• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 1987

The extracellular and intracellular inulases from Kluyveromyces marxianus were purified and characterized. The maximum production of both inulases was achieved at stationary phase in a pH-controlled medium at pH 5 with yeast nitrogen base as organic nitrogen source. Each enzyme was concentrated by tannic acid precipitation and separated into two fractions by DEAF-cellulose chromatography. Electrophoretic analysis showed that the four fractions had three glycoprotein bards each. Only main glycoprotein band, however, had both inulase and invertase activities. There were no significant differences between two enzymes in the optimum pH and temperature. But the intracellular inulases had higher heat stability and less affinity toward inulin than the extracellular enzymes do. All the purified enzymes were considered to be exo-inulases using hydrolyzate analysis with TLC.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.287-291
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• 2007

The factors and mechanisms by infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi caused disease are not well understood. The onset of tsutsugamushi disease is characterized by chilliness, fever, malaise, headache and generalized aching. Infection of tsutsugamushi is the cause of impairment of function of a major organ often complicate the picture and immediately change the prognosis for the worse. Tsutsugamushi disease is reported that this disease is characterized by the histopathogenesis of liver, kidney, heart, and lung, but the variation of biochemical components in serum of tsutsugamushi disease patient are not clear. We analyzed total protein (TP), albumin (AL), aspartic aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphotase (ALP), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (CRE), glucose (GLD), cholesterol (CHOL) and total bilirubin (TB) in sera of patients with tsutsugamushi disease. In comparison with reference, total protein and albumin were abnormally decreased in 19.6% and 39.2% of patients, respectively. AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, UN, glucose, cholesterol and total bilirubin were abnormally increased in 94.1 %, 72.5%, 25.5%, 15.7%, 9.8%, 62.7%, 25.5% and 6.0% of patients, respectively. The patients showed abnormal relative rate of protein electrophoretic fractions to total protein in serum compared to them of reference were 43.1% (albumin), 12.9% ($\alpha_1$-globulin), 58.8% ($\alpha_2$-globulin), 60.8% ($\beta$-globulin) and 70.6% ($\gamma$-globulin), respectively. These data suggest that infection of Oriental Tsutsugamushi causes impairment of function of a major organ and abnormal serum protein electrophoresis fractions to tsutsugamushi patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.818-822
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• 2003

In order to investigate the effect of different sources of energy on intake and nutrient utilization from urea molasses mineral block (UMMB), rumen fermentation pattern and blood biochemical constituents, 18 intact and 9 rumen fistulated male Murrah buffaloes aged about 3 years and average weight 310.8 kg were randomly allocated into three groups of 9 animals in each, thus each group having 6 intact and three rumen fistulated buffaloes. All animals were fed individually for 90 days. All buffaloes were offered wheat straw as basal roughage and urea molasses mineral block for free choice of licking. Three different energy sources viz., barley grain, (group I), maize grain (group II) and jowar green (group III) were offered to meet their nutrient requirement as per Kearl (1982). At the end of feeding trial, a metabolism trial of 7 days duration was carried out on intact animals to determine the digestibility of nutrients. Rumen fermentation studies were carried out on rumen fistulated animals. After the metabolism trial blood was collected from intact animals to estimate the nitrogen constituents in blood serum of animals fed on different sources of energy. Results revealed no significant difference in the intake of UMMB in three groups. Similarly, the intake of DM (kg), DCP (g) and TDN (kg) per day was similar in three groups statistically. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group II than group III, whereas the digestibility of DM, OM and NFE was similar in group I and II. The digestibility of crude fiber (CF) and all the fiber fractions i.e. NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose was alike in 3 groups. Nitrogen balance (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) more in group III as compared to group I and II, which were alike statistically, though the N intake (g/d) was similar in 3 groups but N balance (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) less in group III as compared to other 2 groups. Significantly (p<0.05) higher concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), total nitrogen (TN) and its fractions were observed in group I and II as compared to group III. There was no effect on rumen pH, rumen volume and digesta flow rate due to different sources of energy in 3 groups. Similarly the blood serum biochemical parameters (NH3-N, urea-N and total protein) were statistically identical in 3 groups.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.46-50
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• 2008

Super duplex stainless steel has along life in severe environments because of its strength and corrosion resistance. If 0.2$\sim$0.3% Nitrogen in aninterstitial solid solution is added, the austenite structure is reinforced. This improves the solid solution hardening and the anticorrosionability. In this study, the mechanical properties and structures of the super duplex stainless steel with the 0.2% N additive were investigated to determine the effect of various volume fractions on the austenite phase. The various volume fractions and distributions of the austenite structure in the applied test specimens were obtained by changing the heat treatment temperature and cycle. The characteristics by amounts of the $\sigma$ phase obtained from the precipitation heat treatment were alsoinvestigated. From the results, when the austenite volume fraction increases, the tensile strength decreases and elongation increases. And the $\sigma$ phase was rapidly increased by increasing the heat treatment time. When the volume fraction of the $\sigma$ phase increased, tensile strength increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.606-613
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• 2010

In order to elucidate a mechanism responsible for the development of the odor characteristics of cooked, desirable-flavored shellfish, oysters were extracted using various solvents and the resulting extracts were evaluated organoleptically after cooking. The 80% aqueous methanol extract was found to produce a desirable cooked flavor. This oyster extract was fractionated using ion-exchange column chromatography and dialysis, and each of the fractions was subjected to cooking, followed by organoleptic evaluation. The outer dialysate fraction such as acidic and amphoteric water-soluble fractions produced a cooked oyster flavor. The volatile flavor compounds identified from cooked oyster included 29 hydrocarbons, 20 alcohols, 16 acids, 12 aldehydes, nine nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds, eight ketones, five furans, three esters, three phenols, and one benzene.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.253-257
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• 2004

The mechanisms by which leptospires caused disease are not well understood. A number of putative virulence factors have been suggested, but with few exceptions their role in pathogenesis remains unclear. In these days, many cases of leptospirosis are diagnosed by serological immunoassay. Leptospirosis is characterized by the histopathology of liver, kidney, heart, and lung, but the electrophoresis fractions of serum protein are not compared. We analyzed total protein, albumin, aspartic aminotranferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine and urea nitrogen (UN) in sera of patients diagnosed leptospirosis. Total protein and albumin were decreased in 18.5％ and 31.2％ of patients, respectively. AST, ALT, ALP, UN and creatinine were increased in 90.4％, 66.9％, 28.0％, 15.9％ and 10.8％ of patients, respectively. We performed cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis (EP) on sera of patients increased both of AST and ALT, and of patients increased both of creatinine and UN. In patients increased both of AST and ALT, and in patients increased both of AST and ALT, the relative percentage of albumin to total protein in patient serum was dcreased in 89.1 ％ of patients. α₁-globulin, α₂-globulin, β-globulin and γ-globulin were increased in 85.1 ％, 75.2％, 33.6％ and 98.0％ of patients, respectively. In patients increased both of creatinine and UN, the relative percentage of albumin to total protein in patient serum was dcreased in 93.8％ of patients. α₁-globulin, α₂-globulin, β-globulin and γ-globulin were increased in 87.5％, 100％, 31.2％ and 93.8％ of patients, respectively. These data indicate that infection of Leptospira causes severe liver damage to most of leptospirosis patients, but doesn't cause renal damage to most of them. The relative rate of serum protein electrophoresis fractions to total protein are not identical with them of typical hepatitis patient.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1267-1278
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• 2009

Three beef steers fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen and duodenum were used to determine the effects of protein supply from soyhulls (SH) and wheat bran (WB) on ruminal metabolism, blood metabolites, nitrogen metabolism, nutrient digestion and concentrations of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD). In a 3${\times}$3 Latin square design, steers were offered rice straw and concentrates formulated either without (control) or with two brans to increase crude protein (CP) level (9 vs. 11% dietary DM for control and bran-based diets, respectively). The brans used were SH and WB that had similar CP contents but different ruminal CP degradability (52 vs. 80% CP for SH and WB, respectively) for evaluating the effects of protein degradability. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were higher for bran diets (p<0.01) than for the control, and for WB (p<0.001) compared to the SH diet. Similarly, microbial nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased (p<0.05) by bran and WB diets, respectively. Retained nitrogen tended (p<0.082) to be increased by SH compared with the WB diet. Intestinal and total tract CP digestion was enhanced by bran diets. In addition, bran diets tended (p<0.085) to increase intestinal starch digestion. Concentrations of SNAN fractions in RD and OD were higher (p<0.05) for bran diets than for the control, and for WB than for the SH diet. More rumendegraded protein supply resulting from a higher level and degradability of CP released from SH and WB enhanced ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis and ruminal protein degradation. Thus, free amino acids, peptides and soluble proteins from microbial cells as well as degraded dietary protein may have contributed to increased SNAN concentrations in the rumen and, consequently, the omasum. These results indicate that protein supply from SH and WB, having a low level of protein (13 and 16%, respectively), could affect ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion if inclusion level is relatively high (>20%).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1980

For the assessment of soybean sprouts as a protein food, the sprouts were grown at $15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C\;and\;30^{\circ}C$ with watering four times a day. Change of various nitrogen fractions was investigated both in cotyledon and axis at various growing stages. Total nitrogen content was gradually increased in axis but decreased in cotyledon with growth. Nitrogen loss per sprout was increased from 4.1% at $15^{\circ}C$ to 14% at $30^{\circ}C$ during 8 days growth. Water insoluble protein nitrogen tends to increase slightly in cotyledon and greatly in axis. At high temperature it decreased in cotyledon and increased remarkably in axis. Water soluble protein nitrogen decreased greatly in cotyledon but increased in axis. Water soluble non-protein nitrogen considerably increased with growth, especially in axis and in the high temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2016

In southwestern East Sea, we investigated the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) in September 2011 (summer), January (winter) and May 2012 (spring). Although cold waters known as the origin upwelling in the surface layer of September were not observed, this periods showed high primary productivity because of high concentrations of chlorophyll, low percentage of non-autotrophic particulate fraction among POC calculated by POC/Chl-a ratio (27%) and low POC/PON ratio (6.2), which means active amino acid and protein synthesis, However, May, 2012 showed low primary productivity because of high percentage of non-autotrophic particulate fractions among POC (66%) and high POC/PON ratio (8.1), Although spring bloom and high primary productivity has been reported in the East Sea, high percentage of non-autotrophic particulate fractions in POC, observed in the East sea during the post 2012 spring, is suggested to be due to the increase of phaeo-pigment during post spring bloom. Thus, composition of particulate organic matter may have sensitively changed by marine environmental factors in spite of same season.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1517-1517
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• 2001

Cultural conditions during production of compost, using wheat straw and chicken litter as raw materials, will affect the microbial and biochemical characteristics, leading to a wide variation in mushroom productivity. Over the past 10 years, chemical and instrumental methods, suitable for assessing compost quality have been studied in Northern Ireland. In addition, the use of near subject of investigation over the past 4 years. Previous studies have shown that NIRS can be used fer assessing quality of dried and milled composts. The aim of the current investigation is to develop NIR calibrations for key quality parameters such as dry matter, pH, nitrogen, carbon, ash, microbial population and fibre factions during the two stages of production using spectra of fresh composts. Near infrared reflectance measurements of fresh composts prepared by 6 producers were made during a two-year period. Although the spectra of fresh composts were dominated by two moisture peaks at 1450 nm and 1940 nm, good calibrations for determining moisture content, conductivity, pH, nitrogen, carbon and fibre fractions were developed. The results of quality assessment during commercial production using the calibrations will be presented and discussed.