• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of substituting corn with soybean hulls on the ingestive behavior and nitrogen balance of Santa Ines lambs. A total of 25 lambs with an initial body weight of $20{\pm}2$ kg at approximately six months of age, sheltered individually in stalls ($1.10m{\times}1.0m$), considering an entirely casual experimental delineation. Soybean hulls were substituted for corn at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The time spent feeding, ruminating, masticating, and resting was not affected by the substitution of corn with soybean hulls. In fact, the feeding efficiency in g DM/h and the rumination efficiency in g DM/bolus increased linearly with soybean hull substitution in the feed. Although the nitrogen balance was not altered by the use of soybean hulls as a substitute for corn in the diets of Santa Ines lambs, the N ingested and N digested expressed in g/d, N retained as a percentage of that ingested, and N retained as a percentage of that digested displayed quadratic behavior. In conclusion, corn can be substituted with soybean hulls up to 1,000 g/kg of dry matter in the concentrate, without changing the ingestive behavior and nitrogen balance.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.151-160
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• 2021

2:1 clay minerals such as smectite incorporating ammonium were extracted to investigate the ammonium behavior and nitrogen isotope characteristics for two different sediment cores which were collected from shimmering sites on seafloor of the Wakamiko crater, southwestern Japan. Inorganic nitrogen contents in clay fraction were estimated by calibration curve based on consistently decreasing carbon and nitrogen ratio during the treatment to decompose organic materials, after removing inorganic carbon. The results show that the proportions of inorganic nitrogen for total nitrogen in clay fraction of SWS site(Core#1094MR: av. 18.2%) are higher than those in SES site(Core#1093MG: av. 11.5%). Relatively good crystallinity of the former suggests that exchangeable ammonium was transformed to non-exchangeable ammonium during more evolving diagenetic process. Nitrogen isotope variance of clay fraction(SES site: Core#1093MG: -4.4 ~ +0.2 ‰, av. -2.4 ‰; SWS site: Core#1094MR: -0.7 ~ +3.0 ‰, av. +1.5 ‰) during sequential decomposition of exchangeable ammonium suggests that heat flow derived from deep magma led to nitrogen isotope fractionation between dissolved ammonium and ammonia in the fluids involved in the formation of 2:1 clay mineral incorporating ammonium with local temperature variation.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.602-607
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• 2001

Zirconia powder containing 3 mol% yttria (3Y-PSZ) was casted on the cast iron substrate by plasma spraying method. Coated specimens were then heat treated at 500$\^{C}$ in nitrogen plasma. Wear tests were performed on nitrogen heat treated and non heat treated samples at temperatures from 25$\^{C}$ to 600$\^{C}$. Wear results showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss of both the treated and the non-treated samples showed maximum value at 400$\^{C}$. These results were explained by low temperature thermal degradation due to the monoclinic transformation. Nitrogen plasma treatment significantly improved the tribological performance. The effect of nitrogen heat treatment on tribological behavior was explained by the increased micro-hardness and decreased monoclinic faction.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.116-121
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• 2002

For the accumulation of a fundamental knowledge about the behavior of glass solder during the joining of ceramics, the wettability of solder on silicon nitride have been measured by sessile drop method. $SiO_2-MgO-Al_2O_3$ g1ass solder and oxynitride glass solders were selected as examples while silicon nitride which were used as substrates. Contact angle of solder on silicon nitride didn't decrease with time at high nitrogen content in the solder, but low nitrogen content in solders have the time-dependent property. Reason which contact angle of low nitrogen content in solders decrease on silicon nitride was that diffusion of nitrogen take place between solder and silicon nitride.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

The ductile-to-brittle transition behavior of two austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn alloys with the combined addition of nitrogen and carbon was investigated in this study. The alloys exhibited a ductile-to-brittle transition behavior because of unusual brittle fracture at low temperatures unlike conventional austenitic alloys. The alloy with higher carbon content had higher yield and tensile strengths than that with lower carbon content due to the solid solution strengthening effect resulting from carbon addition. However, the increase in carbon content promoted the occurrence of intergranular fracture, and thus deteriorated the impact toughness. In order to develop successfully the austenitic Fe-18Cr-10Mn alloys with the excellent combination of strength and toughness in the future, therefore, more systematic studies are required to find the appropriate amount and ratio of nitrogen and carbon.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2013

High temperature deformation behavior of a heat-resistant duplex stainless steel, used as a retort in the Pidgeon process for Mg production, was investigated in this study. 25Cr-8Ni based duplex stainless steels were cast into rectangular ingots, with dimensions of $350mm{\times}350mm{\times}100mm$. Nitrogen and yttrium were added at 0.3wt.% each to enhance the heat-resistance of the steel. Phase equilibrium was calculated using the thermodynamic software FactSage$^{(R)}$ and the database of FSStel. For comparison, cast 310S steel, a widely used heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel, was also examined in this study. Dilatometry was conducted on the as-cast ingots for the temperature range from RT to $1200^{\circ}C$ and the thermal expansion coefficients were evaluated. The nitrogen addition was found to have an effect on the thermal expansion behavior for temperatures between 800 and $1000^{\circ}C$. High temperature tensile and compression tests were conducted on the ingots for temperatures ranging from 900 to $1230^{\circ}C$, which is the operation temperature employed in Mg production by the Silico-thermic reduction process. The steel containing both N and Y showed much higher strength as compared to 310S.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.4-9
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• 2005

The degradation behavior of the critical current $(I_c)$ of Bi-2223 superconducting tapes under pressurized liquid nitrogen were investigated using a newly developed p-shaped sample holder which gives a series of bending strains to a sample. Three kinds of commercially available multi-filamentary Bi-2223 superconducting tapes were used. At atmospheric pressure, the Ie degradation behavior depended on the manufacturing process undergone by each tape. The tapes externally reinforced or densified by over pressure showed better bending strain tolerance than the Ag alloy-sheathed Bi-2223 tape. But these tapes showed a significant $I_c$ degradation when pressurized to 1 MPa in liquid nitrogen. For all samples, after depressurization to atmospheric pressure from 1 MPa, the Ie was completely recovered to its initial values at atmospheric pressure. When the samples were subjected to a thermal cycle wherein the tape was warmed up to room temperature after being depressurized from 1 MPa, it was found that the larger degradation of $I_c$ occurred at the regions where significant ballooning occurred, such as $0\%\;and\;0.2\%$. However, an improved ballooning damage tolerance was observed in the highly-densified tape.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.521-529
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• 1997

In the study, we Investigated the behavior and removal efficiency of organics, nitrogen. phosphorus with operating conditions in SBRs. Substrate used was synthetic wastewater in which the ratio of $COD_{cr}$. : N : P was 100 : 12 : 2. The cycling the in SBRs was adjusted at 6 hours and 8 hours, and then certainly Included anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Also, for each cycling time. we performed 2 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days and 20 days as SRT. The removal efficiency of $COD_{cr}$. was over 97% in all operating conditions. In the 6 hours cycling time, the removal efficiency of $PO_4^{3-}-P$ reached almost 100% in steady state. And then we could observe a typical phonemena of phosphorus release and uptake, and the removal efficiency of N was 67%, Residual N source was almost TKN and most of the rest remained as $NO_2-N$. Also the difference in both SRTs was not observed practically. In the 8 hours cycling time, dissolution of sludge appeared. and, $PO_4^{3-}-P was not nearly removed but nitrogen was removed up to 75%, And the residual nitrogen was accumulated as $NO_2^--N$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.124-127
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• 2008

The behavior of Penicillium camembertii and Geotrichum candidum growing in submerged pure cultures on simple (glutamate) or complex (peptones) substrates as nitrogen and carbon sources and lactate as a second carbon source was examined. Similar to the behavior previously recorded on a simple substrate (glutamate), a clear differentiation between the carbon source and the energy source was also shown on peptones and lactate during P. camembertii growth, since throughout growth, lactate was only dissimilated, viz., used for energy supply by oxidation into $CO_2$, whereas peptides and amino acids from peptones were used for carbon (and nitrogen) assimilation. Because of its deaminating activity, G candidum preferred peptides and amino acids to lactate as energy sources, in addition to being assimilated as carbon and nitrogen sources. From this, on peptones and lactate, G candidum grew faster than P. camembertii (0.19 and 0.08 g/l/h, respectively) by assimilating the most readily utilizable peptides and amino acids; however, owing to its lower proteolytic activity, the maximum biomass was lower than that of P. camembertii (3.7 and 5.5 g/l, respectively), for which continuous proteolysis and assimilation of peptides were shown.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

The nitrogen solubility and nitride capacity of $CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO-CaF_2$ slag systems were measured by using gas-liquid equilibration at 1773K. The nitrogen solubility of this slag system decreased with increasing CO partial pressure, with the linear relationship between nitrogen contents and oxygen partial pressure being -3/4. This system was expected to show two types of nitride solution behavior. First, the nitrogen solubility decreased to a minimum value and then increased with the increase of CaO contents. These mechanisms were explained by considering that nitrogen can dissolve into slags as "free nitride" at high basicities and as "incorporated nitride" within the network at low basicities. Also, the basicity of slag and nitride capacity were explained by using optical basicity. The nitrogen contents exhibited temperature dependence, showing an increase in nitrogen contents with increasing temperature.