• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-41
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• 2020

In Part One, I documented the evolution of the use of the elevator and the iron frame to build ever-taller buildings that would eventually be called "skyscrapers," to offset the ever-increasing cost of Manhattan real estate. By the start of the Great Depression of the 1870s in 1873, New York architects had erected two ten-storied skyscrapers. In Part Two I document the major events, designers, and buildings in New York, Chicago, and other American cities that eventually culminated in the ability to erect 20 story skyscrapers by 1890.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2008

The use of antihemophilic factor IX complex has been associated with a variety of thrombotic complications, the major cause of which was the contamination of thrombogenic proteins such as vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, and X. In order to produce a commercial factor IX (GreenNine VF) free from thrombogenic potential, industrial-scale production process for high-purity factor IX from human plasma has been developed. The purification process contains cryo-precipitation, DEAE-sephadex A-50 anion-exchange chromatography, DEAE-toyopearl 650M anion-exchange column chromatography, heparin-sepharose 6FF affinity column chromatography, and CM-sepharose FF cation-exchange column chromatography. Also the process includes two viral inactivation and removal procedures, solvent/detergent treatment and nanofiltration using Viresolve NFP filter. The purification yield was 35.4%. The specific activity in the purified concentrate was 190.8 IU/mg which exceeded that in the factor IX complex (FacNine) by a factor of 48. The activities of factor II, VII, and X were not detected in GreenNine VF. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that GreenNine VF had the highest purity in comparison with commercially available high purity factor IX concentrates, Mononine, Octanyne, Berinin HS, and Immunine STIM plus 600. One batch size of the production was 2,400 vials of 250 IU product or 1,200 vials of 500 IU product from 1,600 L cryo-poor plasma.