정한 parameter들이 표준 선량측정 자료와 비교해서 오차범위가 실험적 오차에 있을 정도로 큰 차이가 없었음을 알 수 있었다. 정확한 자료를 얻기 위해 anthropomorphous phantom에서 선량측정을 하거나 이런 목적을 위해 특별히 고안된 unlimited phantom을 이용한 절대값을 얻을 수 있는 선량 측정이 요구된다. 부가적으로 작은 부피의 ionization chamber 사용과 넓은 조사면에 의한 cable과 stem effect를 고려해야 할 필요가 있다.

• 복식
• /
• 제39권
• /
• pp.283-299
• /
• 1998

The present study is to analyze the dimensions of affective responses according to the types of appeal in underwear advertisements and to find out the influences of affective res-ponses on the attitudes toward advertisement and brands. The research has been made by normative-descriptive survey method with the sample of 654 consumers residing in Seoul and Incheon. The data gaathered was analyzed by the methods of means, standard deviation, ANOVA, factor analysis and regression. The result are as follows : 1. There are 4 dimensions of affective responses ; Emotional dimension, Negative dimen-sion, Upbeat-activation dimension and Sexual activation dimension. 2. Affective responses to the advertising were different according to the characteristics of the consumers. According to the consumer's sex, there are significant differences in each dimension of their affective responses. To the sex appeal advertisement, man show higher degree of affective responses in Emotional, Upbeat-activation and Sexual-activation dim-ensions, while women show higher degree of affective responses in Negative dimension. 3. In case of female consumers, there are significant differences in affective responses to the both appeal type of advertisements according to consumer's age. As the age is increasing. Emotional dimension and Sexual-activation dimension are increasing, but Negative dimension is decreasing in the Ads with sex appeal. In particular, the 19∼24s age group shows strong responses in the Emotional dimension, Upbeat-activation dimension and Sexual-activation dimension to Ads with sex appeal, while it shows the lowest affective responses in Negative dimension. It represents the 19-24s age group is the most positive one to the under-wear advertisements with sex appeal. Consequently, it is proved that the Ads with sex appeal focusing on this age group can be one of the most effective advertising plans. 4. The involvement gets higher, Upbeat-ac-tivation dimension and Sexual-activation dimension are increasing both in males and female groups. But Negative dimension is in-creasing in the female consumer group of low involvement. 5. The attitudes toward advertisements and brands are comparatively stronger in the advertisements using sex appeal type. Regardless of types of appeal in the advertisements, there is a significant difference in their attitudes tow-ard Ads between male and female consumer groups. When Ads are sexual, attitudes toward Ads and Brands are stronger in the female consumer group. But males consumers show com-paratively strong attitudes toward the advertis-ements and brands in both types of appeal. 6. The age of consumers doesn't make any significant difference in their attitudes toward advertisements and brands in both types of appeal. 7. According to the involvement level of the consumers, there are significant differences in their attitudes toward advertisements. In the groups of low involvement, the female consumers show more favorite attitudes toward the advertisements with sex appeal, while the male group show more favorite attitudes toward the non-sex appeal advertisement. But there is no significant difference in consumer's attitude toward brands according to the types of appeal of the advertisement. 8. The affective responses of the consumers caused by the underwear advertisements have a respectable influence on their attitudes toward the advertisements and brands. This research represents that the advertisers should try to arise consumer's positive affective responses such as pleasant, happy, cheerful and warm-hearted emotions by the advertisements. Based on the above results of the research, it can be said that the consumer's affective responses have a strong effect not only on their attitudes toward adver-tisements but on those toward attitude toward the brands.

• 한국측량학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.223-235
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서는 무인항공기 영상 기반의 정밀농업(precision agricultural) 구현에 있어 핵심 데이터 중 하나인 수치표고모델의 표고를 보정하기 위한 수치표고모델 표고 보정 방법론을 제시한다. 먼저 정사영상에 방사보정을 수행한 다음 ExG (Excess Green)를 생성한다. ExG에 Otsu 기법을 적용하여 산출된 임계값을 기준으로 비식생지역을 추출한다. 이어서, 비식생지역의 위치에 대응되는 수치표고모델의 표고를 표고 보정을 위한 데이터인 EIFs(Elevation Invariant Features)로 추출한다. 추출된 EIFs 간 차이값을 기반으로 정규화된 Z-score를 산출하여 포함된 특이치를 제거한다. 그리고 선형회귀식을 구성하여 수치표고모델의 표고를 보정함으로써 지상기준점 데이터 없이 고품질의 수치표고모델을 제작한다. 총 10장의 수치표고모델을 활용하여 제안기법을 검증하기 위해 표고 보정 전과 후의 최대/최소값, 평균/표준편차를 비교분석하였다. 또한, 검사점을 선정하여 RMSE (Root Mean Square Error)를 산출한 결과, 정확도는 평균 RMSE 0.35m로 도출되었다. 이를 통해 지상기준점 데이터 없이 고품질의 수치표고모델을 제작할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.207-212
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Recently, the need for a method to cultivate 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin has been increasing. However, there is limited information available as this is a new Satsuma mandarin cultivar, which was bred by the RDA in 2004. Many farmers who cultivate this cultivar follow the cultivation method similar to that used for 'Miyagawa' Satsuma mandarin, and suffer low production of optimum-sized fruits. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to find out the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit for the stable production of high quality 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits in a non-heated plastic film house. Seven-year-old 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin trees were used in the study. Before the treatment, the leaf-to-fruit ratio ranged from 5.7 to 17.9. The treatments included 10, 20, 30, and 40 leaves per fruit. The fruits were removed if over fruiting was observed at day 60 after full bloom. We investigated the fruit size and quality on the day of harvest. Flowering and fruiting patterns in each treatment were recorded for the following year. In the experiments, the flower-to-leaf ratio was 1.12 to 1.74. As the leaf-to-fruit ratio decreased, the fruit size and weight also decreased. Contrarily, the higher the ratio of leaf-to-fruit, the higher fruit size and weight were. It was noted that the ratio of 20:1 was ideal to produce the M grade optimum-sized Satsuma mandarin fruits on the day of harvest. However, higher ratio might result in fruits weighting above 100 g. There was no difference among the treatments in terms of fruit quality, such as total soluble solid contents, titratable acid, and color. In the subsequent years, flowering and fruiting in the treatments were lowered when the leaf number per fruit was 10, but they were improved when the leaf number per fruit was above 20. CONCLUSION: Based on the above results, the optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit was found to be 20:1 for flowering and fruiting of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin. It is important that optimum ratio of leaf-to-fruit is set as a standard to produce good grade and quality of 'Haryejosaeng' Satsuma mandarin fruits.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제23권11호
• /
• pp.1067-1077
• /
• 2022

Objective: To determine whether Sonazoid-enhanced ultrasound (SZUS) was noninferior to SonoVue-enhanced ultrasound (SVUS) in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using the same diagnostic criteria. Materials and Methods: This prospective, single-center, noninferiority study (NCT04847726) enrolled 105 at-risk participants (71 male; mean age ± standard deviation, 63 ± 11 years; range, 26-86 years) with treatment-naïve solid hepatic nodules (≥ 1 cm). All participants underwent same-day SZUS (experimental method) and SVUS (control method) for one representative nodule per participant. Images were interpreted by three readers (the operator and two independent readers). All malignancies were diagnosed histopathologically, while the benignity of other lesions was confirmed by follow-up stability or pathology. The primary endpoint was per-lesion diagnostic accuracy for HCC pooled across three readers using the conventional contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnostic criteria, including arterial phase hyperenhancement followed by mild (assessed within 2 minutes after contrast injection) and late (≥ 60 seconds with a delay of 5 minutes) washout. The noninferiority delta was -10%p. Furthermore, different time delays were compared as washout criteria in SZUS, including delays of 2, 5, and > 10 minutes. Results: A total of 105 lesions (HCCs [n = 61], non-HCC malignancies [n = 19], and benign [n = 25]) were evaluated. Using the 5-minutes washout criterion, per-lesion accuracy of SZUS pooled across the three readers (72.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64.1%-79.3%) was noninferior to that of SVUS (71.4%; 95% CI, 63.1%-78.6%), meeting the statistical criterion for non-inferiority (difference of 0.95%p; 95% CI, -3.8%p-5.7%p). The arterial phase hyperenhancement combined with the 5-minutes washout criterion showed the same sensitivity as that of the > 10-minutes criterion (59.0% vs. 59.0%, p = 0.989), and the specificities were not significantly different (90.9% vs. 86.4%, p = 0.072). Conclusion: SZUS was noninferior to SVUS for diagnosing HCC in at-risk patients using the same diagnostic criteria. No significant improvement in HCC diagnosis was observed by extending the washout time delay from 5 to 10 minutes.

• 기본간호학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.438-448
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify nursing activities and to analyze patient outcomes related to indwelling urinary catheterization. Method: A review was done of 628 medical records from five units for patients admitted between January 1 and June 30, 2006. Twelve nurses who worked in the same units were interviewed. Results: In the interviews, nurses reported considering several non-invasive interventions prior to catheterization but there were no medical records of this activity. Results from the in-depth interviews showed that infection control activities such as urinary bag management were conducted but again there were no medical records. Seventy-five percent of the catheters were removed without prescription. In the medical records there were no notes for approximately 15%, on the time of first voiding and 80%, on volume of first voiding after removal of catheter. There was a significant difference in hospitalization days between the group catheterized for 5 days or less and the group catheterized for 6 days or more. Conclusion: Results indicate a need to close the gap between recorded and described activities and between current and best evidence based practice. Further study is needed to develop a standard recording system and guidelines related indwelling catheterization to decrease the gaps identified in this research.

• 한국포장학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 2001

국내 무의 유통 및 포장실태를 조사하고자 1999년 11월부터 2000년 4월까지 생산지별로 전북, 강원지역의 무에 대해 산지, 소비지를 대상으로 출하처, 출하방법을 조사하였고 품위의 경우는 태백, 경기와 청양 지역을 중심으로 개당 무게, 길이, 폭, 높이 및 부피를 조사하였으며 소매단계 포장단위, 포장재를 소비지역의 대형 소비처를 중심으로 조사하였다. 유통 및 거래관행은 산지에 따라서 재배기간 및 출하방법이 달랐다. 출하처나 출하방법도 전북과 강원 지역간에 차이가 심한 것으로 나타났다. 지역별로 품위를 조사한 결과. 태백산 무에서 부피 편차가 다른 지역에 비해 큰 것으로 나타났다. 산지 포장화 실태는 포장농가에서는 강원지역 고랭지 무를 중심으로 이뤄지고 있고 직거래(백화점 등 유통업체 또는 농협 물류센터의 계통출하)시 8kg 골판지 박스나 PE대($3{\sim}4$포기용)를 Wooden-Collar에 적재하고 있으며 생산자 단체를 중심으로 포장화가 시도되고 있다. 경제성 분석결과 산물 출하가 포장 출하에 비해 더 경제적이었다. 포장화율을 높이기 위해서는 박스구입비, 상하차비 등을 지원하는 방안이 적극 검토되어야 한다고 사료되었다.

• 정보관리학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.5-30
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 음악의 내용에 해당하는 음렬 패턴을 대상으로 분류자질을 선정하고 이를 기준으로 음렬간 유사도를 측정한 후 음렬간 군집을 형성하였다. 이는 내용기반음악검색 시스템에서 유사한 음렬을 검색 결과로 제시함으로써 이용자 탐색을 용이하게 하기 위함이다. 실험문헌집단으로는 $\ulcorner$A Dictionary of Musical Themes$\lrcorner$에 수록된 주제소절의 kern 형식 파일을 사용하였으며, 음렬 처리도구로는 Humdrum Toolkit version 1.0을 사용하였다. 음렬의 분절 여부와 시작 위치에 따른 네 가지 형태의 유사도 행렬을 대상으로 계층적 클러스터링 기법을 사용하여 유사한 음렬간 군집을 형성하였다. 이들 결과에 대한 평가는 외적 기준이 되는 수작업 분류표가 있는 경우 WACS 척도를 사용하였고, 음렬 내 임의의 위치에서부터 시작한 음렬을 대상으로 한 경우, 클러스터링 결과로부터 얻어낸 군집 내 공통 자질 패턴 분포를 통해 내적 기준을 마련하여 평가하였다. 평가 결과에 의하면 음렬의 시작 위치와 무관하게 분절한 자질을 사용하여 클러스터링한 결과가 그렇지 않은 것에 비해 뚜렷한 차이를 보이며 높게 나타났다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2010

기계포소화약제는 다량의 물에 포소화약제 원액을 녹인 포수용액을 발포기에 의하여 기계적인 수단으로 공기와 혼합 교반하여 거품을 발생시키는 약제를 말한다. 다양한 설비(이동식, 고정자동식) 적용성, 대형의 유류화재 적합, 대량.연속 생산이 가능한 약제의 특수성 및 장기보관이 가능한 특징이 있어 이에 대한 개발 및 연구가 꾸준히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 포소화약제는 주변의 온도 및 운용조건에 따라 발포력의 변화가 큰 특징이 있어 실제 겨울철 소방 활동시에는 사용을 자제하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소화활동시 온도가 발포력에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 이를 활용하여 소방차에 적용 가능한 시스템을 개발하였다. 결과로 기준 약제 혼합비인 3.0%일 경우 온도차에 따라 최대 30.08%의 발포성능차가 발생하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 자동 혼합 시스템의 적용성을 분석한 결과 설계값과 실제실험값의 오차가 최대 0.012%로 나타남에 따라 해당 시스템의 적용성이 확보된 것으로 판단되었다.

• 보건행정학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.23-43
• /
• 2011

Access to health care is complicated to define. It is a multidimensional process. In addition to the matters of quality of care, geographical accessibility and availability of the right type of care, finance, and acceptability are all involved. The purposes of this paper are to measure the geographic distances between patient residency locations and health service organizations in which the patients hadvisited, and to investigate the association between geographical distance measures and variables involved in health service utilization. The study used the first and the second wave of the 2008 Korea Health Panel Survey. The samples of analyses were patients who had visited outpatient or used ambulatory health services, and the total observations (visit numbers) analyzed were 229,128. We divided the samples into a frequent-visit illness group (Group 1) and a non-frequent visit illness group (Group 2) based on over 5,000 total visit numbers. We exploited three level analyses using xtmixed of STATA${\Box}$ 11.1 command with/without interaction terms among age, sex, and occupation. Geographical distances were measured using the Haversine method. Group 1 was tended to older and lower equivalent income than those of Group 2, but the geographic difference were not observed in terms of area deprivation index and standard mortality ratios. Amongst group 1, diabetes mellitus patients travelled far to visit health care organizations, and arthritis patients were more deprived in terms of the personal and areal characteristics. The study revealed that residents in rural areas traveled about 10 times more long distances than those whom lived in larger cities after adjusting for various variables, which we used for analyses. This study contributed to the practical understanding of health service utilizations using empirical analyses, and found that the types of diseases and socioeconomic characteristics of patients tended to define the amount of travel distance to healthcare organizations.