• School Mathematics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.833-846
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• 2013

In this paper, the real state of using terms 'product', 'place value', 'nine-nine', and 'numeral' incorrectly or inconsistently in the area in Korean elementary school 1-2 grade math textbooks/workbooks are analyzed. Based on this analysis, the following four conclusions are presented. First, 'Product' should be defined in the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ textbook like 'sum' and 'difference'. Multiplication is introduced in the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ textbook/workbook, however, the result of that calculation is not referred to 'product'. Second, there is a need to reconsider the using the term 'place value' in 2nd elementary mathematics. In the ${\ll}$Math 3${\gg}$ and the ${\ll}$Math 4${\gg}$ textbooks/workbooks are not using the term 'place value' clearly. Third, the word 'addition nine-nine table' and 'subtraction nine-nine table' should not be used in the ${\ll}$Math 2${\gg}$ and the ${\ll}$Math 4${\gg}$ textbooks. Using the term 'multiplication nine-nine' and 'multiplication nine-nine table' in elementary school mathematics textbooks/workbooks instead of using the term 'nine-nine' and 'nine-nine table' respectively would be the possible cause of these inaccurate derivatives. Fourth, in 1st and 2nd elementary mathematics 'numeral' and 'number' should be used discriminately. There is a need to reconsider the using the term 'number' uniformly if possible.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2001

The object of this experiment was to evaluate nutritive value of roughage which was collected by Woosung Feed Co., Ltd. in Korea in 1999-2000. Nineteen kinds of roughage(l32 samples) were collected by Woosung Feed Co., Ltd. and their chemical composition, ADF, NDF, Ca and P. were analysed. In addition, their DMD, DMI, WV and hay grades were calculated based on analysed values. The CP content of roughage was ranged from 17.35%(alfalfa hay) to 4.00%(Italian ryegrass hay), and ten kinds of roughage under six percentages were observed. The NDF content of roughage was ranged from 47.50%(sugarcane leaf) to 78.84%(orchardgrass hay), and eight kinds of roughage above seventy percentages were observed. The DMD of roughage was ranged from 66.38%(beet pulp) to 50.95%(orchardgrass hay). The WV of roughage was ranged from 60.1 l(orchardgrass hay) to 125.07(sugarcane leaf). In hay grade of roughage, the first grade was assigned to sugarcane leaf only and the third grade and fourth grade were assigned to four kinds of roughage each. Bermudagrass straw received the fifth grade, and the nine kinds of roughage received the poor grades. As shown in the above results, nineteen kinds of roughage were mostly low in crude protein contents and dry matter digestibility, but they were high in fibrous contents. Futhermore, while only one kind of roughage was evaluated as obtaining the first grade, nine kinds of roughage were evaluated as the poor grade. Hence, we know that roughage which was collected in Korea was mostly low in their quality and that there was significant difference in their feed value among those roughage(P<0.05). Therefore, it is necessary to mark the hay quality for purpose of distributive circulation of roughage. (Key words : Roughages, Nutritive value, DMD. RFV. Hay grade)

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.185-207
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• 2009

This study investigated the extent of informational text genre appeared in English textbooks at grades six, seven, and nine. Employing content analysis to analyze the literary forms, the researcher identified genre in each reading selection of each English textbook and classified it into six categories - fiction, information, biography, poetry, play, or fantasy. Especially, informational genre was classified further into two subcategories - non-narrative and narrative - in order to investigate the extent of non-narrative informational text only. The text genre was examined by analyzing (a) the number of reading selections representing each genre and (b) the number of words in reading selections devoted to each genre. The most frequent type of genre at grade 6 and 7 was fiction with 94% and 71% respectively, whereas at grade 9 it was devoted to information (51%), followed by fiction (37%). The largest number of words was devoted to fiction with 96% at the sixth grade and 70% at the seventh grade; on the other hand, for grade 9, it was devoted to information (46%), followed by fiction (39%). Although there was variance across different publishers, the informational text genre gained more significance as the grade level increased. In particular, the percentage of reading selections and words devoted to the non-narrative or expository informational genre was overall 4% at grade 6, 17% at grade 7, and 44% at grade 9. The findings demonstrated the need to pay more attention to informational literacy especially in the early grades for the development of balanced genre knowledge.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.891-905
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the plants in Yongjibong Natural Recreation Forest before construction, to provide basic data that can be used for various purposes. The survey was conducted on the planned recreational forest sites from June to September 2020. The numbers of flora are summarized as follows: 348 taxa, 95 families, 234 genera, 308 species, three subspecies, 30 varieties, and seven forma. The Korean endemic plants were of nine taxa, including Fagus engleriana, Celtis choseniana, and Broussonetia x kazinoki. The rare plants were of six taxa, including Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Thuja orientalis, and F. engleriana; however, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, H. ussuriense, T. orientalis, and Iris ensata var. spontanea were planted species. The floristic regional indicator plants (unique plants) found in this survey area were of 33 taxa, comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, four taxa of grade II, and 13 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were of 26 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, and P. esculenta. Among the naturalized plants, it is necessary to prevent the spread of Ambrosia trifida, Bidens frondosa, and Tagetes minuta through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.615-625
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• 2011

This study presents a descriptive statistical analysis on grade characteristics and employment rates of three ocean-related departments at a university. The ocean-related departments belong to the same college along with the other six departments. To obtain the correlation between the grade characteristics and employment rates, we carried out the followings. Firstly, four-year employment rates and six-semester GPAs (grade point averages) were obtained from the nine departments. Secondly, the box-and-whisker plots were constructed for each data set to capture the grade characteristics (mean, the first quartile, median, third quartile, whisker+, and Q3 box). Finally, the grade characteristics and employment rates were correlated. It is shown from the correlation analysis that the employment rate has a positive linear relation with the mean or third quartile, while the rate has a negative linear relation with the whisker+ or Q3 box, for the ocean-related departments possibly because these departments have higher regular employment rates than those of the other six departments.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of throwing motion in the elementary school students from the developmental point of view. For the purpose of this, total of nine subjects(each of three students in five, third, and first grades) were participated. They were asked to throw the ball as far as they can and the motions were videotaped with the 30frames/sec and 1/500 shutter speed. The successful motions for each subject were selected for three dimensional analysis. The collected data were analyzed using DV express 1.0 and Kwon3D 3.0 softwares. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Total time for the throwing motion of the first grade was longer than that of the fifth and third grades. 2. The resultant displacement and velocity of COM for the fifth and third grades were greater than that of the frist grade. 3. The first grade tended to flex the trunk forward excessively during the throwing motion. 4. The fifth grade tended to place the upper arm close to the sagital plane and move the forearm and hand freely. 5. Looking at the greater variability of the angular velocity of the hand segment, the fifth grade seemed to have faster and more flexible movement of the wrist. 6. There were somewhat differences in the patterns and magnitudes of ground reaction forces among the different grades.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 2024

Purpose: Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies that occur as localized cystic or fusiform dilatations of the biliary tree. Reflux and stasis of pancreatic enzymes in the biliary duct may relate to the development of intestinal metaplasia which might be an important factor related to the carcinogenesis of choledochal cyst, thus the expression of beta-catenin in the metaplastic epithelium might be associated with malignant transformation of choledochal cyst epithelium. Methods: This study was conducted at a tertiary care pediatric center between October 2014 and March 2017. Forty patients were evaluated for epithelial lining, mural ulceration, fibrosis, inflammation, and metaplasia. Results: Out of 40, 12 cases (30.0%) were the infantile age group and 28 cases (70.0%) were in the classic pediatric group. Ulceration was classified as grade 0 (14 cases, 35.0%), grade 1 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 2 (nine cases, 22.5%). Inflammation was classified as grade 0 (2 cases, 5.0%), grade 1 (26 cases, 65.0%), or grade 2 (12 cases, 30.0%). Fibrosis was classified as grade 0 (five cases, 12.5%), grade 1 (11 cases, 27.5%), grade 2 (17 cases, 42.5%), or grade 3 (seven cases, 17.5%). Metaplasia was noted in five (12.5%) out of 40 cases. All choledochal cysts with metaplasia showed beta-catenin nuclear positivity on immunohistochemistry and were followed up. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of detailed histopathological examination and documentation of metaplastic changes. Metaplasia was associated with beta-catenin nuclear positivity. These findings suggest a potential role for beta-catenin as a marker of metaplastic changes in choledochal cysts.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.275-279
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate a specific character on products of Korean cotton and American cotton with cultivated in sangju city, Korea. The results of this study were as follows: Productivity of American cotton was nine times higher than those of Korean cotton. Spinning coefficient index (SCI: 140), strength (32.6 g/tex), fiber length (1.12 inch), uniformity index (83.4%), short fiber index (6.4), color grade (21) of American cotton was superior than SCI (122), strength (27.7 g/tex), fiber length (1.02 inch), uniformity index(81.1 %), short fiber index (10.6), color grade (23) of Korean cotton. Microaire (3.5), elongation (6.9%) of Korean cotton was superior than American cotton.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.163-173
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• 2006

Objectives : The study was peformed to evaluate the effect of treatment for Osteoarthritis of knee joint by using Homnis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture. Methods : We investigated 60 cases of patient with Osteoarthritis of knee joint from 1st February 2005 to 31st January 2005, 60 cases of patient with Osteoarthritis in knee joint treated at the department of acupuncture & moxibustion of Kwang-Dong Oriental Medicine Hospital were randomly selected for two group. One group was treated by Homnis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture therapy, the other group was treated by Filiform Acupuncture therapy. We studied Lyshoim score, Ahlaback Grade, Nine-point scale and improvement degree of the grade of Ahlaback. Results : 1. In the Lyshoim score, Homnis Filiform Acupuncture was more effective than Filiform Acupuncture. But, there was no significance between two groups statistically in the Lyshoim score. 2. In the Nine point score, Homnis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture was more effective than Filiform Acupuncture. 3.In the improvement degree of the grade of Ahlaback., Homnis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture was as effective as Filiform Acupuncture. Conclusion : In the treatment of Osteoarthritis of knee joint, Homnis Placenta Herabl Acupuncture was not more effective than Filiform Acupuncture statistically. But both Homnis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture and Piliform Acupuncture was effective in Osteoarthritis of knee joint.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.579-603
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• 2020

In order to provide fundamental information about the floristic composition of the area along with an assessment of the environmental impact, a floristic study of the vascular plants in the Tamjin River estuary in Gangjin-gun was conducted for a total of nine days, in the period from June 2014 to September 2014. We found that the vascular plants in this region comprised 424 taxa belong to 102 families, 281 genera, 390 species, 5 subspecies, 26 varieties, and 3 forma. Five taxa of Korean endemic plants including Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey, Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor (Nakai) Nakai, and Clematis trichotoma Nakai were collected. Two least concern (LC) taxa of rare plants (as designated by the Korea Forest Service) were collected: Hydrocharis dubia (Blume) Backer and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Ten the floristic regional indicator taxa from the third to the fifth grade were identified: two taxa belonged to grade IV, and eight taxa belonged to grade III. Twenty-four taxa of salt-tolerant plants, including Artemisia fukudo Makino, Carex rugulosa Kuk., and Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge, as well as 44 taxa of aquatic plants, including Najas marina L., Nuphar oguraensis Miki, and Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze, were investigated in this region. Fifty-nine taxa of naturalized plants were recorded, among which the following six taxa were plants that caused ecosystem disturbance: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr., Lactuca scariola L., Rumex acetosella L., Solidago altissima L., and Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom.