• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of rain garden systems as environmentally friendly ecological infrastructures for controlling stormwater runoff and managing non-point source pollution and information for the contamination of soil and plants can be essential for sustainable rain garden management. In this study, four rain garden mesocosms, namely single species planting with Rhododendron lateritium, single species planting with Zoysia japonica, mixed planting with R. lateritium and Z. japonica, and control without plants, were tested to investigate the change in concentrations of nutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Ni) in the soil and plants used in the rain garden system. The presence of plants resulted in greater nutrient retention in soil and lower potential leaching from the system. All systems showed an increase in the heavy metal concentrations in soil. The concentrations of most heavy metals were found to be higher in the herbaceous plants (Z. japonica) than in the shrubs (R. lateritium). The belowground part (root) had higher heavy metal concentrations than the aboveground part (leaf) but also showed a potential increase in leaves, and hence, careful plant management should be considered during rain garden operation.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.499-508
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• 2011

We analyzed the variations of water quality with flow regime alterations to determine the characteristics of the stream where the stream management is considerably difficult due to the high variability of the flow rates. In this study, both flow rates and water qualities were monitored at the tributaries, 34 in count, of both Geum River and Sabgyo Lake Basins. The variation of water qualities were divided into 2 types, based on their stream flow rates, known as Type I and Type II. If the water quality of a stream increases during low flow rate periods compared with high flow rate periods, it is classified as Type I; if the water quality of the stream increases during high flow rate periods compared with low flow rate periods, it falls under Type II. The analysis for the variations of water qualities, of all 43 basins, resulted to 24 basins under Type I and Nineteen 19 basins under Type II. The variations of water qualities were analyzed first by using Regression Analysis followed by Statistical Analysis. The average slope of the variations of water qualities and the slope of the standard deviations were 0.00135 and 0.00477, respectively. The Probability Distributions of both Type I and Type II basins were 61.1% and 38.9%, respectively. The basin having a probability distribution of 61.1% and is also known as Type I, increases during periods of low flow rates, due to the presence of point sources. Therefore, the basin should be enforced with stream management. Before the stream management can be implemented in all streams falling under Type II, the sources of contaminants should first be estimated. These contaminants can be classified into two parts, the first is Point source pollution and the second is Non-point source pollution, where the Non-Point source pollution can be sub-divided into two types, with storm runoff and without storm runoff.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제51권7호
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• pp.585-597
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• 2018

본 연구는 미래기후변화에 따른 청미천 유역의 향후 수질 변화를 검토하고, 최적관리기법으로의 접근을 이용한 비점오염물질 저감 대책의 유효성을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 기후변화에 따른 미래 수문 및 수질변수의 변화를 살펴보기 위하여 Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) 모형을 이용하였으며, SWAT 모형의 매개변수는 SWAT-CUP을 이용하여 보정하였다. 구축된 Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 시나리오 중 RCP 4.5 및 8.5 두 개 시나리오를 이용하여 미래 기후를 고려하였다. 모의 결과로부터 기후 변화가 심화될수록 강우 및 비점오염물질의 유출이 증가하는 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 적절한 최적관리기법을 통해 비점오염물질의 총량뿐만 아니라 시간에 따른 변동성도 함께 효과적으로 저감될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.972-978
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• 2009

This study modifies the present total maximum daily load (TMDL) system of Ministry of Environment and applies to the Anyangcheon watershed. Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) model is used to simulate both runoff and non-point source pollution, simultaneously, instead of QUAL2E. The drought flow (355th daily flow) is proposed for the target water quantity since it is easier to satisfy low flow (275th daily flow) for the target water quality than drought flow. The increase of discharge is more than the increase of pollutant load except for the period under low flow. The measured unit loads for non-point source are used to consider the regional runoff characteristics. The measured water quantity and quality data are used since the ministry of environment supports only water quality. This analysis results show some reasons for the improvement of the present TMDL system of Korea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2013

HSPF model based on BASINS was applied to analyze effects of watershed management measures for water quality conservation in the Hwaseong Reservoir watershed. The model was calibrated against the field measurements of meteorological data, streamflow and water qualities ($BOD_5$, T-N, T-P) at each observatory for 4 years (2007-2010). The water quality characteristics of inflow streams were evaluated. The 4 scenarios for the water quality improvement were applied to inflow streams and critical area from water pollution based on previous researches. The reduction efficiency of point and non-point sources in inflow streams was evaluated with each scenario. The results demonstrate that the expansion of advanced treatment system within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and construction of pond-wetlands would be great effective management measures. In order to satisfactory the target water quality of reservoir, the measures which can control both point source and non-point source pollutants should be implemented in the watershed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.144-147
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: It is essential to prioritize the exact and clear understanding of agricultural nonpoint source pollution (NPS) controls. The realistic policies and systems should also be developed based on this understanding. Therefore, this study aimed to present agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) applicable for the fields based on the Delphi survey result. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study deduced the evaluation items to assess each BMP for agricultural NPS control and conducted the surveying using the Delphi method based on agricultural BMP experts. In addition, its on-the-spot application were evaluated. Considering its importance, technical, social and economic proprieties showed that political support was ranked first and followed by cost investment, labor investment, reduction effect and resident participation. The survey findings by agricultural BMP experts showed the good performance of on-the-spot application can be achieved from fertilization by soil testing, residue and green manure application and contour plowing which are applicable within a field. Agricultural BMPs, highly applicable for the fields, were the countermeasures that farmers who are the principal bodies of agricultural NPS control could be participated directly. CONCLUSION: The active participation of farmers is essential for effective control of agricultural NPS. It is necessary to establish various incentive systems.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.528-536
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• 2016

The purpose of Total Pollution Load Control at Tributary is to obtain maximum improvement effect of water quality through finding the most impaired section of water-body and establishing the proper control measure of pollutant load. This study was implemented to determine the optimal management of reach, period, condition, watershed, and pollution source and propose appropriate reduction practices using the Load duration curve (LDC) and field monitoring data. With the data of measurement, LDC analysis shows that the most impaired condition is reach V (G4~G5), E group (flow exceedance percentile 90~100%) and winter season. For this reason, winter season and low flow condition should be preferentially considered to restore water quality. The result of pollution analysis for the priority reach and period shows that agricultural nonpoint source loads from onion and garlic culture are most polluting. Therefore, it is concluded that agricultural reuse of surface effluent (storm-water runoff with non-point sources) and low impact farming that includes reducing fertilization and controlling the height of drainage outlet are efficient water quality management for this study watershed.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.839-852
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• 2014

The Ministry of Environment (MOE) has made more effort in managing point source pollution rather than in nonpoint source pollution in order to improve water quality of the four major rivers. However, it would be difficult to meet water quality targets solely by managing the point source pollution. As a result of the comprehensive measures established in 2004 under the leadership of the Prime Minister's Office, a variety of policies such as the designation of control areas to manage nonpoint source pollution are now in place. Various action plans to manage nonpoint source pollution have been implemented in the Soyang-dam watershed as one of the control areas designed in 2007. However, there are no tools to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of the action plans. Therefore, this study would assess the action plans (especially, BMPs) designed to manage Soyang-dam watershed with the WinHSPF and the CE-QUAL-W2. To this end, we simulated the rainfall-runoff and the water quality (SS) of the watershed and the reservoir after conducting model calibration and the model validation. As the results of the calibration for the WinHSPF, the determination coefficient ($R^2$) for the flow (Q, $m^3/s$) was 0.87 and the $R^2$ for the SS was 0.78. As the results of the validation, the former was 0.78 and the latter was 0.67. The results seem to be acceptable. Similarly, the calibration results of the CE-QUAL-W2 showed that the RMSE for the water level was 1.08 and the RMSE for the SS was 1.11. The validation results(RMSE) of the water level was 1.86 and the SS was 1.86. Based on the daily simulation results, the water quality target (turbidity 50 NTU) was not exceeded for 2009~2011, as results of maximum turbidity in '09, '10, and '11 were 3.1, 2.5, 5.6 NTU, respectively. The maximum turbidity in the years with the maximum, the minimum, and the average of yearly precipitation (1982~2011) were 15.5, 7.8, and 9.0, respectively, and therefore the water quality target was satisfied. It was discharged high turbidity at Inbuk, Gaa, Naerin, Gwidun, Woogak, Jeongja watershed resulting of the maximum turbidity by sub-basins in 3years(2009~2011). The results indicated that the water quality target for the nonpoint source pollution management should be changed and management area should be adjusted and reduced.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.385-391
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• 2020

Soil loss is a serious problem frequently caused by local torrential rainfalls due to climate change. In particular, soil loss is occurring in agricultural areas rather than urban areas, and many pollutants are introduced into rivers, causing environmental problems. To reduce soil loss, the Ministry of Environment has designated and managed non-point source management areas. The Jaun-district in Hongcheon-gun, which was designed as a non-point pollution source management area in Gangwon-do, is located in the upper stream of Soyang Lake. Most of the agricultural fields are composed of highland agriculture fields. The highland agricultural fields in the Jaun-district are also composed of large-scale farming areas, and the ditches located near the agricultural fields have been illegally used for farmland. Therefore, the local government in Hongcheon-gun is conducting a project to restore the ditches occupied by agricultural fields. However, an analysis of the amount of soil loss that can be reduced by the restoration of the ditches has not been conducted yet. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of reducing the soil loss from the restoration of the ditches used as agricultural fields in the Jaun-district. The SATEEC L Module was used to analyze the reduction in soil loss by ditch restoration. The SATEEC L Module was constructed to estimate the LS factor using Moore and Burch's method after calculating the slope length using the digital elevation model and the maximum allowable slope length. The LS factor and the USLE formula were used to estimate the amount of soil loss that could be reduced by ditch restoration. The analysis showed that the ditch restoration could reduce about 16.6% of the soil loss in the Jaun-district. The results of this study will contribute to the study of methods to reduce soil loss in non-point pollution management areas.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.469-482
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• 2021

The recent climate change and urbanization have seen an increase in runoff and pollutant loads, and consequently significant negative water pollution. The characteristics of the pollutant loads vary among the different flow regime depending on their source and transport mechanism, However, pollutant load reduction based on flow regime perspectives has not been investigated thoroughly. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the effects of concentration on pollutant load characteristics and reductions from each flow regime to develop efficient pollution management. As non-point pollutants continuously increase due to the increase in impervious area, efficient management is necessary. Therefore, in this study, 1) the characteristics of pollutant sources were analyzed at the Dalcheon Basin, 2) reduction of nonpoint pollution, and 3) reduction efficiency for flow regimes were analyzed. By analyzing the characteristics of the Dalcheon Basin, a reduction efficiency scenario for each pollutant source was constructed. The efficiency analysis showed 0.06% to 5.62% for the living scenario, 0.09 to 24.62% for the livestock scenario, 0.17% to 12.81% for the industry scenario, 9.45% to 38.45% for the land scenario, and 9.8% to 39.2% for the composite scenario. Therefore, various pollution reduction scenarios, taking into account the characteristics of pollutants and flow regime characteristics, can contribute to the development of efficient measurements to improve water quality at various flow regime perspectives in the Dalcheon Basin.