• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2007

Bacillus polyfermenticus SCD (B. polyfermenticus SCD) has been appropriately used for the therapy of long-term intestinal disorders, because live strains in the form of active endospores can successfully reach the target intestine in humans. B. polyfermenticus SCD produces the most antibiotic-related materials. In the present study, B. polyfermenticus SCD was fermented with soybeans (BPFS) and its probiotic properties were investigated. B. polyfermenticus SCD and BPFS showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Gram-positive (Streptococcus parauberis, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garviae) and Gram-negative (Flexibacter tractuosus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio ordalii) bacteria and moulds (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae). Sebastes schlegeli were used to examine survival rate and cleanup action by BPFS. Bacterial infection resulted in a mortality of up to 99% in the commercial fodder fed groups. BPFS both enhanced the growth rate of fry by improving their appetite and had cleaned by decreased eutrophication. Therefore, it seems appropriate that BPFS should be developed as an antibiotic replacement, favorable fodder additive, and antifungal material in fish farming systems.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 1976

Three conmmercial cellulases prepared from Penicillium notatum(cellulalse[K]), Trichoderma viride(cellulase[J]) and Aspergillus niger(cellulase[A]) were nalyzed with respect to their relative purity, activity and the effects of several metal ions on their activities. The activity of cellulase[K] was the strongest of all and that of cellulase[A] being the weaker. The purity of cellulalse[K] was the highest while that of cellulase[J] was the lowest. Under the assay conditions, the optimum concentrations of $Zn^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ ions for the activity of cellulase[K] was the highest while that of cellulase[J] was the lowest. Under the assay conditions, the optimum concentrations of $Zn^{++}$ and $Mg^{++}$ ions for the activity of cellulalse[K] was the highest while that of cellulase [A] being weaker. The purity of cellulase[K] was the highest while that of cellulase[J] was the lowest. Under the assay conditions, the optimum concentrations of $Zn^{++}$ and $MG^{++}$ ions for the activity of cellulase[K] were 2 and 7mM while those of cellulase[A] were 5 and 6 mM respectively and those of cellulase[J] were 3mM for both ions. Cellulase[K] and cellulase[J] were more strongly activated by $Zn^{++}$ than $Mg^{++}$ and cellulase[J] by $Mg^{++}$ than $Zn^{++}$. Both $Cu^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ ions inhibited by these metal ions. the inhibitory effects of $Mn^{++}$ ions for enzyme activities were stronger than $Cu^{++}$ ions. The Ki values of $Cu^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ for cellulase[K] were found to be 6.1 and 0.7mM, those of cellulase[J] were 2.6 and 0.32 mM, and those of cellulalse[A] were 2.0 and 0.2 mM respectively. Both $Cu^{++}$ and $Mn^{++}$ ions showed a pattrn of competitive inhibition of the enzyme activity. When Na-CMC was used as substrate, the Km and V values of celluase [K] were calculated to be $2.0{\times}10^{-4}mM$ and 3.43mmoles/hour, those of cellulase[J] were $2.4{\times}10^{-4}mM$ and 3.77mmoles/hour, and those of cellulase[A] were $4.0{\times}10^{-4}mM$ and 4.00mmoles/hour respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of crude anthocyanin compounds extracted from black soybean. The crude anthocyanin compounds were extracted with 80% methanol and concentrated to powder. The most abundant compound isolated from the extract was C3G(cyanidin-3-glucoside). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay was conducted to assess the antioxidative activity of the crude extract. SOD, which catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen, is one of the most important antioxidative enzymes. The black soybean anthocyanin extracts inhibited more than 90% of the superoxide radical at a concentration of 0.1% and 100% at a concentration of 0.5%, indicating that this extract displayed excellent antioxidative activity. To assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract, a NO(Nitric oxide) production assay in RAW 264.7 cells was performed. NO is an important physiological messenger and effector molecule in many biological systems, including immunological, neuronal and cardiovascular tissues. In this assay, the anthocyanin extracts showed a high anti-inflammatory potential, where the inhibitory potency for NO production was similar to the positive control, particularly for EGCG(epigallocatechin-3-gallate), which is known to have excellent anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, it can be concluded that the anthocyanin extracts from black soybean have distinctive pharmaceutical activities and may be used as an excellent source materials to supplement the health benefits of various food products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2002

As extraction solvent, ethanol fraction was revealed the highest anti-microbial activities. The butanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions were also revealed anti-microbial activities with less extent compared to ethanol fraction. All fractions exhibited to inhibition of bacterial growth regardless gram positive and negative, yeast and fungi, however, was not exhibited effectively to their growth. In the inhibition activities against E. coli, the complete inhibition concentration of Yecheon propolis were at 0.40mg/ml, respectively. Complete inhibition concentration of Youngwol was revealed at 0.25mg/ml after 12 hours incubation. In the inhibition activities against P. aeruginosa, the complete inhibition concentration of Youngwol propolis wat at 0.20mg/ml. Yecheon propolis was reveraled the inhibition at 0.20mg/ml after 12 hours incubation. In the inhibition activities against S. typhimurium, the complete inhibition concentration of Youngwol propolis was at 0.20 and 0.25mg/ml and Yecheon was 0.40mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanol extraction fraction of Yecheon propolis to P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium were > 0.2, 0.25, 0.25 and 0.4∼>0.5mg/ml, and of Youngwol propolis to P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, B. subtlis and C. utilis were 0.15, 0.25, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.4mg/ml, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2001

The antimicrobial substance produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa KLP-2 strain was purified and identified. The substance was identified as a pyocyanine by the fast atom bombardment mass(FAB-MS). In physic-chemical properties, the pyocyanine was dark blue needles, and was soluble in various organic solvents such as chlorogorm, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetae. The pyocyanine possessed a ultraviolet absorbance spectrum in methanol, 0.1 M HCl, and chlorogorm. The maximum absorption peak of the pyocyanine showed at 318 mm in methanol. The molecular formula of the pyocyanine was determined to the $C_{13}$ H$_{10}$ N$_{2}$O and protonate molecular ion species (M+H)$^{+}$ was observed at m/z 211 by FAB-MS. The pyocyanine showed antimicrobial against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Rodococcus equi, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. col, Legionella pneumophila, Shigella flexneri Shigella boydii, shgella sonnei, NAG Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibro vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, Salmonella spp. Shigela dysenteriae, 3 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumoniae, and Aspergillus niger were resistant to the pyocyanine. The pyocyanine showed the highest antimicrobial activity aganist Legionella pneumophila based on the size of inhibition zone by the disk contained 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$ of the pyocyanine.e.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.258-265
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• 2015

The fungi on Meju are known to play an important role as degrader of macromolecule of soybeans. In order to elucidate the origin of fungi on traditional Meju, mycobiota of the air both inside and outside traditional Meju fermentation rooms was examined. From 11 samples of air collected from inside and outside of 7 Meju fermentation rooms, 37 genera and 90 species of fungi were identified. In outside air of the fermentation room, Cladosporium sp. and Cladosporium cladosporioides were the dominant species, followed by Cladosporium tenuissimum, Eurotium sp., Phoma sp., Sistotrema brinkmannii, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Schizophyllum commune, and Penicillium glabrum. In inside air of the fermentation room, Cladosporium sp., Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Asp. nidulans, Aspergillus sp., Cla. cladosporioides, Eurotium sp., Penicillium sp., Cla. tenuissimum, Asp. niger, Eur. herbariorum, Asp. sydowii, and Eur. repens were collected with high frequency. The concentrations of the genera Aspergillus, Eurotium, and Penicillium were significantly higher in inside air than outside air. From this result and those of previous reports, the origin of fungi present on Meju was inferred. Of the dominant fungal species present on Meju, Lichtheimia ramosa, Mucor circinelloides, Mucor racemosus, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis are thought to be originated from outside air, because these species are not or are rarely isolated from rice straw and soybean; however, they were detected outside air of fermentation room and are species commonly found in indoor environments. However, Asp. oryzae, Pen. polonicum, Eur. repens, Pen. solitum, and Eur. chevalieri, which are frequently found on Meju, are common in rice straw and could be transferred from rice straw to Meju. The fungi grow and produce abundant spores during Meju fermentation, and after the spores accumulate in the air of fermentation room, they could influence mycobiota of Meju fermentation in the following year. This could explain why concentrations of the genera Aspergillus, Eurotium, and Penicillium are much higher inside than outside of the fermentation rooms.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.268-272
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• 2006

Antibacterial, antifungal, and Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum) hydrolyzed by Viscozyme L and Alcalase 2.4 L were investigated. The Alcalase 2.4L-hydrolyzed buckwheat showed highest yield of 22.10-24.65%. F. esculentum hydrolysate treated with Viscozyme L from Salmonella typhimurium (clear zone: 3-4.7 mm) and Listeria monocytogenes (clear zone: 4-7.2 mm) showed highest antimicrobial activity among enzymes used. F. esculentum hydrolysate treated with Trichoderma reesei showed strongest antifungal activity among enzymes used (clear zone: 3.7-12 mm). Alcalase 2.4L-hydrolyzed F. esculentum and F. tataricum showed strong ACE inhibitory activities (61.19% and 94.48%, respectively).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1073-1077
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• 2010

Fungi, including allergenic, pathogenic or toxigenic species, may have direct effects on human health, interfere with the disinfection process and maintenance of chlorine residual, and add to taste and odor problems. We surveyed distribution of waterborne fungi from raw water in Busan metropolitan city using the EPA standard method. According to the survey, conducted from March 2008 to October 2008, the number of fungi in raw water was high in September and low in April. Quantitative enumeration of fungi per 100 ml of raw water ranged from 5 to 64 CFU, and a higher number was detected in the Mulgum region compared to the Maeri region. Total fungi numbers highly correlated with pH, water temperature and total coliform in this area. Predominant fungi genera grown in medium were identified as Aspergillus, Penicillum, Histoplasma, Rhizopus, Trichophyton, Mucor and Sporthrix species. Aspergillus flavus and Penicillum notatum were particularly dominant in both areas. There were a total of 6 and 9 species detected in the Mulgum and Maeri regions respectively, and the number of species was more verified in the Maeri region than the Mulgum region.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.186-195
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• 2019

Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides; the main ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3${\rightarrow}$C-Mx1${\rightarrow}$C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc${\rightarrow}$C-Mc1${\rightarrow}$C-Mc${\rightarrow}$C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O- or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2024

Plastics are widely used in industries in human society and because of their structural stability, degradation is a serious global issue. To estimate the degradation of plastic, 31 edible mushrooms were cultured with the selected plastic films (polyethylene [PE], polystyrene [PS], and poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET]) for 3 months at 25 ℃. Measuring the weight of the films showed that four species of mushrooms, namely Porostereum spadiceum, Ganoderma lucidum, Coprinellus micaceus, and Pleurotus ostreatus, exhibited the highest degrees of plastic degradation. In addition, the mushrooms and fungi that exhibited the most significant plastic degradation were cross-cultured to promote this degradation. As a result, cross-cultivation of G. lucidum and Aspergillus niger showed a weight loss of 2.49% for the PET film. For the PS film, Aspergillus nidulans showed a weight loss of 4.06%. Cross-cultivation of A. nidulans and C. micaceus, which showed a weight loss of 2.95%, was noted as an alternative for PS biodegradation, but is harmful to humans. These bio-degradation effects of edible mushroom will contribute to the development of alternatives for eco-friendly plastic degradation.