• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1006-1015
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary calcium-salt, estrogen-treatment, and estrogen/calcium treatment on calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with a body weight of 250~280g were underwent ovariectomy or sham-operation. The ovariectomized rats were divided into 9 different experimental groups including the saline-treated group, the estrogen-treated group, the high calcium salt-treated group, and the estrogen/calcium treated groups and fed for 6 weeks. Each group daily intake and excretion of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results were as follows: The excretion level of winn calcium was significantly higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.01) and reduced with estrogen treatment but this difference was not statistically significant. Fecal loss of calcium was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation group(p<0.001). When the estrogen was treated, fecal loss was decreased and then apparent digestibility of calcium was increased. Calcium balance was significantly higher the high calcium treated groups than the control diet groups. The excretion level of urinary Phosphorus was higher the ovariectomized rats than sham-operation group, while these showed to be decreased in the calcium salt, the estrogen and the estrogen/calcium treated groups(p<0.01). Fecal loss of phosphrous was higher in the ovariectomized rats. When the estrogen was treated, the fecal loss was decreased in the avariectomized rat than that of other groups. The excretion level of urinary nitrogen was higher the ovariectomized rats than the sham-operation, while these showed to be decreased in the estrogen, the estrogen/calcium, and the estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification. Fecal loss of nitrogen was decreased in tile estrogen treated group. The results in this study showed that high calcium, estrogen/calcium and estrogen gradually reduction/calcium intensification in the ovariectomized rats enhanced calcium balance compared to the ovariectomized rats without calcium treatment, but little effects on the phosphorus and nitrogen balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 1995

This study investigates the supplementing effects of milks by various heat treatment on growth performance and protein and calcium metabolism of rats. For 4 weeks, raw, LTLT-HTST-and UHT-processed milks were given to rats which fed on a calcium free, semi-synthetic diet containing 5%casein. There were no significant differences among the experimental groups in weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and the serum level of total protein and calcium. Also, no significant differences were showed in protein efficiency, nitrogen balance, apparent protein digestibiltiy and the contents of weight and calcium of the left femur as well as 2 incisors. However, the biological value of protein in the UHT-milk group was significantly higher than that of the raw-milk group. The apparent calcium digestibility and calcium balance in the UHT-milk group were higher than those in the raw-, LTLT- and HTST-milk groups. The weight of left femur in all the groups supplemented with various heat-treated milks was significantly impair the nutritive value of protein and calcium in milk. Futhermore, UHT-processing may improve the bioavailability of protein and calcium in milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1713-1720
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• 2007

Influence of -110, +110, +220 and +330 mEq/kg of dry matter (DM) dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) on growth performance of Thalli lambs were examined in a randomized complete block design. Four DCAD diets were randomly allotted to four groups, with ten lambs in each group. A linear increase in nutrient intake was recorded with increasing DCAD level. The digestibilities of nutrients were higher in lambs fed -110 DCAD diet than those fed +110, +220 and +330 DCAD diets. Lambs fed +330 DCAD diet had higher nitrogen balance than those fed -110 and +110 DCAD diets. Blood pH and serum $HCO_3$ increased with increasing DCAD level. Serum chloride was higher in lambs fed -110 DCAD diet, while serum (Na+K)-(Cl+S) increased linearly with increasing DCAD level. Serum calcium increased with decreasing DCAD level while serum magnesium and phosphorus remained unaffected. Lambs fed -110 DCAD diet had higher Ca balance than those fed +110, +220 and +330 DCAD diets. Urine pH increased with increasing DCAD level. Lambs fed +220 and +330 DCAD diets gained more weight than those fed -110 and +110 DCAD diets. In conclusion, increased DCAD level not only increased the dry matter intake but also improved the weight gain of growing Thalli lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 1999

Three barrows weighing 45.0 kg, fitted with simple T-cannulas in both the duodenum and terminal ileum, were assigned to diets in a $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design experiment to determine the effect of two calcium levels (0.8% vs 0.4%) on phytase activity and nutrient balance in growing pigs. The control diet contained 0.8% calcium, with no added inorganic phosphorus (0.45% total phosphorus) and no added phytase. The two additional experimental diets contained microbial phytase (750 phytase units/kg) and supplied either 0.8% or 0.4% calcium. With added microbial phytase, ileal and total tract digestibility of rotal phosphorus were improved by 20.9 and 13.8 percentage units, respectively (p=0.01). The apparent duodenal and ileal digestibility of phytate phosphorus were increased by 51.8 and 49.7 percentage units (p=0.01). Lowering dietary calcium in the presence of microbial phytase increased the digestibility of phytate phosphorus by an additional 10.9 (p=0.001) and 5.7 percentage units for duodenal and ileal digestibility, respectively. Supplementation with microbial phytase significantly reduced fecal excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and increased the percentage of these nutrients retained by the pig. Lowering dietary calcium further increased the percentage of dietary phosphorus retained. Overall, reducing dietary calcium appeared to increase the effectiveness of added microbial phytase in degrading phytate phosphorus. As a result, care should be taken to avoid high levels of dietary calcium when supplementing swine diets with microbial phytase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1993

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of the seven high school girls were collected and the intake and excretion of protein and calcium were measured. The girls were 16 to 18 years old and the measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern and body weight. Each girl's daily intake and excretion of protein and calcium were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results are as follows ; Daily mean intake, feral loss and apparent digestibility of protein of each girl were 58.18$\pm$1.15g, 7.65$\pm$0.27g and 86.5$\pm$0.6%, respectively. The urinary loss of nitrogen was 7.39 $\pm$ 0.16g and showed the positive balance of 0.70$\pm$0.22g. Daily mean intake, fecal loss and apparent digestibility of calcium of each girl were 395.0$\pm$13.0mg, 233.6$\pm$15.9mg and 40.1$\pm$4.0%, respectively. The urinary luis of calcium was 145.7$\pm$7.6mg and showed the positive balance of 15.7$\pm$15.0mg.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1415-1421
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• 2006

Proper nutritional management during the dry period is required to prevent metabolic disorders during the time of parturition and for potential increase milk yield during early lactation, especially under the heat of summer. The effect of prepartum diets on partitioning of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) during dry period and early lactation in summer was investigated. Nine cows were assigned to two groups and fed either control (group C: four cows) or high concentrate (group H: five cows) diets to meet 110% of their requirements before parturition. The proportion of concentrate in control diet was 35%, and that in the high concentrate diet was 45%. After parturition, all cows were fed the same diets ad libitum during lactation. Balance trials were conducted at 9, 8 and 7 days before parturition and at 12, 13 and 14 days after parturition. Before parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), DM and NFE digestibility in group C tended to be lower than those in group H. The retention of N (p<0.01) and P (p<0.05) in group C during the dry period was significantly lower than those in group H. The retention of Mg in group C during the dry period tended to be lower than in group H. The concentration of plasma NEFA in group C tended to be higher than in group H during dry period. The prepartum diet did not have an apparent effect on DMI and milk yield at 2 weeks after parturition and N, Ca, P, Mg and K balance after parturition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1993

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of the 7 high school boys were collected and the intake and excretion of protein and calcium were measured. The boys were 16 to 18 years old and the measurement was conducted for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern and body weight. Each boy's daily intake and excretion of protein and calcium were measured and digestibility and balance were also studied. 1)Daily mean intake, fecal loss and apparent digestibility of protein of each boy were 73, 9$\pm$1.9g, 10.9$\pm$0.4g and 84.9$\pm$0.5%, respectively. The urinary loss of nitrogen was 8.76$\pm$0.22g and showed the positive balance of 1.33$\pm$0.28g. 2) Daily mean intake, fecal loss and apparent digestibility of calcium of each boy were 515.3$\pm$19.3mg, 221.6$\pm$14.1mg and 57.1 $\pm$2.7% respectively. The urinary loss of calcium was 102.6$\pm$8.4mg and showed the positive balance of 192.4$\pm$19.5mg.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1991

This study was to examine the effects of dietary protein levels and the sources of protein(animal and plant) on calcium and phosphorus metabo lism in 10 healthy Korean female adults. The 26­d day study consisted of a 6-day adaptation period and lO-day moderate protein(109 N, 550mg Ca) a and IO-day high protein( 14g N, 570mg Ca) pe­r riod. During the experimental period, the subjects w were divided into two groups, either consuming a animal protein diet(75 % animal protein) or plant protein diet(75 % plant protein). Calcium(300 mg) was supplemented to two subjects of each d dict group for the last 4 days. Feces, urine and diet were analyzed nitrogen. calcium and phos­p phorus. The apparent absorption of calcium was significantly increased as the protein intake was inc­r reased from 60g to 90g in animal protein diet. A Average calcium absorption rate was 30% and 46 % from high and moderate levels of animal p protein diet Urinary calcium excretion was not affected by t the amount of the protein intake in both animal and plant protein diet. There was significantly higher urinary calcium excretion(I34mg) in high I level of animal protein diet than that( 83mg) in h high level of plant protein diet. Calcium balance was improved as the protein intake increased and c calcium was supplemented. Phosphorus absorp­t tion was more efficient in the high animal diet(77.81 %) than in the high plant diet(55-65%). The overall results indicate that an increase of protein and calcium supplement in moderate pro­ttein intake can improve calcium balance due to the increase of calcium absorption.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.89-90
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• 2003

Effects of interaction of dietary soybean oil with NaHCO$_3$on the energy metabolism and antioxidants enzyme activity in broiler chicks during acute phase response was studied, Broiler chicks 10 d-old were fed on diets containing 5.0 ％ of soybean oil with or without 0.5 ％(60 meq/kg) of NaHCO$_3$. Then acute phase response were induced by injecting Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysacharide(LPS) In saline 3 times i.p. at alternative day on 16-d of age. Dietary soybean oil with NaHCO$_3$lessened the performance(growth, feed efficiency, calcium balance, excretion of uric acid, and nitrogen balance) -suppressing effect of the LPS effect, but enhanced metabolizable energy value of diet due to increased digestive absorption of energy sources and phosphoruse balance, and decreased activities of SOD in erythrocyte cytosols and circulating ceruloplasmin in plasma. The results indicated dietary energy utilization and electrolytes levels may interact with the antioxidants systems during acute phase response.