• 제목/요약/키워드: Nitro group

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일산화질소 (nitric oxide) 정량을 통한 바지락(Ruditapes philippinarum) 의 흔들림 스트레스 측정 (Variation of nitric oxide concentrations in response to shaking stress in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum)

  • 박경일
    • 한국패류학회지
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 바지락이 흔들림 스트레스에 노출될 경우 나타나는 생리적 변화를 측정하기 위하여 일산화질소량 (NO) 을 측정하였다. 이를 위하여 흔들림 방지 장치가 없는 그룹, NAME (NO 저해제) 를 주사한 그룹, 나일론 섬유 충전재(밀도 $1kg/m^3$) 로 흔들림이 방지된 그룹 등 총 3개 그룹으로 나눈 후 교반기에서 100 rpm으로 6시간동안 교반 한 후 DAF assay와 Griess assay를 이용하여 바지락 혈림프액의 NO 농도를 측정하였다. 조사결과 흔들림 스트레스에 노출된 바지락에서 NO 농도가 급격히 증가하였고 반면 NO 저해제가 주입된 바지락에서는 NO 농도가 감소하였다. 또한 흔들림 방지 장치가 들어간 그룹에서 NO 농도가 감소함이 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 DAF assay와 Griess assay 실험에서 모두 동일하게 나타났다. 결론적으로 NO 측정은 바지락의 생리적 스트레스를 측정하는데 유용한 방법임이 확인되었으며, 형망에 의한 바지락 채취시나 수하식으로 양식할 경우 흔들림에 의한 스트레스를 방지할 수단이 필요함을 시사하였다.

염화알루미늄 존재하에서의 수소화붕소나트륨과 대표적 유기화합물과의 반응 (Reaction of Representative Organic Compounds with Sodium Borohydride in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride)

  • 윤능민;이호준;정진순
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.275-285
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    • 1973
  • 유기화합물의 선택환원에 필요한 자료를 얻기 위하여 수소화붕소나트륨과 염화알루미늄의 3:1 혼합물의 테트라히드로푸란 용액에서의 환원성을 규명하였다. 49개의 대표적 유기화합물을 골라 이시약과 실온에서 작용하여 대략의 반응속도와 정량관계를 알아보았다. 테트라히드로푸란 용액에서 염화알루미늄 1몰에 수소화붕소나트륨 3몰을 가하면 현탁용액이 생기는데 수소화붕소나트륨 보다는 훨씬 환원성이 강하다. 알데히드와 케톤은 한시간 이내에 빨리 환원되고 아실유도체는 서서히 그러나 카르복시산은 매우 느리게 환원되었다. 에스테르, 락톤, 에폭시드는 수소화붕소나트륨이나 보란보다 훨씬 빨리 환원되었다. 삼차 아미드는 서서히 환원되었으나 일차 아미드는 수소는 발생하지만 환원은 거의 일어나지 않았다. 벤조니트릴은 30분에 환원이 완결되었으나 카프로니트릴은 느리게 환원되었다. 니트로화합물, 이황화물, 술폰등은 이 시약과 반응하지 않으나 아조, 아족시, 옥심기는 서서히 반응하고 이소시안산페닐은 도중단계까지만 환원되었다 올레핀은 쉽게 수소화붕소화 반응을 하였다.

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Reaction of Bis(diethylamino)aluminum Hydride in Tetrahydrofuran with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups

  • Jin Soon Cha;Oh Oun Kwon;Jong Mi Kim
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.132-138
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    • 1994
  • Bis(diethylamino)aluminum hydride was utilized in a systematic study of the approximate rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess reagent with 55 selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups under standardized conditions (THF, $0^{\circ}C$, reagent to compound=4 : 1) in order to define the characteristics of the reagent for selective reductions. The reducing action of BEAH was also compared with that of the parent aluminum hydride. The reducing action of the reagent is quite similar to that of aluminum hydride, but the reducing power is much weaker. Aldehydes and ketones were readily reduced in 1-3 h to the corresponding alcohols. However, unexpectedly, a ready involvement of the double bond in cinnamaldehyde was realized to afford hydrocinnamyl alcohol. The introduction of diethylamino group to the parent aluminum hydride appears not to be appreciably influential in stereoselectivity on the reduction of cyclic ketones. Both p-benzoquinone and anthraquinone utilized 2 equiv of hydride readily without evolution of hydrogen, proceeded cleanly to the 1,4-reduction products. Carboxylic acids and acid chlorides underwent reduction to alcohols slowly, whereas cyclic anhydrides utilized only 2 equiv of hydride slowly to the corresponding hydroxylacids. Especially, benzoic acid with a limiting amount of hydride was reduced to benzaldehyde in a yield of 80%. Esters and lactones were also readily reduced to alcohols. Epoxides examined all reacted slowly to give the ring-opened products. Primary and tertiary amides utilized 1 equiv of hydride fast and further hydride utilization was quite slow. The examination for possibility of achieving a partial reduction to aldehydes was also performed. Among them, benzamide and N,N-dimethylbenzamide gave ca, 90% yields of benzaldehyde. Both the nitriles examined were also slowly reduced to the amines. Unexpectedly, both aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds proved to be relatively reactive to the reagent. On the other hand, azo- and azoxybenzenes were quite inert to BEAH. Cyclohexanone oxime liberated 1 equiv of hydrogen and utilized 1 equiv of hydride for reduction, corresponding to N-hydroxycyclohexylamine. Pyridine ring compounds were also slowly attacked. Disulfides were readily reduced with hydrogen evolution to the thiols, and dimethyl sulfoxide and diphenyl sulfone were also rapidly reduced to the sulfides.

Reaction of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride-Dimethyl Sulfide Complex with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups. Comparison of the Reducing Characteristics of Diisobutylaluminum Hydride and Its Dimethyl Sulfide Complex

  • Cha, Jin-Soon;Jeong, Min-Kyu;Kwon, Oh-Oun;Lee, Keung-Dong;Lee, Hyung-Soo
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제15권10호
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    • pp.873-881
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    • 1994
  • The approximate rate and stoichiometry of the reaction of excess diisobutylaluminum hydride-dimethyl sulfide complex($DIBAH-SMe_2$) with organic compounds containing representative functional group under standardized conditions (toluene, $0{\circ}C$) were examined in order to define the reducing characterstics of the reagent and to compare the reducing power with DIBAH itself. In general, the reducing action of the complex is similar to that of DIBAH. However, the reducing power of the complex is weaker than that of DIBAH. All of the active hydrogen compounds including alcohols, amines, and thiols evolve hydrogen slowly. Aldehydes and ketones are reduced readily and quantitatively to give the corresponding alcohols. However, $DIBAH-SMe_2$ reduces carboxylic acids at a faster rate than DIBAH alone to the corresponding alcohols with a partial evolution of hydrogen. Similarly, acid chlorides, esters, and epoxides are readily reduced to the corresponding alcohols, but the reduction rate is much slower than that of DIBAH alone. Both primary aliphatic and aromatic amides examined evolve 1 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and are reduced slowly to the amines. Tertiary amides readily utilize 2 equiv of hydride for reduction. Nitriles consume 1 equiv of hydride rapidly but further hydride uptake is quite slow. Nitro compounds, azobenzene, and azoxybenzene are reduced moderately. Cyclohexanone oxime liberates ca. 0.8 equiv of hydrogen rapidly and is reduced to the N-hydroxylamine stage. Phenyl isocyanate is rapidly reduced to the imine stage, but further hydride uptake is quite sluggish. Pyridine reacts at a moderate rate with an uptake of one hydride in 48 h, while pyridine N-oxide reacts rapidly with consumption of 2 equiv of hydride for reduction in 6h. Similarly, disulfides and sulfoxide are readily reduced, whereas sulfide, sulfone, and sulfonic acid are inert to this reagent under these reaction conditions.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Mixed-valence $[Fe^{II}Fe^{III}BPLNP(OAc)_2](BPh_4)_2$ Complex As a Model for the Reduced Form of the Purple Acid Phosphatase

  • 이재승;;이호진;이강봉;허남회
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제21권10호
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    • pp.969-972
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    • 2000
  • [Fe II Fe III $BPLNP(OAc)_2](BPh_4)_2$ (1), a new model for the reduced form of the purple acid phosphatases, has been synthesized by using a dinucleating ligand, 2,6-bis[((2-pyridylmethyl)(6-methyl-2-pyridylmethyl)ami-no)methyl]-4-nitrophenol (HBPLNP) . Complex 1 has been studied by electronic spectral, NMR, EPR, SQUID, and electrochemical methods. Complex 1 exhibits two strong bands at 498 nm $(\varepsilon=$ 2.6 ${\times}10^3M-^1cm-^1)$ and 1363 nm $(\varepsilon=$ 5.7 ${\times}10^2M-^1cm-^1)$ in $CH_3CN.$ These are assigned to phenolate-to-FeIII and intervalence charge-transfer transitions, respectively. NMR spectrum of complex 1 exhibits sharp isotropically shifted resonances, which number is half of those expected for a valence-trapped species, indicating that electron transfer between FeⅡ and FeⅢ centers is faster than NMR time scale at room temperature. Complex 1 undergoes quasireversible one-electron redox processes. The $FeIII_2/FeIIFeIII$ and $FeIIFeIII/FeII_2$ redox couples are at 0.807 and 0.167 V ver-sus SCE, respectively. It has Kcomp = 5.9 ${\times}$10 1s(acetato) ligand combination sta-bilizes a mixed-valence FeIIFeIII complex in the air. Interestingly, complex 1 exhibits intense EPR signals at g = 8.56, 5.45, 4.30 corresponding to mononuclear high-spin FeⅢ species, which suggest a very weak magnetic coupling between the iron centers. Magnetic susceptibility study shows that there is a very weak antiferromag-netic coupling (J = $-0.78cm-^1$, H = $-2JS_1${\times}$S_2)$ between FeII and FeIII centers. Thus, we can suggest that complex 1 has a very weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the iron centers due to the electronic effect of the nitro group in the bridging phenolate ligand.

사료 내 Prebiotic, Probiotics와 Synbiotic의 첨가가 대왕붉바리(Epinephelus akaara ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)의 성장, 비특이적 면역력, 항산화능, 장내 미생물 조성과 항염증에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Dietary Prebiotic, Probiotics and Synbiotic on Growth, Nonspecific Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Microbiota and Antiinflammatory Activity of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus akaara ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂))

  • 김원훈;임종호;강민주;노충환;이경준
    • 한국수산과학회지
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    • 제56권6호
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    • pp.850-860
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    • 2023
  • The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on hybrid grouper Epinephelus akaara ♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ were evaluated. The fish were fed a basal diet and five other diets consisting of 0.6% mannan oligosaccharides, L. plantarum, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis and mixture of each 0.15% prebiotic and all the probiotics (designated as MOS, LP, BS, BL, and SYN) for 56 days. Growth performance and feed utilization showed no significant differences among all experimental groups. Lipid level of whole-body was significantly high in MOS and BL groups. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was significantly low in BL and SYN groups. Nitro-blue tetrazolium, lysozyme and anti-protease, and glutathione peroxidase in BS, SYN, and all probiotic groups, respectively, were significantly high. Intestinal Vibrio bacteria was significantly low in all probiotic and SYN groups. Gene expression of interleukin-1β and interleukin-10 in SYN group; transforming growth factor β2 in MOS and BS groups, toll-like receptor 2-2 in BS and BL groups; and C-type lectin in MOS, LP and SYN groups were significantly upregulated. Our findings indicate that mannan oligosaccharides, L. plantarum, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis could improve innate immunity, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammation, and intestinal microbiota of hybrid grouper.

AF-2의 독성(毒性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)(급성중독(急性中毒)) (A Study on the Acute Toxicity of AF-2)

  • 박영란;이열;성낙응
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.53-60
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    • 1976
  • $AF_2$를 0%(control), 0.04%(group I), 0.2%(group II) 첨가(添加)한 식이(食餌)를 4주간(週間) 동안 백서(白鼠)에 투여하여 체중(體重)의 변화(變化), 최종기간(最終期間)의 장기중량(臟器重量), 혈청(血淸) 및 간(肝) 조직내(組織內) 지질구성(脂質構成) 중(中) cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride를 정량비교(定量比較) 관찰(觀察)하여 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 체중변화(體重變化) : 대조군(對照群)과 I, II 군(群)의 체중변화(體重變化)에서는 거의 차이(差異)가 없었다. 2. 장기중량(臟器重量) : 장기(臟器) 중(中) 간(肝) 중량(重量)만이 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해 I, II 군(群)이 모두 높았으며, 비(脾), 심(心), 신(腎), 등(等)은 유의(有意)한 차(差)가 없었다. 3. 혈청내(血淸內) 지질(脂質) 변화(變化) : 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해 I, II 군(群)의 phospholipid 함량(含量)은 낮아지고, cholesterol, triglyceride 함량(含量)은 I, II 군(群)이 비례적(比例的)으로 높아지는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 간(肝) 조직내(組織內) 지질(脂質) 변화(變化) : 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해 I, II 군(群)의 phospholipid, triglyceride, 함량(含量)은 변화(變化)가 없으나, cholesterol 함량(含量)만이 I, II 군(群)이 비례적(比例的)으로 높아졌다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로써 $AF_2$가 백서(白鼠)의 간(肝) 중량(重量) 및 cholesterol 함량(含量)에 유의(有意)할 만한 변화(變化)를 일으킴을 발견(發見)할 수 있으며, II 군(群)이 I 군(群)에 비(比)하여 현저(顯著)하게 높음을 알 수 있는 것으로 미루어 보아 최소한(最小限) 간(肝)에 독성(毒性)으로 작용(作用)한다고 생각(生覺)된다.

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Supplementing punicalagin reduces oxidative stress markers and restores angiogenic balance in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension

  • Wang, Yujue;Huang, Mengwei;Yang, Xiaofeng;Yang, Zhongmei;Li, Lingling;Mei, Jie
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.409-417
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    • 2018
  • Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder that is characterised by severe hypertension and increased risks of foetal and maternal mortality. The aetiology of PE not completely understood; however, maternal nutrition and oxidative stress play important roles in the development of hypertension. The treatment options for PE are currently limited to anti-hypertensive drugs. Punicalagin, a polyphenol present in pomegranate juice, has a range of bioactive properties. The effects of supplementation with punicalagin on angiogenesis and oxidative stress in pregnant rats with induced hypertension were investigated. The pregnant rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n=12 per group). Hypertension was induced using an oral dose of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day) on days 14-19 of pregnancy. Punicalagin (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) was given orally on days 14-21 of pregnancy. Punicalagin treatment at the tested doses significantly reduced diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial blood pressure in L-NAME treated rats from day 14. Punicalagin also restored angiogenic balance by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and downregulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1/fms-like tyrosine kinase-1. Punicalagin, significantly increased the placental nitric oxide levels as compared to PE group. The increased levels of oxidative stress in rats with PE were markedly decreased by treatment with punicalagin. Punicalagin at the tested doses markedly (p<0.05) enhanced the placental antioxidant capacity in L-NAME-treated rats. The raised catalase activity observed following L-NAME induction was significantly (p<0.05) and restored to normal activity levels in punicalagin treatment. Further, 100 mg dose of punicalagin exhibited higher protective effects as compared to lower doses of 25 and 50 mg. This study shows that supplementation with punicalagin decreased blood pressure and oxidative stress and restored angiogenic balance in pregnant rats with induced PE.

Zerovalent Iron에 의해 유도되는 제초제 Dicamba의 산화적 분해 (Oxidative Degradation of the Herbicide Dicamba Induced by Zerovalent Iron)

  • 이경환;김태화;김장억
    • 한국환경농학회지
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    • 제27권1호
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    • pp.86-91
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    • 2008
  • 물에 대한 용해도가 높아 수질오염을 시킬 가능성이 있는 제초제 dicamba를 분해시키기 위하여 zerovalent iron 및 Fenton reagent를 처리하여 분해되는 정도와 분해산물을 동정하였다. ZVI에 의한 dicamba의 분해 반응속도는 pH 3.0이 pH 5.0 조건보다 빠르게 진행되었으며 처리된 ZVI의 양이 0.05%에서 1.0%(w/v)로 증가됨에 따라 분해율이 증가되어 반응 3시간 이내에 90% 이상이 분해되었다. 그러나 ZVI의 처리량이 증가됨에 따라 반응후 용액의 pH 상승으로 인하여 dicamba의 분해효율은 증가되지 않았다. ZVI 처리에 의해 생성된 dicamba의 분해 산물을 diazomethane 유도체화 과정을 거쳐 GC-MS로 분석한 결과 dicamba 구조내의 잔기가 없는 부분에 hydroxylation된 형태인 4-hydroxy dicamba 혹은 5-hydroxy dicamba, 4,5-dihydroxy dicamba 그리고 dicamba 구조내의 carboxyl기가 hydroxyl기로 전환된 형태인 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxyphenol로 예상되는 compound를 확인하였다. 이러한 반응산물은 ferric sulfate를 이용한 Fenton 반응에서 조사된 dicamba의 분해 산물과 동일한 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 ZVI에 의한 dicamba의 탈염소화 분해산물은 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 호기적 조건 하에서 ZVI 처리에 의해 유도되는 제초제 dicamba의 주된 분해 경로는 환원반응보다는 반응용액 중에 존재하는 $O_2$$Fe^0$의 산화에 의해 생성된 $Fe^{2+}$ 사이의 Fenton 반응과 같은 산화반응인 것으로 사료된다.

한우 난소의 Follicular Fluid의 특징과 과립막 세포의 스테로이드호르몬 분비에 대한 Anti-Inhibin Serum의 첨가효과 (Effects of Characteristics of Ovarian follicular Fluid and Ant-Inhibin Serum on Steroid Hormone Secretion by Hanwoo Granulosa Cells In Vitro)

  • 성환후;민관식;양병철;노환국;최선호;임기순;장유민;박성재;장원경
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.119-124
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    • 2001
  • 본 연구는 한우 난포발달에 있어서 난포액 및 inhibin의 생리적 역할을 검토하기 위해 수행되었다. Anti-inhibin serum(AI)생산을 위해 사용된 항원은 porcine inhibin-$\alpha$-subunit 19~32의 peptide를 사용하여 adjuvant 용액을 혼합, 앙고라종 토끼 5두(체중 2.5kg)에게 주 2회 간격으로 면역 실시 후 52일째의 토끼로부터 항혈청을 생산하였다. 과립막 세포의 체외배양을 위해 D-MEM(10% FCS와 antibiotics를 첨가)을 배양액으로 하여 1$\times$$10^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$로 조절하였으며, 호르몬은 RIA 및 ELISA법으로 분석하였다. Western blotting법에 의해 과립막 세포 및 황체조직의 각 세포질을 SDS-PAGE로 분리하여 nitro cellulose membrane에 transfer하여 검토한 결과, 직경 1.0 cm의 성숙 난포의 granulosa cell의 세포질에서 특이하게 Inhibin이 존재하고 있음이 확인되었으나, 황체조직 및 성숙 난포에서는 검출되지 않았다. 난포 크기별 난포액의 progesterone 및 estradiol-17$\beta$을 농도를 분석한 결과, estradiol-17$\beta$농도는 난포 크기가 직경 2.0 cm부터 유의적으로 높았으나 난포 크기가 적을수록 감소되었다. 이에 반해, Progesterone 농도는 직경 2.0 cm 난포에서 가장 높았으며 난포 크기가 적을수록 낮았다. 과립막 세포의 48시간 체외배양에서 bFF 5% 처리구와 bFF 5%+AI 5% 처리구에서는 progesterone은 대조구보다 유의적으로 억제되었으나, AI 5% 단독 처리구에서는 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한, estradiol-17$\beta$농도는 5% AI구와 5% AI+5% bFF 처리구에서는 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. 그러나, 5% bFF 단독처리구에서는 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로, 한우에 있어서 성숙난포에 존재하는 Inhibin은 AI처리에 의해 내인성 Inhibin의 기능이 약하되어 FSH분비를 조절하는 역할을 함으로써 난포발달 및 난포세포의 스테로이드호르몬합성에 중요하게 관여하고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

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