• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.868-873
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• 1997

양어장 순환수 처리에 고정화된 질화세균을 이용한 실험에서 고정상 미생물의 상태는 마지막 단계에까지 양호한 상태를 유지할 수가 있는 것으로 보아 shear stress에 의한 고정상 미생물 입자의 깨어짐 현상은 없는 것으로 나타났다. 털 반응기의 암모니아성 질소의 제거량은 수리학적 체류시간이 0.6인 지점에서 Ca-alginate와 Ba-alginate 반응조가 각각 52.6과 51.0 g $NH_3-N/m^3/day$ 으로서 그 효율은 $59\%$와 $58\%$인 것으로 나타났으며 이는 침지식공법 보다는 제거효율이 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 오존 산화조가 함께 연결되어 있는 유동층공법과 비교했을 때에는 그 처리능력이 다소 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 미생물을 고정화하는데 사용된 Ca-alginate와 Ba-alginate의 비교 실험 결과 Ba-alginate를 이용한 반응조가 Ca-alginate 보다도 수리학적부하의 변화에 대한 완충능력이 다소 좋은 것으로 나타났으나 암모니아성 질소의 제거량은 Ca-alginate와 Ba-alginate 모두가 큰 차이없이 서로 비슷한 처리 능력을 지니고 있음을 알 수가 있다. 수중의 암모니아성 질소의 농도가 $2mg/\ell$ 정도의 범위에서는 반응조 내에 주입되는 공기량을 0.1 vvm 으로 공급하더라도 질산화에 필요한 용존산소량을 충분히 유지할 수가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 pH는 $7\~7.9$의 범위를 유지할 수가 있어서 pH 변화에 따른 위해 요소는 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 별도의 중화제를 첨가할 필요가 없기 때문에 이것으로 인한 추가적인 경비부담은 불필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.452-459
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• 2007

부유 및 부착성장 미생물을 이용한 접촉안정형 영양염류처리 하이브리드공정은 질산화 반응조내에 EPS(Expanded Poly-Styrene) 여재를 충진하여 autotrophs와 heterotrophs의 분리성장과 질산화균의 우점화를 도모함으로써 수리학적체류시간 6시간 이내에서도 양호한 처리수질을 얻을 수 있는 공정이다. 본 공정의 운전결과 방류수의 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS의 평균농도는 5.2 mg/L, 7.3 mg/L, 4.9 mg/L이었으며, T-N 및 T-P농도는 6.8 mg/L 및 0.6 mg/L로서 양호한 처리 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 본 공법의 평균 제거효율은 $BOD_5,\;COD_{Mn}$, SS의 경우 94.6%, 79.8%, 94.9%이었으며, T-N 및 T-P로서 70.8% 및 76.9%로 나타났다. EPS 여재에 부착된 부착미생물 군집의 16S-rRNA 분석결과 ammonia-oxidizing bacteria로 알려진 Nitrosomonas속, Nitrosoccus속, Gallionella속이 포함된 cluster가 EPS 여재에 부착된 biofilm의 6% 정도인 것으로 조사되었다. 결과적으로 질산화미생물의 우점화를 통해 질산화 반응시간을 단축시킴으로서 6시간 이내의 짧은 수리학적 체류시간에서도 T-N 및 T-P농도를 10 mg/L 및 1.0 mg/L 이하로 처리할 수 있었던 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.306-310
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• 2009

Packed-bed reactor for removing ammonia was tested at different loading rates. Nitrifiers for ammonia removing was encapsulated in gel media which consisted of polyethlene glycol, alginate and activated carbon. The removal efficiency was nearly 100% when ammonia loading was $12g/m^3/hr$, and the maximum elimination capacity (EC) achieved on this study was $18g/m^3/hr$. The initial microbial portion of nitrifiers in the media was about 82% and it was increased to more than 90% at the end of the operation. Short-term shock loading test was carried out to survey the stability of the media. The inlet loading rates were varied from 2 to $20g/m^3/hr$. The packed-bed reactor overcame the shock loading i.e. removal efficiency recovered rapidly from about 80% to almost 100% within 6 hrs. The results of Live/Dead cell test showed that nitrifiers maintained there activity in the encapsulated media during the test and also against ammonia shock load.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find the operational characteristics of nitrifier-dominated membrane bioreactor (MBR), which has been extensively studied for organic removal, especially in terms of nitrite ($NO_2$-N) build-up and membrane fouling. Membrane fouling is one of the important factor which determines the economics of MBR system. The characteristics of membrane fouling was monitored in terms of the fouling indices such as sludge volume index (SVI), the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in a membrane permeate or sludge extract, the absorbance of supernatant at 260 nm. Most of index values except for protein concentration in EPS had a close relation with the increase of suction pressure and SVI value. Nitrifying MBR was superior to the conventional organic-oxidizing MBR in terms of membrane fouling since the fouling index value of nitrifying MBR was lower than that of BOD-oxidizing MBR.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2006

Autotrophic nitrogen removal and its microbial community from a laboratory scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor were characterized with dynamic behavior of nitrogen removal and sequencing result of molecular technique (DNA extraction, PCR and amplification of 16S rDNA), respectively. In the experiment treating inorganic wastewater, the anaerobic granular sludge from a full-scale UASB reactor treating industrial wastewater was inoculated as seed biomass. The operating results revealed that an addition of hydroxylamine would result in lithoautotrophic ammonium oxidation to nitrite/nitrate, and also hydrazine would play an important role for the success of sustainable nitrogen removal process. Total N and ammonium removal of 48% and 92% was observed, corresponding to nitrogen conversion of 0.023 g N/L-d. The reddish brown-colored granular sludge with a diameter of $1{\sim}2\;mm$ was observed at the lower part of sludge bed. The microbial characterization suggests that an anoxic ammonium oxidizer and an anoxic denitrifying autotrophic nitrifier contribute mainly to the nitrogen removal in the reactor. The results revealed the feasibility on development of high performance lithoautotrophic nitrogen removal process with its microbial granulation.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate removal efficiency of $NH_4-N$ using the soil column. Soil, oyster shell and natural zeolite were used as a supporting media of soil column. Removal efficiencies of $NH_4-N$ were $35.9\%,\;41\%\;and\;93.4\%$ for the soil column packed with soil, natural $zeolite(20\%)$ and oyster $shell(20\%)$ at HRT of 72 hours, respectively. The addition of $20\%$ oyster shell to the soil accelerated nitrification in soil column. The influent ammonia nitrogen was mostly converted to nitrate nitrogen in the soil column and little ammonia nitrogen was found in the effluent. When the influent $NH_4-N$ concentration was 200 mg/l, the NIL-N removal was decreased at HRT of 48 hours, while nitrification was significantly increased after mechanical aeration. It was suggested that nitrification from higher $NH_4-N$ concentration was more affected by aeration in soil column process. The number of nitrifiers was approximately in a level of about $10^6\;MPN/g{\cdot}soil$ in the soil column mixed with oyster shell ($20\%$).

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 1998

Nitrification and denitrification are important processes in the landfill site as they are deeply related with degradation and stabilization of refuse. Also nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) which is released from both nitrification and denitrification is known as greenhouse gas (GHG). The purpose of this study was to clarify the process by which $N_2O$ produced using $^{15}N$ isotope. Nitrate which was labeled to 10.08% with $^{15}KNO_3$ was used and $N_2O$ was analyzed with GC mass. Results was that even also when $O_2$ of bulk was 15%, $N_2O$ was released from denitrification. And as concentrations of $O_2$ increase, sum of $N_2O$ was released from denitrification. And as concentrations of $O_2$ increase, sum of $N_2O$ and $N_2$ was decreased and ratios of $N_2O$ in the reduced gases were increased. FISH technics also adaped to confirm whether which of nitrifiers existed in the substrates. When NEU was used of which the target was ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrifier was not detected at all. So it was confirmed that during the reaction denitrification was dominant process. Total bacteria distributions which were detected by EUB probe explained that as $O_2$ increase the number of bacteria also increase, but between the 10-15% of $O_2$ there was no any differences.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.409-413
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• 2005

본 논문에는 자가영양균의 최대비성장율 추정법이 제시되었다. 먼저 질산화균의 농도가 질산화 된 암모니아, 슬러지 일령 및 사멸계수를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 되었고, 다음단계로 과잉암모니아를 공급하여 질산화균의 호흡율을 측정하였다. 자가영양균의 최대비성장율은 ${\mu}_{max,A}\;=\;OUR_{max,A}/Y_A$의 관계를 통해 계산되어질 수 있으며 추정된 최대비성장율은 운전기간에 걸쳐 일정한 값을 가지지 앉고 시간에 따라 변화한다는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구를 통해 최대호흡율을 이용한 최대비성장율의 동적 추정법이 수행되었고, 일정한 최대비성장율를 이용한 처리장 운전결과 예측은 처리장 거동을 예측할 수 없으며 활성슬러지공정의 성능예측을 위한 시뮬레이션을 위해서는 동적 추정된 매개변수의 사용이 필요함을 확인하였다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.689-696
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• 2007

Kinetic analysis was important to develope the biological nutrient removal process effectively. In this research, anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic system was operated to investigate kinetic behavior on the nutrient removal reaction. Nitrification and denitrification were important microbiological reactions of nitrogen. The kinetics of organic removal and nitrification reaction have been investigated based on a Monod-type expression involving two growth limiting substrates : TKN for nitrification and COD for organic removal reaction. The kinetic constans and yield coefficients were evaluated for both these reactions. Experiments were conducted to determine the biological kinetic coefficients and the removal efficiencies of COD and TKN at five different MLSS concentrations of 5000, 4200, 3300, 2600, and 1900 mg/L for synthetic wastewater. Mathematical equations were presented to permit complete evaluation of the this system. Kinetic behaviors for the organic removal and nitrification reaction were examined by the determined kinetic coefficient and the assumed operation condition and the predicted model formulae using kinetic approach. The conclusions derived from this experimental research were as follows : 1. Biological kinetic coefficients were Y=0.563, $k_d=0.054(day^{-1})$, $K_S=49.16(mg/L)$, $k=2.045(day^{-1})$ for the removal of COD and $Y_N=0.024$, $k_{dN}=0.0063(day^{-1})$, $K_{SN}=3.21(mg/L)$, $k_N=31.4(day^{-1})$ for the removal of TKN respectively. 2. The predicted kinetic model formulae could determine the predicted concentration of the activated sludge and nitrifier, investigate the distribution rate of input carbon and nitrogen in relation to the solid retention time (SRT).

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVII)
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• pp.434-438
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• 2005

생물반응기의 운전 특성과 성능은 온도나 pH, 용존산소 등의 물리화학적 조건 외에 미생물의 종류와 분포비율, 미생물의 대사상태에 따라서도 매우 다양한 특성을 보인다. 질산화 미생물 코팅 담체를 투입한 반응조에서는 담체가 없는 반응조에 비해 질산화 미생물의 양이 증가하였고, 또한 질산화 미생물이 코팅된 담체를 사용한 반응기는 코팅되지 않은 담체를 투입한 반응조에 비해 질산화 미생물 양의 상승효과가 있었다. 질산화 미생물의 양은 운전 기간과 수온의 상승에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.