• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2006

Partial nitrification blocking of the oxidation of nitrite ($NO_{2}^{-}$) to nitrate ($NO_{3}^{-}$) has cost-efficient advantages such as lower oxygen and organics demand for nitrification and denitrification, respectively. A nitrifying membrane bioreactor of submerged type was operated for the treatment of synthetic ammonium wastewater with the purpose of nitrite build-up without affecting the efficiency of ammonium oxidation. A high ammonium concentration (1,000 mg/l) was completely converted to nitrate at up to 2 kg $N/m^3$ day under sufficient aeration. The control of pH under sufficient aeration was not a reliable strategy to maintain stable nitrite build-up. When the dissolved oxygen concentration was kept at 0.2-0.4 mg/l by adjusting the aeration rate, about 70% of nitrite content was obtained with ammonium oxidation efficiency higher than 93%. The increase of suction pressure due to membrane fouling was not significant under lowered aerating environment over a 6-month period of operation. The composition of nitrifier community, including relative abundance of nitrite oxidizers in a nitrite-accumulating condition, was quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.779-878
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• 2004

This study was conducted to analyze the operating conditions of predenitrification process to improve the treatment efficiency in low organic loading sewage plant in use today, and to investigate the treatment efficiency of pilot plant added night soil as well as the nitrogen removal characteristics of pilot plant added carbon sources. In the operation under the condition of $BOD_{5}$ sludge load 0.03-0.28kg $BOD_{5}$/kg VSS/d and oxic ammoniac nitrogen sludge load 0.02-0.24 $kgNH_{4}^{+}$-N/kg MLVSS/d, nitrification efficiency is higher than 95%. In order to achieve 70% nitrogen removal at the T-N sludge loading 0.06kg T-N/kg VSSㆍd and the SRT 6～11 days, optimum operating factors were revealed to $CODc_{r}$/T-N ratio 9, recycle ratio 2.6, and denitrification volume ratio 0.33. At this time, denitrification capacity was approximately 0.09 kg $NO_{3}^{-}$-N/kg $CODc_{r}$; specific nitrification rate was 3.4mg $NH_{4}^{+}$-N/g MLVSS/hr; and specific denitrification rate was 4.8mg $NO_{3}^{-}$-N/g MLVSS/hr.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 1997

Removal of nitrogen compound from waste water is essential and often accomplished by biological process. To prevent washout and to develop an efficient bioreactor, immobilization of sutibal microorganisms could be sensible approach. Strains and permeabilized cell encapsulated in cellulose nitrate microcapsules and immobilized on polystyrene films were prepared by the method described in the previous study. In the wastewater treatment system, nitrification of ammonia component is generally known as rate controlling step. To enhance the rate of nitrification, firstly nitrifying strains Nitrosomonas europaea(IFO14298), are permeabilized chemically, and immobilized on polystyrene films and secondly oxidation rates of strain system and permeabilized strain system are compared in the same condition. with 30 minute permeabilized cells, it took about 25 hours to oxidize 70% of ammonia in the solution, while it took about 40 hours to treat same amount of ammonia with untreated cells. All the immobilization procedures did not harm to the enzyme activity and no mass transfer resistance through the capsule well was shown. In the durability test of immobilized system, the system showed considerable activity for the repeated operation for 90 days. With these results, the system developed in this study showed the possibility to be used in the actual waste water treatment system.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.163-169
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• 2003

The floating bead filter was tested for treatment of aquacultural water in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system. Performance of floating bead filter on the removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and the treatment of nitrogen sourer such as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were evaluated. The system was stocked with Nile tilapia at an initial rearing densities of $5\%\;and\;7\%$ over 30 days. The average TSS removal rates were $43.0\;g/m^2{\cdot}day\;and\;39.5\;g/m^2{\cdot}day$ for rearing density of $5\%\;and\;7\%$, respectively. As rearing density increased from $5\%\;to\;7\%$. the TAN removal efficiency decreased from $22.0\%\;to\;17.7\%$. At the rearing densities of $5\%\;and\;7\%$, the average TAN removal rates and removal efficiencies were $38.8\;g/m^2{\cdot}day,\;15.6\%\;and\;37.8\;g/m^2{\cdot}day.\;17.7\%,$ respectively. The average TAN removal rate was $37.8-38.8\;g/m^3{\cdot}day.$ The oxygen consumption by floating bead filter was higher than theoretical oxygen consumption rate by nitrification.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2004

This study was initiated to evaluate the efficiencies of DEPHANOX and Modified-DEPHANOX, which were devoloped to enhance nitrogen removal efficiency in municipal wastewater treatment. In the results, removal efficiency of organic matters was not affected much by increased loading rate of organic matters which is contained in influent. The nitrogen removal efficiencies according to the loading rate of influent TN was decreased drastically in conditions of over $0.2kg/m^3{\cdot}day$, which is T-N loading rate, and the DEPHANOX process was affected more sensitively than the M-DEPHANOX was. When the temperature was altered from $25^{\circ}C$ to $16^{\circ}C$ at HRT 6hrs, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was still over 90% and it was concluded that both DEPHANOX and M-DEPHANOX were strong enough to endure temperature variation. Moreover, both processes showed over 90% in ammonia removal efficiencies in over HRT 5hrs, so it was concluded that they were strong in HRT variation. M-DEPHANOX process showed a higher value than DEPHANOX did in T-N removal efficiency to the extent of 4~21 %, which resulted from differency of denitrification rates and the biosorption efficiency of organic matter in both processes. In the condition of HRT less than 4hrs, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen contained in effluents and nitrification reactors, might be sensitively affected by biosorption efficiency of organic matters in first separation tank. In the effect of effluent nitrate concentration in phosphorus removal, the more effluent nitrate concentration was decreased, the more phosphorus removal efficiency was increased. This result is related to the decrease of concentration of effluent nitrate which resulted from nitrification inhibition by decreased HRT.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.561-567
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• 2017

본 연구는 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 흡착능력을 지닌 제올라이트 여재에 부착성장을 이용하여 저농도 $NH_4{^+}-N$의 생물학적 질산화에 대해 평가하고자 하였다. 대조군으로는 $NH_4{^+}-N$ 흡착능력이 없는 EPP (expanded polypropylene) 여재와 비교하였다. 각 여재는 미생물 접촉을 위해 활성슬러지에 8시간 폭기시킨 후 실험에 사용하였다. 회분식 실험결과 제올라이트에 흡착된 $NH_4{^+}-N$을 부착된 질산화 미생물들이 이용할 수 있기 때문에 EPP 여재보다 질산화가 더 잘 일어남을 확인하였다. 또한 연속운전결과 EBCT (empty bed contact time) 25분의 체류시간, 3 mg $NH_4{^+}-N/L$ 수준의 저농도 조건일 때 제올라이트 여재에서만 생물학적 질산화를 관찰할 수 있었다. 제올라이트 여재를 EBCT 10~60분으로 바꿔가며 운전한 결과 EBCT에 따른 질산화 수준의 차이를 확인할 수 있었으며, EBCT 60분일 때 최대 90% 이상의 $NH_4{^+}-N$처리율을 나타냈다. EBCT에 따라 유입되는 질소($NH_4{^+}-N$)농도대비 유출되는 질소($NH_4{^+}-N+NO_2{^-}-N+NO_3{^-}-N$)농도의 차이가 발생함을 확인할 수 있었으며, EBCT 10분일 때 0.25 mg/L, 25분일 때 0.78 mg/L, 40분일 때 0.59 mg/L, 60분일 때 0.37 mg/L로 나타났다. 이는 $NH_4{^+}-N$의 흡착속도와 질산화속도의 차이로 발생한 것으로, 이 농도의 차이만큼 여재에 $NH_4{^+}-N$이 흡착된 상태로 존재하고 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

하폐수의 생물학적 고도처리 공정의 설계와 운전 최적화에 필요한 자료를 제공하기 위하여 ASM3를 이용하여 부상여재반응기(ABF)에 대한 해석을 수행하였다. 대상 반응기로서는 수중의 부유물질 제거와 질산화 반응을 위해 이용되는 호기적 부상여재반응기로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 하폐수 고도처리공정 중 활성슬러지의 생흡착반응을 이용한 전체 시스템 중에 흡착조를 거친 유출수를 부상여재를 이용하여 질산화시키는 공정에 대한 해석을 목적으로 하였다. 민감도 분석과 영향평가를 위해서 상용 수처리 공정해석 프로그램인 GPS-X(V 5.0)을 이용하였다. 민감도 분석을 통해 공정거동에 영향이 큰 매개변수($Y_A$, $k_{sto}$, ${\mu}_A$, $K_{A,HN}$)가 결정되었고, 70일간의 pilot plant 운전자료를 이용한 동적 시뮬레이션을 통해 최적화하였다. 최적화된 매개변수 값들은 $Y_A$가 0.14, $k_{sto}$는 3.5/d, ${\mu}_A$는 2.7/d, $K_{A,HN}$는 1.1mg/L로 결정되었다. 최적화된 매개변수 값들을 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였고, 부상여재반응기의 수리학적 체류시간(HRT)을 10분에서 4시간으로 변화시키면서 TN, $NH_4{^+}-N$, $NO_3{^-}-N$의 변화를 예측하여 실측값과 비교한 결과 HRT가 10분 정도로 매우 짧은 운전조건에서도 60%에 가까운 질산화율을 보여주고 있었다. 짧은 HRT에서 우수한 질산화 능력을 보인 부상여재의 특성을 이용하여 유량변동이 매우 큰 현장에 부상여재반응기가 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다고 판단되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.2023-2033
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• 2021

Objective: The present study was conducted to assess the effect of urease inhibitor (hydroquinone [HQ]) and nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide [DCD]) on nitrogen (N) use efficiency of pig slurry for perennial ryegrass regrowth yield and its environmental impacts. Methods: A micro-plot experiment was conducted using pig slurry-urea ¹⁵N treated with HQ and/or DCD and applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha. The flows of N derived from the pig slurry urea to herbage regrowth and soils as well as soil N mineralization were estimated by tracing pig slurry-urea ¹⁵N, and the N losses via ammonia (NH₃), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, and nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching were quantified for a 56 d regrowth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward. Results: Herbage dry matter at the final regrowth at 56 d was significantly higher in the HQ and/or DCD applied plots, with a 24.5% to 42.2% increase in ¹⁵N recovery by herbage compared with the control. Significant increases in soil ¹⁵N recovery were also observed in the plots applied with the inhibitors, accompanied by the increased N content converted to soil inorganic N (NH₄⁺+NO₃^-) (17.3% to 28.8% higher than that of the control). The estimated loss, which was not accounted for in the herbage-soil system, was lower in the plots applied with the inhibitors (25.6% on average) than that of control (38.0%). Positive effects of urease and/or nitrification inhibitors on reducing N losses to the environment were observed at the final regrowth (56 d), at which cumulative NH₃ emission was reduced by 26.8% (on average 3 inhibitor treatments), N₂O emission by 50.2% and NO₃^- leaching by 10.6% compared to those of the control. Conclusion: The proper application of urease and nitrification inhibitors would be an efficient strategy to improve the N use efficiency of pig slurry while mitigating hazardous environmental impacts.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of nutrient removal of municipal wastewater in the submerged membrane bioreactor by addition of alum directly into aerobic tank. Membrane bioreactor consists of three reactors such as two intermittent anaerobic tanks and the aerobic tank with hollow fiber membrane. The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the membrane bioreactor were 94.0%, 99.1%, 99.9%, 66.9%, and 58.9%, respectively. In addition, The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, BOD, SS, TN and TP on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition were 93.4%, 99.0%, 99.9%, 63.2%, and 96.8%, respectively. There was little difference between them on the nutrient removal efficiencies except phophorus removal. The estimated sludge production, specific denitrification rate, specific nitrification rate and phosphorus removal content on the membrane bioreactor were 1.76 kgTSS/d, $0.055mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.031mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.095 kgP/d, respectively. And The estimated sludge production, specific denitrification rate, specific nitrification rate and phosphorus removal content on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition were 2.90 kgTSS/d, $0.049mgNO_3-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, $0.030mgNH_4-N/mgVSS{\cdot}d$, and 0.160 kgP/d, respectively. The alum content added was 1.7 molAl/molP on an average. The increasing ratio of tran-membrane pressure on the membrane bioreactor was $0.0056kgf/cm^2{\cdot}compared$ to $0.0033kgf/cm^2{\cdot}d$ on the membrane bioreactor with alum addition. There was a slightly reduction effect on membrane fouling by alum addition.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Composted animal manure applied to the arable soil for improving soil quality and enhancing crop productivity causes greenhouse gas emissions such as nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) by processes of nitrification and denitrification. However, little studies have been conducted on determining effect of application ratio of composted animal manure on $N_2O$ emission rate and its annual emission pattern from upland soil in South Korea. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine $N_2O$ emission rate and its annual emission pattern from upland soil supporting for sweet potato. METHODS AND RESULTS: Composted animal manure was applied at the ratio of 0, 10, and 20 Mg/ha to an upland soil supporting for sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Nitrous oxide emission was examined during growing season and non-growing season from May 2016 through May 2017. Daily $N_2O$ fluxes showed peaks right after applications of composted animal manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Precipitation and soil water content affected daily $N_2O$ flux during non-growing season. Especially, $N_2O$ flux was strongly associated with water filled pore space (WFPS). We assumed that the majority of $N_2O$ measured during growing season of sweet potato was produced from nitrification and subsequent denitrification. Annual cumulative $N_2O$ emission rate significantly increased with increasing application ratio of composted animal manure. It increased to 12.0 kg/ha/yr from 8.73 kg/ha/yr at control with 10 Mg/ha of composted animal manure and to 14.0 kg/ha/yr of $N_2O$ emission with 20 Mg/ha of the manure. CONCLUSION: To reduce $N_2O$ emission from arable soil, further research on developing management strategy associated with use of the composted animal manure and soil moisture is needed.