• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.1
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• pp.69-108
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• 1995

Listening comprehension can be defined as a process of an integrative, positive and creative activity through which listeners get the message of speakers' production using linguistic or non-linguistic redundancy as well as linguistic or non-linguistic knowledge. Compared with reading comprehension, it has many difficulties especially for foreigners. while it can be transferred to the other skills: speaking, reading, writing. With this said, listening comprehension can be taught effectively using the following teaching strategies. First. systematic and intensive instruction of segmental phonemes, suprasegmental phonemes and sound changes must be given to remove the difficulties of listening comprehension concerned with the identification of sounds. Second, vocabulary drill through various games and other activities is absolutely needed until words can be unconsciously recognized. Without this, comprehension is almost impossible. Third, instruction of sentence structures is thought to be essential considering grammar is supplementary to listening comprehension and reading comprehension for academic purpose. So grammar translation drills, mechanical drills, meaningful drills and communicative drills should be performed in succession with common or frequently used structures. Fourth, listening activities for overall comprehension should teach how to receive overall meaning of intended messages intact. Linguists and literatures have listed some specific activities as follows: Total Physical Response, dictation, role playing, singing songs, selective listening, picture recognition, list activities, completion, prediction, true or false choice, multiple choice, seeking of specific information, summarizing, problem-solving and decision-making, recognization of relationships between speakers, recognition of mood, attitude and behavior of speakers.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.850-853
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• 1994

Open lung biopsy was performed in thirty patients for the diagnosis and staging evaluation of interstitial lung disease during the period from January 1987 until December 1992. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 71 years [mean 48 years], and the patients consisted of 14 males and 16 females. Preoperative FEV1`s were from 0.80 liter to 3.88 liters [mean 1.66]. Other non-invasive diagnostic studies such as PCNA, bronchoalveolar lavage, TBLB, and gallium scan were also done in addition to X-ray and high-resolution chest CT. Tweaty-eight were correctly diagnosed and 2 cases were not [diagnostic yield rate 93.3%]. Among the 28 cases,pathologic diagnosis influenced further treatment regimens and prognostic expectations in 23 cases [82.1%]. The diagnostic non-invasive studies other than open lung biopsy yielded a correct diagnosis without staging only in 5 cases. There was no mortality and only one complication, ARDS ; however, the patient recovered after 5 days ventilator support. Open lung biopsy, which is the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging evaluation of interstitial lung disease can be done safely and has value in clinical decision making. Also knowledge of the involvement of the lesion is important for proper selection of the biopsy site.

• 한국항공운항학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.269-275
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• 2016

This paper considers the arrival, airport and departure capacity as a whole, through which, the network effect between airports is fully emphasized, the flight action is coordinated, and the flight demand pattern is reasonably assigned. The optimization problem of flight queues in multi-airport is studied in detail; the mathematical model of multi-airport opening non-real time flow management in terminal area is established, and related problems such as the parameters, the simplification and the solving of the model are discussed in detail to some extent. Appropriate decision making variables are taken to make the multi-airport network system linear 0-1 integer programming model, thus, the solving of the model is available and the central flow management is realized. The heuristic implicit enumeration presented in this paper can effectively solve this kind of problems. Through the simulation of some airports network system, we not only validate the algorithm presented in this paper, but also give a deep analysis of the results, which would produce reference for later practicable use. The simulation proves that this algorithm offers a good way to settle the problem of multi-airport flight queue optimization in air traffic management automation system in terminal area.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.135-165
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• 2009

The major purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the implementation performance of ERP Systems from an integrated viewpoint. For this purpose, a research model is developed based on the literature reviews of ERP systems, contingency theory, and change management theory. The research model proposed fifteen variables as the factors influencing the implementation performance in the ERP systems. The data have been collected from the 164 enterprises which implemented ERP systems at least one year ago. The respondents were person in charge of ERP system of each corporation. The results of hypothesis testing through multiple regression analysis are summarized as follows. Firstly, standardization of work, concentration of decision making, top management concern and support, real user participation, project support goodness, ease of use, and system usefulness have positive influence upon non-financial performance. Secondly, market uncertainty, industrial competition, project support goodness, and customization minimization have positive influence upon financial performance. From the analysis, this research have identified important characteristics for the successful implementation of ERP systems. Consequently, this research ends with managerial and theoretical implications of the study results, as well as limitations and future research directions.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4391-4394
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• 2016

Background: Platinum-based regimens are effective treatments for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the five-year survival rate is still less than 20%. One possible factor appears to be resistance involving polymorphisms in the CTR1 gene which plays an importance role in accumulation of platinum in the cytoplasm. Purpose: To establish both prevalence of CTR1 polymorphism and its impact on treatment related toxicity in Thai advanced NSCLC patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two advanced NSCLC participants received carboplatin and gemcitabine during January to June 2016 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH) were recruited for analysis of the CTR1 rs12686377 genotype. These participants were planning to be treated with platinum-based chemotherapy for at least two cycles. Results: Allele frequency of CTR1 polymorphism $G{\rightarrow}T$ was found to be 25%. The results showed that genetic polymorphism at CTR1 rs12686377 was associated with emesis side effects (P = 0.020) and neuropathic symptoms (P = 0.010). In addition, hematologic side effects in terms of anemia also tended to be related to this polymorphism. Conclusions: This is the first study suggesting that polymorphism at CTR1 rs12686377 may be associated with toxicity from platinum-based regimens. Therefore, it could be a factor to aid in treatment decision-making.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2004

In order to reduce flood damage, it is necessary to build up comprehensive flood control, including structural and non-structural countermeasures. In this paper, the decision making factors of individual refuge activities which are major non-structural activities to save peoples, lives against flood have been estimated based on questionnaire survey. Furthermore, in order to effective flood countermeasures, the refuge place and its distance are analyzed by questionnaire survey in the flooded area caused by typhoon RUSA and MEAMI. The refuge running time was assessed by its simulation. As a result of the simulation, it was found that the refuge running time is effected by refuge distance and the family numbers for refuge.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.441-446
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• 2007

HIV-1 coreceptor usage and phenotype mainly determined by V3 loop are associated with the disease progression of AIDS. Predicting HIV-1 coreceptor usage and phenotype facilitates the monitoring of R5-to-X4 switch and treatment decision-making. In this study, we employed random forest to predict HIV-1 biological phenotype, based on 37 random features of V3 loop. In comparison with PSSM method, our RF predictor obtained higher prediction accuracy (95.1% for coreceptor usage and 92.1% for phenotype), especially for non-B non-C HIV-l subtypes (96.6% for coreceptor usage and 95.3% for phenotype). The net charge, polarity of V3 loop and five V3 sites are seven most important features for predicting HIV-1 coreceptor usage or phenotype. Among these features, V3 polarity and four V3 sites (22, 12, 18 and 13) are first reported to have high contribution to HIV-1 biological phenotype prediction.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.665-691
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• 2011

The implementation of an place-based rural policy requires changes in the intra-governmental relations and between the public and private sectors and civil society. Over the past decades, Japan has been increasingly devolving and decentralizing public responsibilities and resources to sub-national government levels. There is assumption that such transfers produce more efficiency in terms of public management and create better conditions for economic development. At the same time, these transfer respond to new expectations of citizens and civil society to participate more closely in the democratic decision-making process. Coordination is also needed at the local level to integrate sectoral approaches, to involve private partners and to achieve the appropriate geographic scale. Local public and private actors join a partnership and pool knowledge and resources. This type of local partnership is characterized by the participation of different actors, including municipalities, sub-regional government institution and development agencies. The participation of private actors(private firms, cooperatives, associations, non-profit organizations, farm organizations, other categories organizations, etc,) is also important.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.319-344
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• 2020

Inverse analysis of non-linear reinforced concrete bridge pier using recursive Gaussian filtering for in-situ condition assessment is the main theme of this work. For this purpose, minimum variance unbiased estimation using unscented sigma points is adopted here. The uniqueness of this inverse analysis lies in its approach for strain based updating of engineering demand parameters, where appropriate bound and constrained conditions are introduced to ensure numerical stability and convergence. In this analysis, seismic input is also identified, which is an added advantage for the structures having no dedicated sensors for earthquake measurement. First, the proposed strategy is tested with a simulated example whose hysteretic properties are obtained from the slow-cyclic test of a frame to investigate its efficiency and accuracy. Finally, the experimental test data of a full-scale bridge pier is used to study its in-situ condition in terms of Park & Ang damage index. Overall the study shows the ability of the augmented minimum variance unbiased estimation based recursive time-marching algorithm for non-linear system identification with the aim to estimate the engineering damage parameters that are the fundamental information necessary for any future decision making for retrofitting/rehabilitation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.505-521
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• 2021

This study analyzed the effects of consumer confusion on shopping fatigue and negative purchasing behaviors in an internet shopping environment. Further, the effects of shopping fatigue on negative purchasing behaviors were analyzed. The survey was conducted among consumers in their 20s and 40s in the Seoul metropolitan area who had experience of purchasing fashion products through internet shopping. A total of 392 questionnaire were analysis, with frequency, reliability, factor, correlation, and regression analysis completed using the SPSS statistics program. The results of the study showed that consumer confusion and shopping fatigue in internet shopping environment affected negative purchasing behaviors. First, consumer confusion comprised overload confusion, similarity confusion, and ambiguity confusion. It was found that overload confusion and similarity confusion significantly affected shopping fatigue. Second, shopping fatigue significantly affected negative purchasing behaviors, and an increased level of shopping fatigue result in, increased purchase delay and non-purchase behavior. Third, consumer confusion (overload confusion, similarity confusion, ambiguity confusion) significantly affected purchase delay behavior, while similarity confusion and ambiguity confusion significantly affected non-purchasing behavior. These results will provide useful data for e-CRM and marketing directions of internet companies and will contribute to rational decision-making of internet consumers and improve the quality of consumer life.