• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.321-329
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• 2006

Albuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of albuterol sulfate was investigated in hairless mouse skin in vitro with and without pretreatment with enhancers. The enhancing effects of ethanol and various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, and fatty acids on the permeation of albuterol sulfate were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 33-fold compared with the control without enhancer pretrement, followed by d-limonene with enhancement ratio of 21.79. 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 5.5-fold compared with the control. Other pyrrolidones tested showed only slight permeability enhancing effect with enhancement ratio less than 2.8. Nonionic surfactants showed moderate enhancing effects. Lauric acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 30-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.85 to 0.64 hr. Oleic acid and linoleic acid showed enhancement ratio of 24.55 and 22.91, respectively. These findings would allow a more rational approach for designing formulations for the transdermal delivery of albuterol sulfate and similar drugs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.440-446
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• 1995

In order to select the proper formulation of newly developed herbicide Cyhalofop-butyl{n-butyl-(R)-2-[4-(2-fluro-4-cyanophenoxy)phenoxy]propionte} to Echino-chloacrus-galli(L)P. Beaw. several formulations were made and tested by biological assay. Weed control of wettable powder formulated with two adjuvants on E. crus-galli showed higher effect as compared with the formulation made without adjuvants. Higher concentration of adjuvants resulted in higher absorption and higher weed control on E. crus-galli. However, adhesional force of wettable powder applied to leaf surface was not positively correlated to the amount of herbicide absorption. The weeding effect and amount of herbicide absorbed on E. crus-galli were higher by emulsifiable concentrateformulations with different HLB and non ionic surfactants as compared with wettable powder formulations. The higher adhesional force and higher absorption of herbicide on E. crus-galli were obtained from microemulsion than the others. Granulization of the herbicide with appropriate adjuvants in a form of resurfacing on the submerged water gave rise to a good weeding effect and believed to be a possible promising formulation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.739-744
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• 2011

Activated carbon SCR(CSCR) catalyst that is used to remove $NO_x$ in exhaust gas including boron discharged from the production process of liquid crystal display(LCD) shows deactivation when boron is deposited to block the pores within the catalyst or to cover its active sites. The spent carbon catalyst is regenerated by washing with various surfactants, drying and calcination. For comparison of the physical and chemical properties before and after the regeneration with the variables, type of surfactants and calcination condition, element analysis by ICP, $N_{2}$ adsorption were conducted. $DeNO_{x}$ in SCR with $NH_3$ was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at $120^{\circ}C$. The activated carbon catalyst regenerated through washing with a non-ionic surfactant in $H_{2}O$ at $90^{\circ}C$ and calcination under $N_{2}$ gas at $550^{\circ}C$ shows similar level of surface area and $NO_x$ removal efficiency with those of fresh catalyst.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.502-508
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• 2005

Titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) contains three principal ingredients, asiaticoside (AS), asiatic acid (AA), and madecassic acid (MA). These components are known to be clinically effective on systemic scleroderma, abnormal scar formation, and keloids. However, one problem associated with administration of TECA is its low solubility in aqueous as well as oil medium. In this study, various nonionic surfactants and bile salts as anionic surfactant were tested and screened for solubilizing TECA with a view to developing topical hydrogel type of ointment which is stable physicochemically, and has better pharmacological effects. When TECA was incorporated into various nonionic surfactant systems, labrasol had the most potent capacity for solubilizing TECA. In cases of bile salt systems, Na-deoxycholate (Na-DOC) had foremost solubilizing capacity, even more than labrasol. In differential scanning calorimetric study, the peaks of AA, MA, AS and Na-DOC disappeared at the coprecipitate of $1\%$ TECA and $1\%$ Na-DOC, suggesting the optimum condition of Na-DOC for solubilizing TECA. When the physicochemical stability of hydrogel containing this mixture was assessed, it was stable at room temperature for at least one month. Pharmacologically it significantly decreased the size of wound area at the $9^{th}$ day when applied to the wound area of rat dorsal skin. Taken together, solubility of TECA was dramatically improved by using non ionic and anionic surfactant systems, and Na-DOC was found to be the most effective solubilizer of TECA in formulating a TECA-containing hydrogel typed ointment. Moreover this gel was considered to be applicable to clinical use for wound healing effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.726-734
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• 1989

To analyze the components of dense coat fractions associated with fat globule membrane, The membrane was treated with various concentrations of Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent, and the composition of lipids associated to the detergent insoluble material was analyzed. The amount of protein, phospholipid, cholesterol and ganglioside in milk fat globule membrane was reduced consistently with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Butyrophilin (band 12), xanthine oxidase (band 3) and band 16 as constituents of insoluble coat materials was revealed after electrophorisis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and sphingomyelin were identified as the major phospholipids of the coat materials without selective concentration relative to the original membranes. Percentages of total phospholipid were not changed by any of the treatments. Fatty acids of total lipid were myristate, palmitate, stearate (major saturated acids), oleate and linoleate (major unsaturated acids). Cholesterol contents on a protein basis were slightly reduced with increasing concentrations of Triton X-100. Cholesterol adhered to protein more tightly than other constituents The contents of gangliosides was proportionally refuted with increasing concentration of Triton X-100.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

We develop a ceramic composite separator prepared by coating $ZrO_2$ nanoparticles with a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) copolymer on a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mechanical support prepared by electrospinning technique to improve thermal properties. The gurley number of the ceramic composite separator shows much lower value than that of a PE separator even though it possesses the polymeric coating layer with ceramic nanoparticles. In addition, the proposed sample shows higher electrolyte uptake than PE separator, leading to enhancing the ionic conductivity of the proposed sample and, by extension, the rate discharge properties of lithium ion batteries. Thermal stability of the ceramic composite separator is dramatically improved without any degradation in electrochemical performance compared to the performance of conventional PE separators.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

The room-temperature electrodeposition of metallic lithium was investigated from ionic liquid, 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PP13TFSI) with lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a lithium source. Cyclic voltammograms on gold working electrode showed the possibility of the electrodeposition of metallic lithium, and the reduction current on a gold electrode was higher than the value on platinum and copper. The metallic lithium could be electrodeposited on the gold electrode under potentiostatic condition at -2.4 V (vs. Pt-QRE) and was confirmed by analytical techniques including XRD and SEM-EDS. The dendrite-typed electrodeposits were composed of a metallic lithium and a alloy with gold substrate. And any impurity could be detected except for trace oxygen introduced during handling for the analyses.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Dissolution characteristics of magnesite ore in hydrochloric acid solution and removal of impurity were investigated. The dissolution yield increased with increasing temperature and with decreasing particle size. The optimum conditions for dissolution were found to be reaction period of 120 min, reaction temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ and mean particle size of 100. Under optimal dissolution condition the extraction of Mg was 98%. It was found that most of Si and Al exist in the residue, and they can be removed by filtering. Dissolved impurity ions were precipitated as metal hydroxides by pH adjustment. Polymers were used as coagulants for metal hydroxides and the suitable coagulant dosage was 1mg/100ml of non-ionic polymer.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.12
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• pp.1724-1729
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• 2015

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) was not flooded seawater and flooded seawater & freshwater for 5 days, respectively, and these samples are referred to as BSF(before seawater flooding) and ASFF(after seawater & freshwater flooding), respectively. The apparent density, dissipation factor, relative permittivity, melting temperature, dielectric breakdown time and increased time of applied voltage are higher than those of BSF, but the insulating resistance, dielectric strength, percent elongation and glass transition temperature of ASFF are lower than those of BSF. The differential temperature of those is $0.026{\sim}0.028(^{\circ}C)$ after AC and DC voltage is applied to ASFF, respectively, and the differential temperature of those is $0.013{\sim}0.037(^{\circ}C)$ after AC and DC voltage is applied to BSF, respectively. In the case AC and DC voltage is applied to ASFF as well as BSF, the variations in temperature of AC voltage are higher than those of DC voltage. It is investigated that dielectric loss due to dissipation factor ($tan{\delta}$) is related to electric dipole conduction current. It is certain that the ionic (electron or hole) leakage current was increased by conducting ions such as $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $Mg^{2+}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$, those are related to cured atoms of O and S that relatively increased after seawater flooding.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 2011

Shilajit, a medicine herb commonly used in Ayurveda, has been reported to contain at least 85 minerals in ionic form that act on a variety of chemical, biological, and physical stressors. The substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) are involved in orofacial nociceptive processing. Shilajit has been reported to be an injury and muscular pain reliever but there have been few functional studies of the effect of Shilajit on the SG neurons of the Vc. Therefore, whole cell and gramicidin-perfotrated patch clamp studies were performed to examine the action mechanism of Shilajit on the SG neurons of Vc from mouse brainstem slices. In the whole cell patch clamp mode, Shilajit induced short-lived and repeatable inward currents under the condition of a high chloride pipette solution on all the SG neurons tested. The Shilajit-induced inward currents were concentration dependent and maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a voltage gated $Na^+$ channel blocker, CNQX, a non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, and AP5, an NMDA receptor antagonist. The Shilajit-induced responses were partially suppressed by picrotoxin, a $GABA_A$ receptor antagonist, and totally blocked in the presence of strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist, however not affected by mecamylamine hydrochloride (MCH), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Under the potassium gluconate pipette solution at holding potential 0 mV, Shilajit induced repeatable outward current. These results show that Shilajit has inhibitory effects on the SG neurons of Vc through chloride ion channels by activation of the glycine receptor and $GABA_A$ receptor, indicating that Shilajit contains sedating ingredients for the central nervous system. These results also suggest that Shilajit may be a potential target for modulating orofacial pain processing.