• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.918-924
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• 2020

This study investigated diurnal fasting and postprandial total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion rates in juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus (rock bream; mean body weight 45.8±1.1 g) at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25℃) in a recirculating system (three replicates). The fish were hand-fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00 h) with commercial food (46.7% protein) until satiation. The results showed that the fasting and postprandial TAN excretion rates were temperature-dependent. The mean hourly rates were 7.7 (15℃), 10.2 (20℃), and 11.9 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for fasting and 34.0 (15℃), 47.8 (20℃), and 60.2 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for postprandial. At each temperature, two postprandial TAN excretion peaks were observed 2-4 h after feeding; the second peak was always higher. The TAN loss to nitrogen consumption ratio was 41.1-46.8 % and increased significantly with increasing temperature. Temperature affected fasting and postprandial TAN excretion in juvenile rock bream, providing insight for culture management.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 1992

Five buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) showed no significant changes in the heart rate, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, plasma constituents and renal hemodymics during intravenous infusion of urea for 4 h. The rate of urine flow, fractional urea excretion, urinary potassium excretion and osmolar clearance significantly decreased while the renal urea reabsorption markedly increased during urea infusion. The decrease of fractional potassium excretion was concomitant with the reduction of the rate of urine flow and urine pH. In animals exposed to heat ($40^{\circ}C$) the rectal temperature heart rate and respiratory rate significantly increased while no significant changes in GFR and ERPF were observed. An intravenous infusion of urea in heat exposed animals caused the reduction of the rate of urine flow with no changes in renal urea reabsorption, urine pH and fractional electrolyte excretions. During heat exposure, there were marked increases in concentrations of total plasma protein and plasma creatinine whereas plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration significantly decreased. It is concluded that an increase in renal urea reabsorption during urea infusion in buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature depends on the rate of urine flow which affect by an osmotic diuretic effect of electrolytes. The limitation of renal urea reabsorption in heat stressed animals would be attributed to an increases in either plasma pool size of nitrogenous substance or body metabolism.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

Waste products were biologically estimated from juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on three diet types-raw fish-based moist pellets, moist pellets, and extruded pellets. Total solid and soluble wastes were estimated by determining nutrient digestibility and accumulation in juvenile flounders through growth trials. Total solid wastes produced were 20%-23% of the organic matter supplied. Soluble excretions ranged from 45% to 49%. Soluble nitrogenous excretions ranged from 36.4% to 46.2%. These results indicate that about 30.2%-35.9% of supplied feed is retained in the fishes' bodies while the remainder of feed is excreted into culture systems or the surrounding environment.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 1989

해양에서의 식물플랑크톤에 의한 기초생산력과 질소계 영양염의 동적관계를 규명하기 위해 동해 남부해역에서 식물플랑크톤에 의한 일차 생산력 및 동물플랑크톤의 영양염 재생산율 등을 측정하였다. 본 해역은 수직적으로 수심 20-60m 사이에서 수온약층 및 영양염약층이 잘 발달되어 있었다. 표층 총 엽록소 양은 $1.22-3.24{\mu}g$ Chl/l의 범위를 보이며 미세 플랑크톤의 엽록소는 43.2-99.6%에 이르렀다. 식물플랑크톤에 의한 기초생산력은 0.75-2.04gC/$m^2$/d 의 범위를 보이며 평균 1.5gC/$m^2$/d 를 보였다. 북한 한류계 수와 동한 난류계 수가 접하는 경계해역에 형성되는 전선수역에서는 기초생산력과 엽록소의 양이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 진광대에서 질산염의 turnover time은 0.2-1.6일의 범위를 보였고, 평균 0.8일 이었다. 본 연구해역의 N : P ratio 는 해역 전체 평균 13.4로서 질소계 영양염이 식물플랑크톤 생장의 제한요인임을 시사한다. 본 연구해역에서의 질소계 영양염과 식물플랑크톤의 단위 시간당 질소요구량을 규명하기 위해 측정한 동물플랑크톤의 암모니아 분비에 의한 영양염 재생산은 평균 1.3mg at-N/$m^2$/d로서 식물플랑크톤의 일일 질소요구량 중 7.3%를 공급하고 있으며 질산염의 수직확산에 의해 수온약층 하부로부터 공급되는 영양염은 평균 1.2mg at-N/$m^2$/d로서 식물플랑크톤의 일일 질소요구량 중 약 7%를 공급하고 있음이 규명되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

The effect of supplemented high protein diet intake on renal urea regulation in swamp buffalo was carried out in the present experiment Five swamp buffalo heifers weighing between 208-284 kg were used for this study. The animals were fed with a supplementary high protein diet and renal function and kinetic parameters for urea excretion were measured. This was compared to a control period where the same animals had been fed only with paragrass and water hyacinth. For 2 months the same animals were fed a mixed of paragrass, water hyacinth plus 2 kgs of a high protein supplement (protein 18.2% DM basis) per head per day. In comparison to the control period, there were no differences in the rate of urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), plasma urea concentration and filtered urea. In animals supplemented with high protein intake mean values of urea clearance, excretion rate and the urea urine/plasma concentration ratio markedly increased (p < 0.05) while renal urea reabsorption significantly decreased from 40% to 26% of the quantity filtered. In this same study group urea space distribution and urea pool size increased which coincided with an increase in plasma volume (p < 0.05). Plasma protein decreased while plasma osmolarity increased (p < 0.05). Both urea turnover rate and biological half-life of $^{14}C$-urea were not affected by a supplementary high protein intake. The results suggest that animals supplemented with high protein diets are in a state of dynamic equilibrium of urea which is well balanced between urea excreted into the urine and the amount synthesized. The limitation for renal tubular urea reabsorption would be a change in extra-renal factors with an elevation of the total pool size of nitrogenous substance.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.293-296
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• 1979

굴(Crassostrea gigas)의 질소배설과 산소소비에 미치는 수온 및 염분의 상호영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 굴은 수온과 염분변화에 따라 질소배설율과 배설암모니아 및 아미노산간의 배설비에 현저한 변동을 보였으며 산소소비량에도 역시 많은 변동을 보였다. 2. 질소배설율과 산소소비율은 염분이 증가함에 따라 특히 고염분일 때 고수온$(29^{\circ}C)$의 경우에 현저히 감소하였으나 저온분에서는 상당히 증가하였다. 이것은 생리적 내성의 고온단계와 저염분에 대한 포상작용에 기인한 결과라고 생가된다. 3. 암모니아를 주로 배설하였으나 상당한 량의 아미노-질소도 배설하였으며, 특히 상염분-온난온도대$(32.5\%_{\circ}-22^{\circ}C$에서는 아미노산의 배설량이 우세하였다. 그리고 어느 실험온도에서나 고염분에서 아미노-질소의 배설량은 감소하였고 저염분에서는 증가하였다. 4. 배설암모니아-질소에 대한 소비산소의 원자비 (O: N비)는 저온$(15^{\circ}C)$에서는 현저히 낮고 상온 및 고온($22^{\circ}$ 및 $29^{\circ}C$)에서는 높았다. 그러나 저온분의 경우 고온에서는 현저히 감소되었다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.395-407
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• 1996

사료 단백질원으로써 대두박의 생물학적 이용성을 평가하기 위하여 무지개송어를 160일 동안 사육하면서 사육 후 60일 및 120일째에는 대두박 사료의 소화율, 암모니아의 배설 경향 및 어체의 성분 분석을 실시하였다. 실험 사료로는 단백질원으로 어분을 $64.5\%$ 사용한 대조구 및 상품 탈지 대두박을 $10\~70\%$까지 등간격으로 늘린 사료를 사용하였으며, 비교를 위하여 상품용 무지개송어 사료를 사용하였다. 실험 사료의 단백질 및 지질 소화율은 대두박 함량이 많을수록 단백질 소화율은 증가하였지만, 지질 소화율은 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 무지개송어의 전어체 및 조직(간 및 근육)의 일반 성분에서 대두박 함량이 많은 공급구일수록 지질 함량이 적었으나 전어체의 아미노산 및 지방산 조성에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 그리고 단백질의 최종 대사산물인 암모니아($NH_3-N$)의 배설량을 섭이 후 24시간 동안 조사하였더니, 배설은 주로 후반 12시간에 많아 총 배설량의 2/3 이상이나 되었고, 24시간의 총 배설량은 대두박 함량이 많을수록 증가하여 대두박함량 $70\%$ 공급구가 $466.8\;mg{\cdot}kg\;body\;wt.^{-1}day^{\-1}$으로 대조구의 $115\%$ 수준이었다. 이상과 같이 대두박 함량이 많은 사료는 단백질의 소화 흡수에 문제가 있는 것이 아니고 그보다는 에너지원 중에서 지질의 이용성이 크게 떨어지는 듯 하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.479-482
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• 2005

The nutritional worth of Sarson Saag Waste (SSW), a cannery waste, was assessed in comparison with conventional complete diet as a total mixed ration (TMR), and a conventional green fodder, Avena sativa. Each diet was offered ad libitum, supplemented with mineral mixture and common salt, to 4 male murrah buffaloes. The control TMR was made iso-nitrogenous to SSW. Simultaneously, each diet was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes for assessing the biochemical changes in the rumen. The nutrient digestibility of unconventional SSW was comparable to that of conventional green fodder-A. sativa but significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control TMR. The tri-chloro acetic acid (TCA) precipitable-N in the strained rumen liquor of animals fed SSW was considerably higher than that of animals fed A.sativa. The urinary excretion of total purine derivatives was comparable in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder but significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed conventional control TMR. The significantly (p<0.05) lower purine nitrogen index (PNI) in animals fed control TMR resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower microbial protein synthesis than that in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder. The N-excretion as per cent of nitrogen intake was significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals fed SSW as compared to either of the conventional feeds tested, resulting in significantly (p<0.05) higher Nretention and apparent biological value. SSW supplemented with mineral mixture could serve as an excellent source of nutrients for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.527-532
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• 2019

Objective: Phosphorous (P) sources with greater bioavailability might increase animal production efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The objective of current study was to determine animal performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and fecal P concentration in finishing lambs fed a diet with either di-calcium phosphate (DCP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P source. Methods: Twelve 4-month-old male lambs (initial body weight $24.87{\pm}3.4kg$) were randomly allocated to a diet with either DCP or DAP (~261 g/kg of total diet P) fed ad libitum for 93 days. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic and had same calcium (Ca) and P concentrations. Results: The DAP contained 19.7 g/kg of dry matter (DM) Ca, 185.4 g/kg DM P and 14,623 ppm fluorine, while DCP contained 230.3 g/kg DM Ca, 195.2 g/kg DM P and 1,039 ppm fluorine. The diet with DAP contained 60 ppm fluorine while the diet with DCP contained 13 ppm fluorine. Lambs fed the diet with DAP tended to have a greater daily DM intake compared to those fed diet with DCP (p = 0.09). Lambs fed DAP had greater plasma P concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity ($p{\leq}0.01$) compared with lambs fed DCP. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were similar between two treatments at days 60 and 90, while they were greater in lambs fed DCP (p<0.05) at day 30 of the trial. Feeding DAP increased P digestibility (58.7% vs 50.2%; p<0.05) and decreased fecal P concentration in lambs compared with feeding DCP (3.1 vs 3.8 g/kg DM; p<0.05). Conclusion: Providing ~261 g/kg of total diet P as DAP in the diet of finishing lambs improved the bioavailability of P in the body and decreased excretion of P in feces without affecting lamb performance.