• The Korean Journal of Rheology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 1999

In order to measure yield stress of PIM feedstocks simply and effectively, a yield stress measuring technique was developed by a vane method. The vane method had an advantage that there was no wall-slip, while it had a drawback that it could not measure viscosity change at various shear rates. A Newtonian fluid was tested for the appropriateness of the measuring technique. The end effect of a vane was checked to produce an acceptable error. The torque peak has been considered to be developed at yielding of non-Newtonian fluids with yield stress. However, it was influenced very much by control system of the instrument so that the torque value at the stable region was taken to calculate yield stress. Torque at zero rotational speed was obtained by extrapolating the torque values at various speeds to remove the effect of the rotational drag. As general verification, yield stress of feedstocks made of Tungsten carbide powder with wax-based binder was measured at different temperatures and various powder concentrations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1465-1477
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• 1993

Powder Injection Molding(PM) is an advanced and complicated technology for manufacturing ceramic or metal products making use of a conventional injection molding process, which is generally used for plastic products. Among many technologies involved in the successful PIM, injection molding process is one of the key steps to form a desired shape out of powder/binder mixtures. Thus, it is of great importance to have a numerical tool to predict the powder injection molding filling process. In this regard, a finite element analysis system has been developed for numerical simulations of filling process of powder injection molding. Powder/polymer mixtures during the filling pro cess of injection molding can be rheologically characterized as Non-Newtonian fluids with a so called yield phenomena and have a peculiar feature of apparent slip phenomena on the wall boundaries surrounding mold cavity. Therefore, in the present study, a physical modeling of the filling process of powder/polymer mixtures was developed to take into account both the yield stress and slip phenomena and a finite element formulation was developed accordingly. The numerical analysis scheme for filling simulation is accomplished by combining a finite element method with control volume technique to simulate the movement of flow front and a finite difference method to calculate the temperature distribution. The present study presents the modeling, numerical scheme and some numerical analysis results showing the effect of the yield stress and slip phenomena.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 1990

The drag and heat transfer reduction phenomena and degradation effects of drag reducing polymer solutions which are known as the viscoelastic fluids are investigated experimentally for the turbulent circular tube flows. Two stainless steel tubes are used for the experimental flow loops. Aqueous solutions of Polyacrylamide Separan AP-273 with concentrations from 300 to 1000 wppm are used as working fluids. Flow loops are set up to measure the friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of test tubes in the once-through system and the recirculating flow system. Test tubes are heated by power supply directly to apply constant heat flux boundary conditions on the wall. Capillary tube viscometer and falling ball viscometer are used to measure the viscous characteristics of fluids and the characteristic relaxation time of a fluid is determined by the Powell-Eyring model. The order of magnidude of the thermal entrance length of a drag reducing polymer solution is close to the order of magnitude of the laminar entrance length of Newtonian fluids. Dimensionless heat transfer coefficients of the viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids may be represented as a function of flow behavior index n and newly defined viscoelastic Graetz number. As degradation continues viscosity and the characteristic relaxation time of the testing fluids decrease and heat transfer coefficients increase. The characteristic relaxation time is used to define the Weissenberg number and variations of friction factors and heat transfer coefficients due to degradation are presented in terms of the Weissenberg number.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1032-1043
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• 1989

The heat transfer characteristics of the drag reducing polymer solutions are investigated experimentally in the thermal entrance region of circular tube flows. Fluids used in experiments are the aqueous solutions of high molecular polymer, polyacrylamide Separan AP-273 and the range of polymer concentrations is from 20 to 1000 wppm. Two stainless steel tubes with inside diameter 8.5mm(L/D=712) and 10.3mm(L/D=1160) are used for the heat transfer flow loops. The flow loop is set up to measure friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of test sections in two different modes; the recirculating flow system and once-through flow system. The test tubes are heated directly by electricity to apply the constant heat flux boundary conditions to the wall. Three different types of adaptors are used to observe the effects of the upstream flow conditions of the heat transfer test sections. The viscosity and characteristic relaxation time of the test fluids circulating in the flow system are measured by the capillary tube viscometer and falling ball viscometer at regular time intervals. The installed adaptors exhibit slight effect on the entrance heat transfer of Newtonian fluid. However, no noticeable effects are observed for the entrance heat transfer of the drag reducing fluids. The order of magnitude of the thermal entrance lengths of the drag reducing fluids which follow the minimum friction asymptote is much longer than that of Newtonian fluids in turbulent flows. A new dimensionless parameter, the viscoelastic Graetz number, is defined and all the experimental data are recasted in terms of the viscoelastic Graetz number. The local Nusselt number of the viscoelastic fluids is represented as a function of flow behavior index n and the viscoelastic Graetz number. As degradation continues the viscosity and the characteristic relaxation time of the testing fluids decrease. Weissenberg number defined by the relaxation time and D/V appears to be a proper dimensionless parameter in describing degradation effects on heat transfer of the viscoelastic fluids.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.237-242
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• 2009

In the pyroprocessing of spent nuclear fuels, fuel materials are recovered by electrochemical reactions on the surface of electrodes as well as stirring the electrolyte in electrolytic cells such as electrorefiner, electroreducer and electrowinner. The system with this equipment should first be scaled-up in order to commercialize the pyroprocessing. So in this study, the scale-up for those electrolytic cells was studied to design a large-scale system which can be employed in a commercial process in the future. Basically the dimensions of both electrolytic cells and electrodes should be enlarged on the basis of the geometrical similarity. Then the criterion of constant power input per unit volume, characterizing the fluid behavior in the cells, was introduced in this study and a calculation process based on trial-and-error methode was derived, which makes it possible to seek a proper speed of agitation in the electrolytic cells. Consequently examples of scale-up for an arbitrary small scale system were shown when the criterion of constant power input per unit volume and another criterion of constant impeller tip speed were respectively applied.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06e
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

This experimental study concerns the characteristics of a transitional flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ratio of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one rotating. The pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients have been measured for the fully developed flow of a 0.2 % aqueous solution of sodium carbomethyl cellulose (CMC) at a inner cylinder rotational speed of $0{\sim}600$ rpm. The transitional flow has been examined by the measurement of pressure losses, to reveal the relation of the Reynolds numbers with the skin-friction coefficients, in the laminar and transitional flow regimes. The occurrence of transition has been checked by the gradient change of pressure losses and skin-friction coefficient with respect to the Reynolds numbers. The increasing rate of skin-friction coefficient due to the rotation is uniform for laminar flow regime, whereas it is suddenly reduced for transitional flow regime and, then, it is gradually declined for turbulent flow regime. Consequently, the critical(axial-flow) Reynolds number decrease as the rotational speed increases. Thus, the rotation of inner cylinder promotes the early occurrence of transition due to the onset of taylor vortices.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to materialize the viscosity sensor by using the SH-SAW sensor of which the center frequency is operated at higher than 50 MHz. In order to measure the viscosity, SAW sensor of which the center frequency is operated at 100 MHz is developed. By using the developed sensor, phase shift, delay time, insertion loss, and frequency variation are measured at different viscosity. The result shows that the phase shift difference between the viscosity variations is such that the difference between the distilled water and the 100 % glycerol solution is approximately $45^{\circ}$, the change of the insertion loss is approximately 9 dB, and the difference of frequency variation is approximately 5.9 MHz. Therefore, it is shown that viscosity of unknown solution can be measured with the surface acoustic wave sensor.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.2095-2100
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• 2003

This Experimental study concerns the characteristics of vortex flow in a concentric annulus with a diameter ration of 0.52, whose outer cylinder is stationary and inner one is rotating. Pressure losses and skin-friction coefficients have been measured for fully developed flow of bentonite-water solution(5%) when the inner cylinder rotates at the speed $0{\sim}400rpm$. The results of present study reveal the relation of the bulk flow Reynolds number Re and Rossby number $R_o$ With respect to the skin friction coefficients. The effect of rotation on the skin friction coefficient is significantly dependent on the flow regime. In all flow regime, the skin friction coefficient is increased by the inner cylinder rotation. The critical (bulk flow) Reynolds number $Re_c$ decreases as the rotational speed increases. Thus, the rotation of the inner cylinder promotes the onset of transition due to the excitation of Taylor vortices.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 1995

For the screening of a new functional exopolysaccharide, sugar composition and rheological properties of exopolysaccharide produced from Xanthomonas sp. EPS-1 were investigated. The average molecular weight of exopolysaccharide was determined to be approximately 2.l $\times$ 10$^{6}$ dalton. The new exopolysaccharide EPS-1 was composed of mannose, glucose, galactose and gluco- samine. IR analysis showed that the exopolysaccharide EPS-1 was assumed to be polymer with carbohydrates. NMR analysis showed that exopolysaccharide EPS-1 was presumed to be 4 units of sugar and trace of CH$_{3}$ group. Exopolysaccharide EPS-1 solution showed a characteristic of non-Newtonian fluid properties. At the concentration of 1.0%, the consistency index and the flow behavior index were shown at 10.8352 poise-sec and 0.4419, respectively. All dispersions were pseudoplastic fluids described accurately by Power-law model. Exopolysaccharide EPS-1 was highly viscous at low concentration, with good stability over a wide range of pH 5 to 13. The excellent compatibility of exopolysaccharide EPS-1 was represented with salts such as sodium chloride.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.747-752
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• 2003

Many clinical studies have suggested that the blood flow in ideal geometry is involved in the development of atherosclerosis. This study simulated blood flow in the abdominal artery with real geometry to investigate MWSS(mean wall shear stress), AWSS(amplitude of wall shear stress) and OSI(oscillator shear index). The calculation grid for the real geometry was constructed by extracting the surface of arterial wall from CT(Computed Tomography) or MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) sheets called as DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicines). The calculated MWSS, AWSS and OSI are much different from those of ideal geometry calculation. The MWSS increased while the AWSS decreased. Many shear forces are related to shapes of gradient. This paper will give clinical datum where the MWSS, AWSS and OSI are strong or weak. The hemodynamic analysis based on real geometry can provide surgeons with more reliable information about the effect of blood flow.