• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.170-181
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• 2008

The shape of rectangular cup used for Ni-MH(Nickel-coated Metal Hydrogen) battery for hybrid car looks quite simple, but the forming process of extruding and setting up process design are highly difficult. Furthermore, there are few concrete reports on the rectangular deep drawn cup as part of hybrid vehicles till now. In this study, process design for rectangular cup in the multi-stage deep drawing process is carried out, and FE analysis is also preformed based on the result of the process design. From the simulation result, some unexpected problems such as earing, wrinkling and excessive thickness changes of the intermediate blank occurred. To overcome these failures, a series of modification for punch shape in the forming process design are completed and applied. Considering the modified punch shape in the multi-stage deep drawing process, additional FE analysis is also carried out and the simulation result is verified in view of the deformed shape, thickness change and effective strain distribution. The result of FE analysis with the improved process design confirmed not only reducing thinning of wall and possibilities of failure but also improving the quality of drawing product through the modification of punch shape.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1993.07a
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• pp.464-466
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• 1993

In this paper, a peak detection algorithm having high reliability is proposed. The peak detection algorithm is implemented to a charger and power control system which is applicable to home appliances or notebook PC directly. The charger and power control system is controlled by a microprocessor, M50927 (Mitzubishi), to improve cost to performance ratio. The charger algorithm is designed to be operated under optimal charge node and various protections are added tn improve the reliability of the charger.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2006

Electrochemical properties were studied for a single particle of active material of hydrogen storage alloy $(MmNi_{3.55}Co_{0.75}Mn_{0.4}Al_{0.3})$ and nickel hydroxides $(NiOH)_2$ for the secondary Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) batteries using the microelectrode, which was manipulated to make electrical contact with an active material particle for cyclic voltammograms (CV) and potential-step experiments. As a result of CV test, it was found that three kinds of hydrogen oxidation peaks at -0.9, -0.75 and -0.65 V and hydrogen evolution peak at -0.98 V for hydrogen storage alloy were separately observed and two kinds of peaks of proton oxidation/reduction at 0.45 and 0.32 V and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at 0.6 V for nickel hydroxides were also more clearly observed. Furthermore hydrogen diffusion coefficient within a single particle was also found to vary the order between $10^{-9}\;and\;10^{-10}cm^2/s$ over the course of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation process for potential-step experiments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

Electrochemical hydrogenation/dehydrogenation properties were studied for a single particle of a Mm-based(Mm : minh metal) hydrogen storage alloy($MmNi_{3.55}Co_{0.75}Mn_{0.4}Al_{0.3}$) for fuel cell and Ni-MH batteries. A carbon fiber microelectrode was manipulated to make electrical contact with an alloy particle, and the potential-step experiment was carried out to determine the apparent chemical diffusion coefficient of hydrogen atom($D_{app}$) in the alloy. Since the alloy particle we used here was a dense, conductive sphere, the spherical diffusion model was employed for data analysis. $D_{app}$ was found to vary the order between $10^{-9}\;and\;10^{-10}[cm^2/s]$ over the course of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation process. Compared with the conventional composite film electrodes, the single particle measurements using the microelectrode gave more detailed, true information about the hydrogen storage alloy.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 1999

Effects of alloy modification with the $Zr_{0.6}Ti_{0.4}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.4}$ alloy for an electrode use have been investigated. For the alloy composition, a part of Mn was substituted by Co, Cr and Fe. The experimental results showed that Co accelerated activation of alloy, and Fe and Cr improved the discharge capacity. These results agree with P-C-T curves of each alloy. But substituting Fe for Mn showed the decrease of the discharge capacity when discharged at high rate (60mA, about 1C rate). Considering both the discharge capacity and the high rate discharge property, $Zr_{0.6}Ti_{0.4}V_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}Mn_{0.3}Cr_{0.1}$ alloy was found to be the best alloy among the alloys subjected to the test.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

In this paper, the recycling of waste Ni-MH battery by-products for electric vehicle is studied. Although rare earths elements still exist in waste Ni-MH battery by-products, they are not valuable as materials in the form of by-products (such as an insoluble substance). This study investigates the recovering of rare earth oxide for solvent extraction A/O ratio, substitution reaction, and reaction temperature, and scrubbing of the rare earth elements for high purity separation. The by-product (in the form of rare earth elements insoluble powder) is converted into hydroxide form using 30% sodium hydroxide solution. The remaining impurities are purified using the difference in solubility of oxalic acid. Subsequently, Yttrium is isolated by means of D2EHPA (Di-[2-ethylhexyl] phosphoric acid). After cerium is separated using potassium permanganate, lanthanum and neodymium are separated using PC88A (2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester) and it is calcinated at a temperature of 800 ℃. As a result of the physical and chemical measurement of the calcined lanthanum and neodymium powder, it is confirmed that the powder is a microsized porous powder in an oxide form of 99.9% or more. Rare earth oxides are recovered from Ni-MH battery by-products through two solvent extraction processes and one oxidation process. This study has regenerated lanthanum and neodymium oxide as a useful material.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 1998

[ $AB_2-type$ ] alloy, one kind of hydrogen storage alloys used as an anode of Ni-MH batteries, has large discharge capacity but has remaining problems regarding initial activation, cycle life and self-discharge. This study investigates the effects of Cr-addition and fluorination after La-addition on $Zr_{0.7}Ti_{0.3}V_{0.4}Mn_{0.4}Ni_{1.2}$, composition $AB_2-type$ alloy. EPMA and SEM surface analysis techniques were used and the crystal structure was characterized by XRD analysis. In addition, electrodes were fabricated out of the alloys and characterized by constant current cycling test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. Cr-addition was found to be effective to cycle life and self-discharge but ineffective to initial activation due to formation of stable oxide film on surface. Fluorination after La-addition to the alloys improved initial activation remarkably due to formation of highly reactive particles on surface.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 1999

The $Mg_2Ni$ hydrogen storage alloys which have much higher theoretical discharge capacity than $AB_5$ and $AB_2$ type alloys were synthesized by mechanical alloying with some additives and subjected to the electrochemical measurements. Two different processes were employed to the synthesis of $Mg_2Ni$ alloys with using the high energy ball mill SPEX 8000. One was only ball milling, 12 hrs, the Mg and Ni powders for 12 hrs with additives such as $AB_5$, Ni, Co and Cu powders. In the other process the Mg and Ni powders were ball milled for 1 hr first and then heat treated at $300{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr to get $Mg_2Ni$ alloy, and finally the $Mg_2Ni$ alloy powders were ball milled with the additives for 12 hrs. The alloy powders prepared were compacted at room temperature under $7.64tons/cm^2$ into disk type electrodes for the electrochemical measurements. The experimntal results showed that the electrodes prepared with the heat treated alloy powders had a higher discharge capacities than those without heat treatment. The addition of Ni caused an increase of the discharge capacity and the addition of Co improved the cycling characteristics. The electrode prepared by ball milling of $Mg_2Ni$ and 10wt% Ni powders has showed the highest discharge capacity, 546mAh/g.alloy, which was 55% of the theoretical capacity.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 1996

The effect of rolling on the charge-discharge property was studied for metal hydride negative electrode. $(LM)Ni_{3.6}Al_{0.4}Co_{0.7}Mn_{0.3}$(pleateau pressure : below 1 atm at room temperature, volume expansion : 9%, entalpy : $8.7kcal/molH_2$) alloy was prepared by arc melting, and then it was coated with various copper weight percent. The copper coated alloys were then rolled with the different reduction ratio. From the results, it was found that the maximum discharge capacity increased with increasing reduction ratio, and 15wt% copper coated sample shows the highest discharge capacity, 324mAh/g, after rolling with 30% reduction ratio. In view of cycle life for the negative electrode, the 15wt% copper coated electrode which was rolled with 13% reduction ratio showed the longest cycle life compared with other electrodes.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2008

Single particle of nickel hydroxide and the surface-treated one with cobalt element were performed to review the effect of LiOH additive in alkaline electrolyte for Ni-MH batteries using microelectrode test system. As a result of cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemical behaviors such as the oxidation/reduction and oxygen evolution reaction are clearly observed for a single particle of nickel hydroxide, respectively. Furthermore, the reduction current peak of nickel hydroxide added with LiOH in electrolyte was very low and broad compared with the normal nickel hydroxide without an additive LiOH, which had a bad effect to the crystallization structure of nickel hydroxide. However, it was found that capacity and cycle properties of the nickel hydroxide treated with cobalt greatly increased by the addition of LiOH.