• 대한약리학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.389-397
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• 1996

위점막은 위강내에서 생성되는 독성이 강한 활성산소종에 노출된다. Nitric oxide는 glutathione의 항상성을 유지시킴으로써 acetaminophen 유도 간독성에 대한 보호효과를 나타내었다. 본 연구는 hydrogen peroxide로 인한 위선세포 손상에 대한 nitric oxide의 작용을 규명하고자 하였다. Hydrogen peroxide는 ${\beta}-D-glucose$와 glucose oxidase의 반응에 의해 생성시켰으며, 위선세포에 L-arginine, $N^{G}-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester 및 $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$을 전처리 한 후, 세포외로 유리되는 지질과산화물 및 nitrite를 정량하고 세포내 glutathione 함량을 측정하였다. 결과로서, glucose/glucose oxidase를 처리한 경우 glucose oxidase 농도의존적으로 지질과산화물 생성은 증가되었으며, nitrite 유리 및 glutathione 함량은 감소되었다. NO synthase의 기질인 L-arginine 전처리시 glucose/glucose oxidase에 의한 지질과산화 및 nitrite 유리 증가와 세포내 glutathione 감소등이 방지되었다. $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester 및 $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$등 NO synthase 억제제들은 세포손상에 보호효과를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 nitric oxide는 hydrogen peroxide로 인한 세포손상에 대한 보호효과가 없으며, 이는 지질과산화 반응 및 세포내 glutathione 고갈등을 억제시킴으로써 이루어진다고 사료된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2002

목적 : 본 연구에서는 알코올 독성에 대하여 흰쥐의 치상회에서 새로운 신경세포의 생성 및 nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 발현에 인삼이 미치는 영향을 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 면역 조직 화학법 및 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) 조직화학법을 통해서 관찰하고자 한다. 방법 : 실험동물을 정상군, 인삼처치군, 알코올처치군 및 알코올-인삼 처치군으로 분류하여 각각의 실험군에 3일간 BrdU (50mg/kg)를 복강주사하였다. 인삼처치군은 30mg/kg 용량의 인삼 전탕액을 중완혈에 약침주사하였고, 알코올 처치군은 2 g/kg 용량의 알코올을 투여하였으며. 알코올-인삼 처치군은 2 g/kg 용량의 알코올 및 30mg/kg 용량의 인삼 전탕액을 투여한 후 각각의 BrdU 양성 세포수와 NADPH-d 양성세포수를 관찰하였다. 결과 : 알코올 투여군은 BrdU 양성세포 및 NADPH-d 양성세포 발현이 감소하였으나, 인삼 및 알코올 인삼처치군에서는 알코올 투여군에 비해서 모두 증가하였다. 결론 : 인삼은 알코올에 의해서 유발된 새로운 신경세포 생성의 감소에 대하여 보호효과가 있으며, 알코올에 의해서 부가적으로 영향 받는 산화질소는 세포생성 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 사려된다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Purpose: Many studies on the time course of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression have been performed in the LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)-induced endotoxemic model, but there have been few experimental approaches to continuous peritonitis-induced sepsis model. We conducted this study to establish basic data for future sepsis-related research by investigating the time course of iNOS gene expression and the relationship with the production of inflammatory mediators in the early sepsis model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were operated on by sing the CLP method to induce of peritonitis; and then, they were sacrificed and samples of blood and lung tissues were obtained at various times (1,2,3,6,9 and 12 h after CLP). We observed the expression of iNOS mRNA from lung tissues and measured the synthesis of nitric oxide, $IL-1{\beta}$, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from the blood. Results: iNOS mRNA began to be expressed at 3 h and was maintained untill 12 h after CLP. The nitric oxide concentration was increased significantly at 6 h, reached its peak level at 9 h, and maintained a plateau untill 12 h after CLP. $TNF-{\alpha}$ began to be detected at 3 h, increased gradually, and decreased steeply from 9 h after CLP. $IL-1{\beta}$ showed its peak level at 6 h after CLP, and tended to decrease without significance. Conclusion: We observed that the iNOS gene was expressed later in peritonitis-induced sepsis than in LPS-induced sepsis. Nitric oxide and key inflammatory mediators were also expressed later in peritonitis-induced sepsis than in LPS-induced sepsis.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2012

In recent years, egg allergy has been raised as the most prevalent food hypersensitivity in the pediatric population. One of the major egg allergens is ovalbumin (OVA) which is the major protein in egg white, comprising 54% of its total protein content. Parthenolide isolated from Tanacetum partheniumb has been used to treat many chronic diseases for many years. In the present report, we present biochemical evidence that parthenolide inhibits the nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation induced by OVA. Parthenolide also inhibits OVA-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. These data suggest new approaches for the efficient alleviation of the allergic symptoms.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.270-274
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• 2013

Egg allergy has been raised as the most prevalent food hypersensitivity in children. Ovalbumin (OVA), which is one of the major egg allergens, is the major protein in egg white. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG) is an active component present in licorice and has been used to treat many chronic diseases for many years. In this study, we present biochemical evidence that ILG inhibits OVA-induced nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation. ILG also inhibits OVA-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. These data suggest that ILG has anti-allergy effects.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.210-215
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• 1999

Nitric oxide (NO) can mediate numerous physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, cytotoxicity, secretion and inflammatory response. The regulation of NO production by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is considered to be the possible target of the development of anti-inflammatory agent, based on the observation that NO can activate cyclooxygenase, which results in the synthesis of prostaglandins. In an effort to screen new inhibitor of NO production from about 352 species of herbal extracts, we found 9 species with 50% or more inhibitory effect on NO production. Especially, the dose-dependent inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages by two of the herbal extracts (Artemisiae asiaticae Herba and Saussureae Radix) was due to the decrease in the expression of iNOS.

• Integrative Medicine Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.223-223
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• 2016

Background: Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been shown to exert antihypertensive effects. In particular, ginsenoside Rg3 is thought to be a potent modulator of vascular function. The present study was performed to examine the antihypertensive efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract and Rg3-enriched KRG (REKRG) extract. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) andWistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) were divided into six groups (WKY control, WKY-KRG, WKY-REKRG, SHR control, SHR-KRG, and SHRREKRG), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured at the carotid artery, followed by injection of 3mg/kg KRG or 3mg/kg REKRG. Results: REKRG treatment significantly decreased SBP and DBP 3hours post-treatment in the SHR group compared with SHR control group. However, SBP and DBP were not significantly different in KRG-treated SHRs compared with control SHRs. REKRG treatment did not significantly alter SBP or DBP 3hours post-treatment in the WKY group compared with WKY control group. Similarly, there were no differences in SBP or DBP with KRG treatment in the WKY group and WKY control group. Both KRG and REKRG increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation levels in the aorta, and the increases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation levels by REKRG treatment were higher than those with KRG treatment. Similarly, nitric oxide production in plasma from WKYs and SHRs was also increased by both KRG and REKRG. Conclusion: These results suggest that REKRG has a more beneficial effect on blood pressure control than KRG in SHRs.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.231-236
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• 2005

This study investigated the changes in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activities during food restriction in the rat brain such as cerebral cortex, cerebellum, caudate pautamen and hypothalamus. The rats were placed on a restricted feeding schedule consisting of half the ad libitum quantity for 3 days and 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 weeks, and a free feeding schedule for 4 weeks. The loss of body weight peaked after 1 week of food restriction and persisted during the entire 9-week period of food restriction. The dramatic weight change in the first week ($12\%$) and the reduction in weight changes thereafter suggest that major adaptation changes occur early and body maintenance occurs subsequently. In the hypothalamus, the optical densities of the NADPH-d and nNOS immunoreactivities were found to be significantly higher in the 1-week and lower in the 9-week food restricted group than in the ad libitum fed control rats. In contrast, in the cerebral cortex, the optical densities of the NADPH-d- and nNOS-positive neurons were not changed significantly during the period of food restriction. This study provides the morphological evidence showing that food restriction has a significant effect on the nitric oxide synthesizing system of the hypothalamus.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1998년도 Proceedings of UNESCO-internetwork Cooperative Regional Seminar and Workshop on Bioassay Guided Isolation of Bioactive Substances from Natural Products and Microbial Products
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• pp.176-176
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• 1998

An enhanced formation of nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of hypotention, peripheral vasodilation and vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents in endotoxaemia. And tumor necrosis factor (TNF${\alpha}$), as a primary mediator of circulatory shock has been known to induce inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS), leading to excessive production of NO. We isolated two sesquiterpene lactone compounds from Saussurea lappa and their structures were elucidated as dehydrocostus lactone and costunolide. These compounds inhibit the production of both NO and TNF${\alpha}$ by LPS (1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. NO was measured spectropho-tometrically as nitrite by the Griess reagent and TNF${\alpha}$ by ELISA. Dehydrocostus lactone (IC$\sub$50/ : 3.0 ${\mu}$M) and costunolide (IC$\sub$50/ : 4.5 ${\mu}$M) inhibited the production of NO in LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells by suppressing inducible nitric oxide synthase enzyme expression. These compounds also decreased the TNF${\alpha}$ levels in LPS-activated system in vitro and in vivo.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.207-207
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• 1996

Through molecular cloning, five muscarinic receptors have been identified. The muscarinic receptors can be generally grouped according to their coupling to either stimulation of phospholipase C (m1, m3, and m5) or the inhibition of adenylate cyclase (m2 and m4). Each m1, m3, and m5 receptors has the additional potential to couple to the activation of phospholipase A$_2$, C, and D, tyrosine kinase, and the mobilization of Ca$\^$2+/. However, the differences in coupling efficiencies to different second messenger systems between these receptors have not been studied well. Ectopic expression of each of these receptors in mammalian cells has provided the opportunity to evaluate the signal transduction of each in some detail. In this work we compared the coupling efficiencies of the m1, m3 and m5 muscarinic receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to the Ca$\^$2+/ mobilization and the stimulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Because G protein/PLC/PI turnover/[(Ca$\^$2+/])i/NOS pathway was supposed as a main pathway for the production of nitric oxide via muscarinic receptors, we studied on ml, m3 and m5 receptors. Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in detector neuroblastoma cells was used as an index of generation nitric oxide (NO) in CHO cells. The agonist carbachol increased the cGMP formation and the intracellular [Ca$\^$2+/] in concentration dependent manner in three types of receptors and the increased cGMP formation was significantly attenuated by scavenger of NO or inhibitor of NOS. m5 receptors was most efficiently coupled to stimulation of nNOS, And, the coupling efficiencies to the stimulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in three types of receptors were parallel with them to the Ca$\^$2+/ mobilization.