• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2012

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract were examined in ICR mice. $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 ${\mu}g$) was diminished by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of $Agrimonia$ $pilosa$ $Ledeb$ extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.11-23
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• 2003

Objective: In this study, the analgesic effect of gold injection aqua-acupuncture on CFA induced arthritis in rats was inverstigated. Furthermore, to determine the antinociceptive mechanism of gold injection aqua-acupuncture, naloxone and yohimbine were administrated intraperitoneally 15min prior to the gold injection aqua-acupuncture. Methods: The experimental groups were divided into 6 groups. Control group, NSI, AMI, AMI+SL : AMI+Nx, AMI+Yb. Thereafter we measured the chages of TFL between control and experimental groups. Results: 1. The tail flick latency induced by CFA was significantly increased on AMI as compared with the NSI group. 2. Effect of sodium aurothiomalate aqua-acupuncture in TFL on CFA was decreased after application of naloxone. The anti-nociceptive effect of AMI was completely antagonized by naloxone(an opioid receptor antagonist). 3. Effect of sodium aurothiomalate aqua-acupuncture in TFL on CFA was decreased after application of yohimbine. The anti-nociceptive effect of AMI was completely antagonized by yohimbine(${\alpha}2$-adrenoceptor antagonist). Conclusions: According to the results, gold injection aqua-acupuncture has significant analgesic effects on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats and the effect of anti-nociception was mediated by opiodergic system and ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 2003

연구 배경 및 목적 : 봉독은 항염증 등의 효과를 가지고 있다고 알려져 있지만 세포 증식과 관련된 봉독의 효과에 대한 고찰을 위해 본 연구(硏究)에서는, 봉독(蜂毒) 약침(藥鍼) 자극(刺戟)이 아세트산 유발(誘發) 통각(痛覺) 과민증(過敏症)을 가진 쥐의 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 세포(細胞) 증식(增植)과 COX2 발현(發現)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 실험방법 : 대조군, 아세트산 처치군, 아세트산 0.1mg/kg 봉독 처치군, 아세트산 1mg/kg 봉독처치군(n=5 in each group)의 네 군으로 나누고 해당 군에 일벌 봉독(蜂毒)(Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA)을 양측 족삼리 경혈(ST36)에 주입시키고 30분 후 아세트산(100% acetic acid 1% 용액의 0.5ml)을 복강내로 주입하여 복부 긴장 회수를 세었으며, BrdU 양성, COX 2 양성 세포수를 면역 화학 조직법을 수행하여 세어 보았다. 결과 : 아세트산 처치군에서는 대조군에 비해 5 bromo 2' deoxyuridine 양성 세포의 수는 감소(減少)되며, 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 COX 2의 발현(發現)은 증강(增强)되는 것으로 보여졌다. 봉독(蜂毒) 주입(注入)은 아세트산 유발(誘發) 복부(腹部) 긴장(緊張) 횟수와 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 COX2 발현(發現)을 억제(抑制)하여, 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 세포(細胞) 증식(增植)을 증가(增加)시켰다. 결론 : 이번 결과(結果)에서 보면, 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 COX 2의 발현(發現)은 세포(細胞) 증식(增植) 억제(抑制)와 관련(關聯)되며 봉독(蜂毒)은 COX 2 발현(發現) 억제(抑制)를 통해 치상회(齒狀回)에서의 새로운 세포(細胞) 형성(形成)을 증가(增加)시킨다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.97-103
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• 2008

The present study investigated the role of peripheral group I, II, and III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in mustard oil (MO)-induced nociceptive response in the masseter muscles of lightly anesthetized rats. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 gm. After initial anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.), one femoral vein was cannulated and connected to an infusion pump for intravenous infusion of sodium pentobarbital. The rate of infusion was adjusted to provide a constant level of anesthesia. MO (30 ${\mu}L$) was injected into the mid-region of the left masseter muscle via a 30-gauge needle over 10 seconds. After 30 mL injection of 5, 10, 15, or 20% MO into the masseter muscle, total number of hindpaw-shaking behavior was monitored. Intramuscular administration of MO significantly produced hindpawshaking behavior in a dose-dependent manner, as compared with the vehicle (mineral oil)-treated group. Intramuscular pretreatment with 10 or 100 ng DHPG, a group I mGluRs agonist, enhanced MO-induced hindpaw-shaking behavior, while APDC (20 or 200 ${\mu}g$), a group II mGluRs agonist, or L-AP4 (2 ${\mu}g$), a group III mGluRs agonist, significantly reduced MO-induced nociceptive behavior. The antinociception, produced by group II or III mGluRs agonists, was abolished by pretreatment with LY341495, a group II mGluRs antagonist, or CPPG, a group III mGluRs antagonist, res-pectively. Based on these observations, peripheral mGluRs differentially modulated MO-induced nociceptive behavior response in the craniofacial muscle pain and peripheral group II and III mGluRs agonists could be used in treatment of craniofacial muscle nociception.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2002

Neurosensory dysfunction of the injured inferior alveolarnerve(IAN) is a common and distrssing consequence of traumatic or iatrogenic injury. Conventional neurosensory testing has been used to detect and monitor sensory impairments of the injured IAN. However, these tests had low reliability and are not qualitative at best because they are based on solely on the patient's subjective assesment of symptoms. Consequently, there is need for more reliable, sensitive, and objective test measures to document and to monitor sensory dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve. This study was to investigate DITI's (digital infrared thermographic imaging) potential as a diagnostic alternative for evaluating of the nerve injures and sensory disturbance. Subjects were 30 patients who had been referred to Ewha Medical Center due to sensory disturbance of the lower lip and chin followed after unobserved inferior alveolar nerve injuries. The patients were examined by clinical neurosensory tests as SLTD (static light touch discrimination), MDD (moving direction discrimination), PPN (pin prick nociception) and DITI (digital infrared thermographic imaging). The correlation between clinical sensory dysfunction scores(Sum of SLTD, MDD, PPN, NP, Tinel sign) and DITI were tested by Spearman nonparametric rank correlation anaylsis & Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon 2-sample test. This study resulted in as follows; (1) The difference of thermal difference between normal side and affected side was as ${\Delta}-3.2{\pm}0.13$. (2) The DITI differences of the subjects presenting dysesthesia of the lip and chin were correlated significantly with the neurosensory dysfunction scores(r=0.419, p=0.021)and SLTD (r=0.429, p<0.05). (3) The MDD, PPN, NP, Tinel sign, duration, gender were not correlated with DITI(p> 0.05). Therefore, the DITI(digital infrared thermographic imaging) can be an option of the useful objective diagnostic methods to evaluate the injured inferior alveolar nerve and sensory dysfunction of trigerminal nerve.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2013

Recent studies indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as modulators of neuronal activity, and are critically involved in persistent pain primarily through spinal mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of NaOCl, a ROS donor, on neuronal excitability and the intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) in spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons. In current clamp conditions, the application of NaOCl caused a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-buthylnitrone (PBN), a ROS scavenger. The NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked however by pretreatment with dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl-reducing agent. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was used to confirm whether NaOCl increases the intracellular ROS level. ROS-induced fluorescence intensity was found to be increased during perfusion of NaOCl after the loading of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate ($H_2DCF$-DA). NaOCl-induced depolarization was not blocked by pretreatment with external $Ca^{2+}$ free solution or by the addition of nifedifine. However, when slices were pretreated with the $Ca^{2+}$ ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, NaOCl failed to induce membrane depolarization. In a calcium imaging technique using the $Ca^{2+}$-sensitive fluorescence dye fura-2, the $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was found to be increased by NaOCl. These results indicate that NaOCl activates the excitability of SG neurons via the modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration, and suggest that ROS induces nociception through a central sensitization.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 2001

Sensory dysfunction following the injury of the inferior alveolar nerve requires objective examination to get a reproducible data and to provide necessary treatment. This study was designed to evaluate if the SEP(somatosensory evoked potentials) of the mental nerve can be used as an objective method for the diagnosis of nerve injury and sensory disturbances. The subjects were nineteen patients ($37.4{\pm}11.3$ years old) who had been suffered from sensory disturbance of the unilateral lower lip and mental region for over 6 months after the inferior alveolar nerve injuries confirmed by the microsurgical explorations. The clinical neurosensory tests as SLTD(static light touch discrimination), MDD(moving direction discrimination), 2PD(two point discrimination), PPN(pin prick nociception) and accompanied pain were preceded to electro-physiologic examinations as SEP. The score of sensory dysfunction (sum score of all sensory tests) ranged from 0 to 8 were compared to the latency differences of the mental nerve SEPs. The correlation between clinical sensory scores and SEPs were tested by Spearman nonparametric rank correlation analysis, the differences in SEP latency by Kruskal-Wallis test and the latency differences according to PPN and accompanied pain by Mann-Whitney U test. This study resulted that the difference of the latencies between normal side and affected side was $2.22{\pm}2.46$ msec and correlated significantly with the neurosensory dysfunction scores (p=0.0001). Conclusively, the somatosensory evoked potentials of the mental nerve can be a useful diagnostic method to evaluate the inferior alveolar nerve injuries and the change of sensory dysfunction to be reproduced as an objective assessment.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.285-289
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract were examined in ICR mice. The $Campanula$ $punctata$ contain a large dose of saponin. $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P ($0.7{\mu}g$) was diminished by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of $Campanula$ $punctata$ extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.715-723
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• 1999

Bee venom (BV) has been traditionally applied to relieve pain and to cure inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neuritis. While several investigators have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of BV treatment, the anti-nociceptive effect of BV treatment on inflammatory pain is not reported. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the analgesic effect of BV treatment using Freund's adjuvant induced chronic arthritis model. Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis has been used as an experimental animal model for RA in humans to assess the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs. In this study, subcutaneous BV treatment (1mg/kg/day) produced significantly reductions of symptoms related to arthritic pain (i.e. mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). The anti-nociceptive effect of BV was observed from at least 12 days after BV treatment. Furthermore, BV treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in lumbar spinal cord. We also found that local injection of BV into near the inflammatory site (especially Zusanli-acupoint) showed more potent analgesic effect on arthritic pain rather than distant injection of BV from inflammatory site (arbitrary side of back). The present study demonstrates that BV treatment has anti-nociceptive effect on arthritis induced inflammatory pain. The analgesic effect of BV on RA is probably mediated by the effect of BV itself or possible other mechanism such as counter-irritation. Furthermore, it is possible that BV acupuncture is one of the promising candidates for long-term therapy of RA.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.187-190
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• 2015

An 18-month-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat, weighing 4.1 kg, was presented as an emergency case after it suffered a gunshot injury. Physical examination of the cat revealed paraplegia, with loss of deep nociception. A bullet (diameter, 3 mm) lodged in the left epaxial muscle at the level of the first lumbar (L1) was observed on radiographic examination, and a hyperattenuating spot in the spinal canal was confirmed using computed tomography. Exploratory laminectomy was performed, and an incomplete fracture of the right caudal articular process of L1 and a necrotizing spinal cord lesion were found. The animal was euthanized and necropsy was performed, which revealed a crack on the left pedicle of L1. This case report presents the first detailed clinical description of a gunshot injury to the spinal cord in a cat.