• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume I
• /
• pp.364-367
• /
• 2006

Nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) are usually generated by nonlinear process on linear internal waves (IW). Near HengChun Ridge that links Taiwan and Luzon Islands, we found that there are linear internal waves following NLIW and they travel westward at different speed, about 1.5 m/s for IW and 2.9 m/s for NLIW. This phenomenon was observed on site with ship radar and echo sounders, and later verified with thermistor chain. West of Luzon Strait, the separation of NLIW are 5 km or more, while linear internal waves are lines of wave crests at nearly equal distance that is only a few hundred meters apart. The current hypothesis is that most of the energy of internal tide forms a beam that propagates upward from the eastern shoulder of ocean ridge and later interacts with sea surface and thermocline. The interaction with thermocline generates linear internal wave that propagate along the pycnocline at about 1.5 m/s. The interaction with sea surface scatters internal wave energy downward, ensonifies the water column and generates large nonlinear waves that propagate westward at 2.9 m/s as mode 1 in a waveguide.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
• /
• 제33권53호
• /
• pp.322.1-322.14
• /
• 2018

Background: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays protective roles against the development of vascular calcification (VC) which greatly contributes to the increased cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aimed to find the non-traditional, kidney-related cardiovascular risk factors correlated to serum OPG and the effect of serum OPG on the arterial stiffness measured by brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with the pre-dialysis CKD. Methods: We cross-sectionally analyzed the data from the patients in whom baPWV and the serum OPG were measured at the time of enrollment in a prospective pre-dialysis CKD cohort study in Korea. Results: Along with traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, diabetes mellitus, pulse pressure, and baPWV, non-traditional, kidney-related factors such as albuminuria, plasma level of hemoglobin, total $CO_2$ content, alkaline phosphatase, and corrected calcium were independent variables for serum OPG in multivariate linear regression. Reciprocally, the serum OPG was positively associated with baPWV in multivariate linear regression. The baPWV in the 3rd and 4th quartile groups of serum OPG were higher than that in the 1st quartile group after adjustments by age, sex and other significant factors for baPWV in linear mixed model. Conclusion: Non-traditional, kidney-related cardiovascular risk factors in addition to traditional cardiovascular risk factors were related to serum level of OPG in CKD. Serum OPG level was significantly related to baPWV. Our study suggests that kidney-related factors involved in CKD-specific pathways for VC play a role in the increased secretion of OPG into circulation in patients with CKD.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국해양공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.172-179
• /
• 2001

A numelical model has been developed for the permeable coastal structures to simulate hydraulic characteristics on the permeable slopes, which interact with internal flow field of the structures. The model includes hydraulics in the porous medium. Numerical model was calibrated using hydraulic model experiments performed in 2-D wave flume in the Institute of Orean Hydraulics in PKNU. Good agreement were obtained with the model which employed inertia resistance term than with the conventional model, PBREAK.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 2002

A numerical model has been developed for the permeable coastal structures to simulate hydraulic characteristics on the permeable slopes, which interact with internal four field the structures. The model includes hydraulics in the porous medium. Numerical model was calibrated using hydraulic model experiments performed in 2-D wave flume in the Institute of Ocean Hydraulics in PKNU. Better aggrements were obtained with the model which employed inertia resistance term than with the conventional model, PBREAK.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.335-354
• /
• 2016

This contribution presents an extended one-dimensional theory for piezoelectric beam-type structures with non-ideal electrodes. For these types of electrodes the equipotential area condition is not satisfied. The main motivation of our research is originated from passive vibration control: when an elastic structure is covered by several piezoelectric patches that are linked via resistances and inductances, vibrational energy is efficiently dissipated if the electric network is properly designed. Assuming infinitely small piezoelectric patches that are connected by an infinite number of electrical, in particular resistive and inductive elements, one obtains the Telegrapher's equation for the voltage across the piezoelectric transducer. Embedding this outcome into the framework of Bernoulli-Euler, the final equations are coupled to the wave equations for the longitudinal motion of a bar and to the partial differential equations for the lateral motion of the beam. We present results for the wave propagation of a longitudinal bar for several types of electrode properties. The frequency spectra are computed (phase angle, wave number, wave speed), which point out the effect of resistive and inductive electrodes on wave characteristics. Our results show that electrical damping due to the resistivity of the electrodes is different from internal (=strain velocity dependent) or external (=velocity dependent) mechanical damping. Finally, results are presented, when the structure is excited by a harmonic single force, yielding that resistive-inductive electrodes are suitable candidates for passive vibration control that might be of great interest for practical applications in the future.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2006년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2006 PORSEC Volume II
• /
• pp.934-937
• /
• 2006

In the northeastern South China Sea (SCS), fast westward moving (about 2.9 m/s) non-linear internal waves (NLIWs) are emanated nearly daily from the Luzon Strait. Their propagation speed is faster than NLIWs previously observed in the deep water of world oceans, their amplitude of 140 m or more is the largest free propagating NLIWs so far observed in the deep ocean. These NLIWs energized the top 1500 m of the water column, heaving it up and down in 20 min. Their associated energy density and energy flux are the largest observed to date. During 2005 and 2006 experiment, they were found west of the HengChun Ridge (HCR) that links Luzon and Taiwan Islands. This coincides with founding in satellite images, no NLIW front was found east of HCR. But, the turbulent environment east of HCR may prohibit surface signature of NLIWs that were emanated from sills between Batan Islands. The relative contribution of the two ridges on NLIW in Luzon Strait is still under study.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.265-287
• /
• 2016

The change of the global performance of a turret-moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) with DP (Dynamic Positioning) control is simulated, analyzed, and compared for two different internal turret location cases; bow and midship. Both collinear and non-collinear 100-yr GOM (Gulf of Mexico) storm environments and three cases (mooring-only, with DP position control, with DP position+heading control) are considered. The horizontal trajectory, 6DOF (degree of freedom) motions, fairlead mooring and riser tension, and fuel consumptions are compared. The PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller based on LQR (linear quadratic regulator) theory and the thrust-allocation algorithm which is based on the penalty optimization theory are implemented in the fully-coupled time-domain hull-mooring-riser-DP simulation program. Both in collinear and non-collinear 100-yr WWC (wind-wave-current) environments, the advantage of mid-ship turret is demonstrated by the significant reduction in heave at the turret location due to the minimal coupling with pitch mode, which is beneficial to mooring and riser design. However, in the non-collinear WWC environment, the mid-turret case exhibits unfavorable weathervaning characteristics, which can be reduced by employing DP position and heading controls as demonstrated in the present case studies. The present study also reveals the plausible cause of the failure of mid-turret Gryphon Alpha FPSO in milder environment than its survival condition.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제28권3C호
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2008

흙은 변형률에 따라 강성이 감소하는 비선형적 변형 특성을 가지지만, 매우 작은 변형률 영역($<10^{-3}%$)에서는 선형탄성적 특성을 갖는다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 응력 경로 시험 중 실시한 다축 벤더엘리먼트 시험을 통해 다양한 응력 상태에서 사질토의 이방적 전단탄성계수를 측정하고, 그 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 응력 경로 시험에서는 내부 변형률 측정 장치 및 3 방향의 벤더 엘리먼트가 부착된 삼축 시험기를 이용하였다. 전단 중 응력비가 -0.5~1.5의 범위를 벗어나게 되면 축 방향 전단탄성계수는 응력과의 경험적 상관관계와 차이가 발생하였고, 이로부터 시료의 항복이 전단파 전달 구조를 변화시킴을 알 수 있었다. 수평방향 전단탄성계수의 변화는 전단 중 체적 상태의 변화와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2013

황해 중동부 해역에서 2012년 9월에 동서방향으로 설정된 단면과 금강 하구 외측 저염수 지역의 정박지점에서 음향탐지기를 이용하여 음향 후방산란 구조(acoustic backscatter profile)를 측정하였으며 CTD로 물성구조도 관측하였다. 수심 50 m 부근 해역에 발달한 해저사주 주변에서 조석전선이 형성되었다. 이 사주의 동쪽에서 저조 때 음향탐지기로 관측된 내부파는 파고가 약 15 m, 평균파장이 500 m정도이며, 파형이 비선형 오목형 파(depression wave)였다. 이 내부파는 남동쪽으로 흐르는 조류가 사주를 지나면서 만든 조석내부파로 해석되었다. 약한 비선형성 단독 내부파 이론을 적용하였을 때 오목형 내부파들의 전파속도는 약 50 cm/s 정도이고, 주기는 16~18분 정도로 계산되었다. 강한 음향 산란층이 국지적으로 7 m 정도 상승된 지역의 해면에서 Dinoflagelates Cochlodinium에 의한 적조가 관찰되었다. 금강하구 외측 정박지점에서 한 시간간격으로 관측한 물성구조는 해륙풍과 조류에 따른 염분약층 깊이 변동을 보여 주었다. 창조류가 북동쪽으로 강하게 흐르고 육풍이 서쪽으로 7 m/s 이상 불었을 때에는 염분약층이 일시적으로 상승하였고, 음향구조 영상은 해면 하 약 5 m까지 복잡한 구조를 보였는데 포획과 관입 형태를 갖는 강하고 약한 산란신호의 기울어진 음향구조가 수 십초 간격으로 교대로 나타났다. 표면 혼합층에서의 이러한 음향구조는 황해 중동부 연안역에서는 처음으로 관측되었다. 음향 후방산란 영상과 탁도 자료는 창조류와 육풍에 의한 표층 취송류가 만드는 수직적인 유속차(shear)에 의해 맑은 하층수가 탁한 상층으로 관입 혹은 포획된 것임을 제시한다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.15-25
• /
• 2008

지각구조 연구에서 해저면 지진계(OBS)의 위치정보는 OBS-에어건 탄성파 탐사에 있어서 매우 중요한 변수들중의 하나이다. 이 변수의 정확도을 향상시키기 위해 우리는 이용 가능한 음향 트랜스폰더에 의한 거리 정보와 함께 에어건 발파 자료와 수심 자료를 이용하여 OBS 위치를 결정하는 새로운 방법을 개발하였다. 음향 트랜스폰더로 얻은 거리 자료가 3 지점 미만의 것일 때에는 에어건 발파에 의해 발생하여 OBS에 기록된 수중 직접파의 주시가 OBS 위치 결정에 매우 중요한 정보로 활용된다. 그 새로운 방법은 두 단계로 이루어져 있다. 첫 번째 단계에서는 광역 검색이 이루어지는데 이는 수심 격자상에서 에어건 발파로부터 나온 수중 직접파의 관측 주시와 트랜스폰더 시스템을 사용하여 얻은 음향 거리로 설명할 수 있는 가장 가까운 노드를 찾는 것이다. 만약 OBS가 위치한 해저면 지형이 매우 험하다면 정밀한 2D 수심 데이터의 사용이 가장 중요하다. 국부적으로 수렴하는 최소값에 빠지지 않기 위해 첫 번째 단계에서 얻은 노드의 위치는 두 번째 단계의 초기값으로 사용된다. 두 번째 단계에서는 비선형 역산법이 수행된다. 만일 OBS의 내부 시계가 큰 편차를 보인다면 이 방법을 사용한 최종 OBS 위치와 함께 내부 시계에 대한 보정 또한 이루어져야 한다. 우리는 여기에서 OBS 위치 결정에 사용한 각 측정값의 영향과 오차에 대해서도 토론하고자 한다.