• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.918-924
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• 2020

This study investigated diurnal fasting and postprandial total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) excretion rates in juvenile Oplegnathus fasciatus (rock bream; mean body weight 45.8±1.1 g) at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25℃) in a recirculating system (three replicates). The fish were hand-fed twice daily (09:00 and 17:00 h) with commercial food (46.7% protein) until satiation. The results showed that the fasting and postprandial TAN excretion rates were temperature-dependent. The mean hourly rates were 7.7 (15℃), 10.2 (20℃), and 11.9 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for fasting and 34.0 (15℃), 47.8 (20℃), and 60.2 (25℃) mg kg fish-1 h-1 for postprandial. At each temperature, two postprandial TAN excretion peaks were observed 2-4 h after feeding; the second peak was always higher. The TAN loss to nitrogen consumption ratio was 41.1-46.8 % and increased significantly with increasing temperature. Temperature affected fasting and postprandial TAN excretion in juvenile rock bream, providing insight for culture management.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1992

Five buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) showed no significant changes in the heart rate, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, plasma constituents and renal hemodymics during intravenous infusion of urea for 4 h. The rate of urine flow, fractional urea excretion, urinary potassium excretion and osmolar clearance significantly decreased while the renal urea reabsorption markedly increased during urea infusion. The decrease of fractional potassium excretion was concomitant with the reduction of the rate of urine flow and urine pH. In animals exposed to heat ($40^{\circ}C$) the rectal temperature heart rate and respiratory rate significantly increased while no significant changes in GFR and ERPF were observed. An intravenous infusion of urea in heat exposed animals caused the reduction of the rate of urine flow with no changes in renal urea reabsorption, urine pH and fractional electrolyte excretions. During heat exposure, there were marked increases in concentrations of total plasma protein and plasma creatinine whereas plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration significantly decreased. It is concluded that an increase in renal urea reabsorption during urea infusion in buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature depends on the rate of urine flow which affect by an osmotic diuretic effect of electrolytes. The limitation of renal urea reabsorption in heat stressed animals would be attributed to an increases in either plasma pool size of nitrogenous substance or body metabolism.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

Waste products were biologically estimated from juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on three diet types-raw fish-based moist pellets, moist pellets, and extruded pellets. Total solid and soluble wastes were estimated by determining nutrient digestibility and accumulation in juvenile flounders through growth trials. Total solid wastes produced were 20%-23% of the organic matter supplied. Soluble excretions ranged from 45% to 49%. Soluble nitrogenous excretions ranged from 36.4% to 46.2%. These results indicate that about 30.2%-35.9% of supplied feed is retained in the fishes' bodies while the remainder of feed is excreted into culture systems or the surrounding environment.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1989

The daily net primary production by phytoplankton and ammonium excretion by macrozooplankton (> $350{\mu}m$) were measured to understand the nitrogenous nutrient dynamics in the southern part of the East Sea of Korea. At most of the staions, water columns were well stratified and strongly developed pycnoclines and matching nutriclines could be found near the 20-60m. Total chlorophyll ranged between $1.22-3.24{\mu}g$ ChI/l and nano-fractions of chlorophyll ranged from 43.2 to 99.6% in the surface layer. The daily net primary production by phytoplankton ranged from 0.75 to 2.04 gC/$m^2$/d and averaged to be 1.5 gC/$m^2$/d. 1t is evidenced that the primary production and chlorophyll content are relatively high in frontal waters where the North Korean Cold Water meets with the East Korean Warm Water. The turnover time of nitrate in the euphotic zone ranged from 0.2 day to 1.6 day and averaged to be 0.8 day. The N:P ratio of the study area shows on the average 13.4 which indicates nitrogenous nutrient to be the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. Ammonium excretion by macrowoplankton averaged out to 1.3mg at-N/$m^2$/d, and contributed 7.3% of daily total nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton in this area. Calculation of upward flux of nitrate to the surface mixed layer from the lower layer approximates 7% of nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1995

The effect of supplemented high protein diet intake on renal urea regulation in swamp buffalo was carried out in the present experiment Five swamp buffalo heifers weighing between 208-284 kg were used for this study. The animals were fed with a supplementary high protein diet and renal function and kinetic parameters for urea excretion were measured. This was compared to a control period where the same animals had been fed only with paragrass and water hyacinth. For 2 months the same animals were fed a mixed of paragrass, water hyacinth plus 2 kgs of a high protein supplement (protein 18.2% DM basis) per head per day. In comparison to the control period, there were no differences in the rate of urine flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), plasma urea concentration and filtered urea. In animals supplemented with high protein intake mean values of urea clearance, excretion rate and the urea urine/plasma concentration ratio markedly increased (p < 0.05) while renal urea reabsorption significantly decreased from 40% to 26% of the quantity filtered. In this same study group urea space distribution and urea pool size increased which coincided with an increase in plasma volume (p < 0.05). Plasma protein decreased while plasma osmolarity increased (p < 0.05). Both urea turnover rate and biological half-life of $^{14}C$-urea were not affected by a supplementary high protein intake. The results suggest that animals supplemented with high protein diets are in a state of dynamic equilibrium of urea which is well balanced between urea excreted into the urine and the amount synthesized. The limitation for renal tubular urea reabsorption would be a change in extra-renal factors with an elevation of the total pool size of nitrogenous substance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.293-296
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• 1979

The effects of temperature and salinity on tile rates of ammonia and amino nitrogen excretion, and oxygen consumption were measured for Crassostrea gigas. There was variability with temperature and salinity changes in both the rates of nitrogen excretion and the proportionality between ,ammonia and amino acids in the excreta, and also in the rates of oxygen consumption. Rates of nitrogen excretion and oxygen consumption were markedly decreased with increase in salinity, especially at high salinity-high temperature, whereas at low salinity-high temperature condition they were significantly increased. These changes are considered as the responses of physiological tolerances to the high temperature stress and the results of the metabolic temperature compensation at the low salinity-high temperature condition. Most of nitrogenous excretory products was ammonia, and large amounts of amino-nitrogen was excreted, and especially the rate of amino-nitrogen excretion was dominant at $32.5\%_{\circ}-22^{\circ}C$. The amounts of amino-nitrogen excreted by animals were decreased in the medium of high salinity and increased in the medium of low salinity through the experimental temperature. The atomic ratios of oxygen consumed to ammonia-nitrogen excreted (O: N ratio) was low at the low temperature $(15^{\circ}C)$, and was high at $22^{\circ}$ and $29^{\circ}C$ in the medium of 32.5 and $37.5\%_{\circ}$ but low in the low salinity $27.5\%_{\circ}$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.395-407
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• 1996

A feeding experiment for 160 days was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) on the apparent digestibility, ammonia excretion and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Seven diets containing $0\~70\%$ SBM were formulated based on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric basis of $44\%$ crude protein and approximately 4,200 Kcal/kg of gross energy. To evaluate the nutritional utilization of the SBM diets at the end of 60 and 120-day rearing with test diets, digestion rates of protein and lipid of SBM diets were measured. Fish fed the diets containing above $46\%$ SBM showed higher apparent digestibility for protein, but lower for lipid than did fish fed the control diet in both trials. Protein and fat contents in the carcass were similar for all experimental fish, except for fish fed $58\%$ and $70\%$ SBM which showed lower fat content than the others, but composition of fatty acid and amino acids were not affected by dietary SBM levels. Gill and urinary post-prandial ammonia ($NH_3-N$) excretions were measured at 12 and 24 hours after single feeding of the experimental diets. Excretions of $NH_3-N$ measured after 24 hours were almost 1 times higher than those measured after 12 hours. Total excretion fer the 24 hours by fish fed $70\%$ SBM was $15\%$ higher than that of fish fed the control diet. Results of present study may suggest that the rainbow trout which were fed above $34%\;or\;46\%$ of SBM diet showed a decrease gradually in lipid bioavailability compared to the control group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.479-482
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• 2005

The nutritional worth of Sarson Saag Waste (SSW), a cannery waste, was assessed in comparison with conventional complete diet as a total mixed ration (TMR), and a conventional green fodder, Avena sativa. Each diet was offered ad libitum, supplemented with mineral mixture and common salt, to 4 male murrah buffaloes. The control TMR was made iso-nitrogenous to SSW. Simultaneously, each diet was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes for assessing the biochemical changes in the rumen. The nutrient digestibility of unconventional SSW was comparable to that of conventional green fodder-A. sativa but significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control TMR. The tri-chloro acetic acid (TCA) precipitable-N in the strained rumen liquor of animals fed SSW was considerably higher than that of animals fed A.sativa. The urinary excretion of total purine derivatives was comparable in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder but significantly (p<0.05) higher than those fed conventional control TMR. The significantly (p<0.05) lower purine nitrogen index (PNI) in animals fed control TMR resulted in significantly (p<0.05) lower microbial protein synthesis than that in animals fed SSW and conventional green fodder. The N-excretion as per cent of nitrogen intake was significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals fed SSW as compared to either of the conventional feeds tested, resulting in significantly (p<0.05) higher Nretention and apparent biological value. SSW supplemented with mineral mixture could serve as an excellent source of nutrients for ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.527-532
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• 2019

Objective: Phosphorous (P) sources with greater bioavailability might increase animal production efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The objective of current study was to determine animal performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and fecal P concentration in finishing lambs fed a diet with either di-calcium phosphate (DCP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P source. Methods: Twelve 4-month-old male lambs (initial body weight $24.87{\pm}3.4kg$) were randomly allocated to a diet with either DCP or DAP (~261 g/kg of total diet P) fed ad libitum for 93 days. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic and had same calcium (Ca) and P concentrations. Results: The DAP contained 19.7 g/kg of dry matter (DM) Ca, 185.4 g/kg DM P and 14,623 ppm fluorine, while DCP contained 230.3 g/kg DM Ca, 195.2 g/kg DM P and 1,039 ppm fluorine. The diet with DAP contained 60 ppm fluorine while the diet with DCP contained 13 ppm fluorine. Lambs fed the diet with DAP tended to have a greater daily DM intake compared to those fed diet with DCP (p = 0.09). Lambs fed DAP had greater plasma P concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity ($p{\leq}0.01$) compared with lambs fed DCP. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were similar between two treatments at days 60 and 90, while they were greater in lambs fed DCP (p<0.05) at day 30 of the trial. Feeding DAP increased P digestibility (58.7% vs 50.2%; p<0.05) and decreased fecal P concentration in lambs compared with feeding DCP (3.1 vs 3.8 g/kg DM; p<0.05). Conclusion: Providing ~261 g/kg of total diet P as DAP in the diet of finishing lambs improved the bioavailability of P in the body and decreased excretion of P in feces without affecting lamb performance.