• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.893-905
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• 2020

This study analyzed the perception types of women over the age of 60 in regards to attitude and the effect of wearing brassiere. In addition, it was also to provide the basic data demand for the development of a brassiere for elderly women. Q methodology was used for this study. Analyze the data using the QUANL pc program. Type 1 was the nipple cover non-preferred type. Type 1 thought brassiere has uplifting effect, but is uncomfortable and only worn when going out. Type 2 was a function-oriented preference type. They wore a brassiere for beauty and psychological satisfaction. The brassiere push-up the breast and enhanced volume. Type 3 was the pursuit of vibration reducing and beauty type. The brassiere reduced breast vibration and kept armpits comfortable. The brassiere was worn for beauty. In the future, the actual development of brassieres for elderly women should be investigated for wearing sensation and satisfaction.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.101-142
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• 1998

1. 연구 목적 및 배경 사상의학(四象醫學)에서의 대소음양인(太少陰陽人)의 체질 구분의 근거는 폐비간현(肺脾肝賢)의 각기 다른 장리로 인한 것으로 이는 폐비간현(肺脾肝賢)의 위치와 사상인(四象人) 구분의 근거인 체형기상(體形氣像)까지 이어진다. 이러한 각기 다른 체형기상(體形氣像)은 사상인 체질 구분의 가장 중요한 단서중의 하나로 이를 측정하여 각 체질의 사초(四焦) 체간부(體幹部)를 수기로 측정한 연구가 있었으나 이는 측정상의 오류가 많아 본 연구에서는 삼차원계측기를 이용하여 각 체질별 체간의 삼차원적인 특징을 해부학적 위치를 중심으로 측정하고 둘레, 단면적, 체적 등의 입체적 측정을 통해 체간부의 정량적인 특정을 살펴 체질 구분에 이용하고자 하였다. 2. 연구 방법 체질진단용 설문지 1번, QSCC(II), 맥진, 침진의 진단 방법을 이용하고 사상의학 전문의에 의해 체질 진단된 건강한 20대에서 40대까지의 성인 남자 40명과 여자 20명을 대상으로 Rapid 3D Color Scanner Model 3030 RGB/PS를 사용하여 삼차원 영상을 촬영한 후 해부학적 구조를 근거로 31항목의 체적, 전표 면적, 높이를 측정하고 25가지의 사초 가설을 설정하여 각 체질별 사초의 삼차원적인 특징을 구하였다. 3. 연구 결과 및 결론 1) 체간부 측정 항목의 절대치 (1) 여자의 특징 태음인이 다른 체질에 비해 체간부가 큰 편이고 소음인이 대개의 경우 가장 작은 경향을 나타내었다. 그러나 갑상연골점의 목둘레, 흉골상단의 단면적과 전둘레, 경폭에서 소양인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타나 소양인이 경부 즉, 체간의 최상부가 가장 둘레가 가는 것을 알 수 있다. 유두선 높이의 단면적, 전둘레, 깊이와 중완선높이의 전후둘레의 체간부에서 태음인이 소음인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 체간부의 상부는 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 치골상단의 폭은 소양인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. (2) 남자의 특징 갑상연골점, 흉골상단, 액와, 유두, 검상돌기, 중완, 하완, 제부, 상전장골극, 치골결합상단 부위에 이르기까지 전 항목에서 태음인의 체형이 가장 크며 소음인의 체형이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 갑상연골점 높이에서 전후둘레, 폭, 깊이에서 태음인이 가장 크고 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 유두와 유하간의 수직거리는 소양인이 가장 크고 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 2) 사초부위의 절대치의 비교 (1) 여자 상초의 항목 중에서 갑상연골점 높이에서 액와선높이까지의 체적과 흉골상단높이에서 유두높이까지의 체간 상부 체적이 소양인이 가장 작았다. 소양인이 체간 상부가 다른 체질에 비해 작다. 중상초 : 중상초의 항목 중 흉골상단에서 중완까지의 체적과 흉골상단에서 검상돌기까지의 체적에서 태음인이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. (2) 남자 상초, 중상초, 중하초, 하초의 경우 태음인이 소음인보다 체적이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 3) 체간에서 사초가 차지하는 비율에 대한 고찰 (1) 상초 : 액와에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정할때 상초에 해당하는 액와에서 유두선까지의 높이가 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 소양인이 액와점에서 유두선 까지의 거리가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. (2) 중상초 : 갑상연골점에서 치골결합상단을 사초로 설정할때 흉골상단에서 유두까지의 높이와 액와에서 유두까지의 높이에서 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며 갑상연골점에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정한 경우 흉골상단높이에서 유두까지와 액와에서 유두까지의 높이에서 태음인이 소양인보다 큰 것으로 나타나 소양인이 중상초의 높이가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 가장 짧은 것으로 나타났다. (3) 중하초 : 흉골상단에서 상전장골극을 사초로 설정할 때 중완에서 제부까지의 체적과 액와에서 상전장골극까지를 사초로 설정할 때 중완에서 제부까지의 체적이 차지하는 비율이 태음인이 소음보다 큰 것으로 나타나 중완에서 제부가 체간에서 차지하는 비율이 소음인이 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 4) 각 체질별 사초의 상관관계 태음인은 상초와 중하초의 상관관계를 체적, 표면적, 높이로 나누어 살펴 보아 대개의 경우 역상관관계를 얻었으며 특히도 표면적의 경우는 상관계수가 -0.9~-1로 나타나 상관정도가 높았다. 소음인과 소양인은 중상초와 하초의 상관관계를 체적, 표면적, 높이로 나누어 살펴 보아 대개의 경우 역상관관계를 얻었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.247-264
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• 1993

This study deals with the manufacturing of the foundation garments for the well-balanced somatotype of the Korean middle-aged womenhood. In order to get hold of the different somatotypes, a survey of a total of 134 middle-aged women in Kwangju area, ranging in their age from 45 through 59 was made. The statistical methods used for the analysis of the basic data were the Pearson's correlation coefficient, Anova, Cluster analysis and Stepwise. Emphasis of the try-on test was placed on (1) the comparison of anthropometric data before and after trying on the foundation garments, (2) sensory evaluation, (3) a rating on fit and performance, (4) the comparison by means of photograph. The conclusions obtained are as follows : 1) The 134 women sampled and measured were classified into the five groups of somatotype : the 52 women (34%) belong to Cluster 1 ; the 22 women(14.5%) belong in Cluster 2 ; the 12 women(7.9%) belong in Cluster 3 ; the 15 women(9.9%) belong in Cluster 4 ; the 33 women(27.7%) belong to Cluster 5. 2) As for the characteristics of the foundation garment design, the V-shaped neckline and chest dart was used. The adjust point is right above the perineum point. The foundation garment length is as far as trochanteric point. The materials used are cotton/polyurethane, lace, 100%cotton. The materials used for corrections were the sponge pad for the chest, and non-woven fabric pad for the back, shoulder and the hip. 3) The comparison of the anthropometric data of the subject when dressed in foundation garments showed a significant difference in bust point height, in bust point length and in nipple-ta-nipple breadth, which proves the foundation garments to be effective in correcting such part as the chest, the hip and the abdomen. 4) As considered in terms of the sensory evaluation, the item except for the shoulder and the armhole coincided with each other in the mean value and in the composite reliability coefficient, which also proves the foundation garments to be effective. 5) Subjects were satisfactory on fit, performance, design, of the foundation garment, and their changed appearance. 6) In the case of the comparison through the photographs, the silhouettes of all the five women subjects were found effectively to be balanced.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2015

유방확대수술이 미용을 위한 성형뿐만 아니라 유방암 절제술 후 재건의 목적으로 받는 등의 증가 추세이다. 유방확대수술을 받은 여성은 유방에 삽입한 보형물이 유방실질을 가려 유방질환을 진단하기 어려운 경우가 점점 증가하고 있고, 압박대로인한 보형물 파열 우려로 환자의 두려움은 증가하고 있다. 그러므로 유방보형물 삽입 여성에게 적용 가능한 압박대를 개발하여 그 유용성을 알아보고자 하며, 기존의 압박대와 새롭게 개발한 압박대를 유방보형물 삽입 환자모형의 phantom에 적용시켜 영상을 얻은 후 유방의 Inner, Outer 부분과 유두후방길이(Posterior Nipple Line; PNL), 전체적인 포함면적을 비교하여 그 유용성을 비교해보고자 한다. 개발한 압박대로 압박 시 전체 면적은 CC view에서 $9,813.797mm^2$로 10.09% 증가하였고, CC-ID view에서 $7,621.531mm^2$로 3.88% 증가하였으며, PNL은 CC view에서 90.916mm로 3.41% 증가, CC-ID view에서 75.357mm로 1.64% 증가하였다. 또한 흉벽 측 유방조직은 CC view에서 177.725mm로 3.53% 증가하였고, CC-ID view에서 152.510mm로 6.57% 증가되는 것으로 나타났으며, 기존의 압박대에 비해 개발한 압박대의 CC-ID 영상에서는 보형물이 완전히 제거된 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1972

In this article, the writer attempted to study the followings: (1) mother's knowledge of milk feeding (including method of sterilization, formula and feeding) (2) reasons of artificial feeding (3) how much mothers are concerned about their artificial feeding infants (4) condition of growth and development of artificial feeding infants. As the object of study, 96 mothers with artificial feeding infants, who had consulted dep't of pediatrics of two Hospitals in Seoul (Korea Hospital and Med. College Woo Suk Hospital, Korea Uni.) and well baby clinic of the two Health Centers (Sung Dong and Dongdaemoon), were randomly sampled. The data were treated by the statistic method of chi-square and percentage, and come to the following conclusion. 1. Knowledge of milk feeding Sterilization: 70 percentages of mothers know about the milk sterilization (including bottle, nipple and instrument), but 55 percentages of them do not know the nipple sterilization correctly. Formula: 69 percentages of mothers follow the indicator or in accordance with doctor's directions, but 31 percentages do at their option by reasons that the baby often coughs up the milk, the baby is too small, the baby often has digestive troubles, or the baby grow fleshy heavily etc, except family economic problems. Feeding: only half of mothers know the correct feeding method, especially they do not know how to determine the heat degree of milk and how to bubble up the baby correctly. They just do feeding according to the accepted usages. 2. Reasons of artificial feeding Of the reasons of artificial feeding, 18 percentages were caused by infants and 82 percentages by mothers. Most of the reasons are mainly due to the lack of breast milk and sufficient supply of nourishments rather than mother's deficiency or mother's abnormality. 3. Mother's concern for artificial feeding infants Mothers who are sharply concerned for their artificial feeding baby's growth and development: 63%, mothers who made the baby (artificial feeding infant) routine vaccinated: 81%, mothers who ear anxious about the baby's future personality forming : 68%, mothers who care about the baby's condition of nourishment; 60%, mothers who are anxious about tile selection of baby's food; 54%. 4. The growth and development of artificial feeding infants compared with Korean average infants. The artificial feeding infants are above the Korean average infants in stature by 1.21 centimeters and in weight by 0.3 kilograms. Conclusion: It has been said that there is no better food for infant than the breast milk. However, the artificial feeding has been used for the supplement of nourishments and as substitute food for the breast milk. And this artificial feeding could give the married women the chance to act in society and more opportunity to develop themselves and to work for others at home and other fields. Considering these advantages, artificial feeding should not be exclusive, but preferably should be more improved and inquired positively. And even in artificial feeding, what is most important is that mothers should recognize the requirement and need of artificial feeding clearly and correctly, and they should be accustomed to the correct knowledge and skills of artificial feeding in order to practice it appropriately. In some degree, they should be properly trained in school education process.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2007

Objectives : Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is the major component in commercial liquid epoxy resins, which are manufactured by co-reacting bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. This study was performed to show the developmental effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures to BADGE in male rat offspring. Methods : Mated female rats were divided into four groups, each containing 12 rats. The dosing solutions were prepared by thoroughly mixing BADGE in corn oil at the 0, 375, 1500 and 3000 mg/kg/day concentrations. Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 - 20 and postnatal day (PND) 0 - 21. Pregnant female dams were observed general symptoms and body weight. Also, male pups were observed the general symptoms, body weight, developmental parameters (e.g. anogenital distance, pina detachment, incisor eruption, nipple retention, eye opening, testis descent), organ pathologic changes and hormone levels of plasma. Results : Pregnant rats treated with BADGE died at a rate of about 70% in the 1500 mg/kg/day group and all rats treated with 3000 mg/kg/day died. Body weight, for male pups treated with doses of 375 mg/kg/day, was significantly lower than in the control group at PND 42, 56, and 63 (p<0.05). Evaluation of body characteristics including; separation of auricle, eruption of incisor, separation of eyelid, nipple retention, descent of testis, and separation of the prepuce in the BADGE treated group showed no difference in comparisons with the control group. AGD and adjusted AGD (mm/kg) for general developmental items in BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated pups tended to be longer than in controls, however, these differences were not statistically significant. Relative weights of adrenal gland, lung (p<0.05), brain, epididymis, prostate, and testis (p<0.01) were heavier than in control in measures at PND 9 weeks. There were no significant changes in comparisons of histological findings of these organs. Loss of spermatids was observed in the seminiferous tubule at PND 9 weeks, but no weight changes were observed. The plasma estrogen levels were similar in the control and treatment groups at PND 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The plasma testosterone levels in the control group tended to increase with age. However, in the BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated male pups it did not tend to increase. Conclusions : These findings suggest that BADGE is a chemical that has developmental effects consistent with it being an endocrine disruptor.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.353-362
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• 2022

본 연구는 주기적 유방 동통을 가진 가임기 여성에게 유방 마사지를 적용하여 유방 동통, 유방 경도, 유두 신전성, 유방 크기 및 유방의 혈액순환에 미치는 효과의 검증을 위한 무작위 통제군 전·후 실험 연구이었다. 연구 참여자는 M여성병원, C의료원, D시 소재의 백화점 및 인터넷 커뮤니티에서 모집한 주기적 유방 동통을 가진 여성 54명이었다. 실험 처치는 주기적 유방 동통이 있는 시기에 총 30분간 오른쪽과 왼쪽의 유방을 각각 15분씩 유방 마사지를 적용하였다. 실험 처치 후 실험군의 유방 동통(F=49.16, p<.001), 좌우 유방 경도(우측 t=-8.93, p<.001; 좌측 t=-10.34, p<.001), 좌우 유두 신전성(우측 t=3.58, p<.001 ; 좌측 t=4.66, p<.001), 좌우 유방 크기(우측 F=60.59, p<.001; 좌측 F=51.05, p<.001) 및 좌우 유방 혈액 순환 (우측 t=-1.30, p=.201; 좌측 t=-2.82, p=.007)은 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 시행한 유방 마사지는 주기적 유방 동통이 있는 참여자의 유방 동통 완화, 유방 경도 완화, 유방혈액순환 향상에 효과적이었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.656-658
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• 2007

Purpose: Prader-Willi Syndrome(PWS) is a congenital chromosomal disorder characterized by compulsive and early development of obesity. Obesity is identified as the main cause of morbidity in PWS individuals. Also, body change for rapid weight gain, such as gynecomastia, can cause considerable functional and psychological trauma, We corrected successfully gynecomastia in PWS patient, so we reported our experience of surgical method and literature reviews. Methods: A 16-year-old male patient presented with gynecomastia. He was diagnosed as with PWS at pediatric department. We performed reduction mammaplasty using inferior pedicle and Wise pattern. Excision amount was 1350g in right breast and 1415g in left breast. Also, we managed upper and lateral fullness of breast with liposuction. Results: There were no specific complications, such as hematoma, infection, nipple-areola complex necrosis, and so on. Also, aesthetic and functional outcome was acceptable Conclusion: We experienced successful correction of gynecomastia in PWS patient, and found advantages of conventional reduction mammaplasty using inferior pedicle and Wise pattern at this specific situation.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.653-655
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• 2007

Purpose: The umbilicus is an important aesthetic component of the abdomen. Its absence is both cosmetically and psychologically distressing to the patient. Umbilical reconstruction should always be aimed at creating an umbilicus of sufficient depth and good morphology with less scarring. The C-V flap developed for nipple reconstruction was used in an inverted fashion in case of umbilical reconstruction. The aim of this article is to report our experience of scarred umbilical reconstruction using inverted C-V flap. Methods: A 22-year-old woman presented with contracted scar tissue in the umbilical region because she had undergone surgical correction of an umbilical hernia at 5 year of age. Pedicle of the inverted C-V flap was based cephalically. For enhancing depth of the umbilicus, three anchoring sutures to linea alba were done at both lateral and caudal aspects of the umbilical tube. Primary closures were done at donor sites of the V flaps and bolster sutures were done in the caudal direction of the inverted umbilical tube. Results: The patient was satisfied with the appearance of umbilicus. Major complications such as dehiscence, infection, and delayed healing did not occur. Conclusion: The inverted C-V flap is easy and simple technique, and it can produce a satisfactory reconstruction of umbilical structure.