• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.134-143
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to devise a new method for examining the readabilities of textbooks and to compare the readabilities of elementary school science textbooks. Third and sixth grade science textbooks were compared in terms of word, sentence, and paragraph in this study. In the word analyses, criterion suggested by Kim (2003) who classified about 238,000 words into seven categories according to their educational importances was adopted. In this study, the words from 3rd and 6th grade science textbooks were classified into four categories, and then the kinds and frequencies of words in each category were investigated. In the sentence analyses, sentences were classified either a simple sentence or a compound/complex sentence, and the ratios of each type were calculated. The average number of words in a sentence was also calculated in the sentence analyses. The ratios of conjunctions and demonstratives were examined in the paragraph analyses. The results indicated that both the kinds and frequencies of words in 3rd grade science textbook were smaller than those of 6th grade one. However, both science textbooks were similar in the distributions of words across the four categories. The ratio of simple sentences in 3rd grade science textbook was higher than that of 6th grade one, and the length of a sentence in 3rd grade science textbook was also shorter than that of 6th grade one. Both the ratios of conjunctions and demonstratives in 3rd grade science textbook were lower than those of 6th grade one.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.79-82
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• 2015

Bag of visual words(BoVW) is one of the image classification and retrieval methods, using feature point that automatical sorting and searching system by image feature vector of data base. The existing method using feature point shall search or classify the image that user unwanted. To solve this weakness, when comprise the words, include not only feature point but color information that express overall mood of image or texture information that express repeated pattern. It makes various searching possible. At the test, you could see the result compared between classified image using the words that have only feature point and another image that added color and texture information. New method leads to accuracy of 80~90%.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.43-57
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• 2015

In this thesis was conducted to propose a method for efficient information retrieval using concept lattices. Since this thesis designed a new system based on ordinary concept lattices, it has the same approach method as ontology, but this thesis proposes new concept lattices to be used by establishing collaborative relations between objects and concepts that users are likely to search information more efficiently. The system suggested by this thesis can be summarized as below. Firstly, this system leads to a collaborative search by using Three kinds of concepts, such as keyword concept lattices, which focus on input key words, expert concept lattices recommended by experts and theme concept lattices, and based on these 3 concept lattices, it will help users search information they want more efficiently. Besides, as the expert concept and the keyword concept become combined, further providing users with the frequency of keyword and the frequency of category, this system can function to recommend key words related to search words entered by users. Another function of this system is to inform users of key words and categories used in users' interested themes by using the theme concept lattices. Secondly, when there is not keyword entered by a user, it is possible for users to achieve the goal of search through the secondary search when this system provides them with key words related to the input keyword. Thirdly, since most of the information is managed while being dispersed, such dispersed and managed information not only has different expression methods but changes as time goes. Accordingly, By using XMDR for efficient data access and integration of distributed information, this thesis proposes a new technique and retrieval system to integrate dispersed data.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.23-34
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• 2021

This study aims to discuss how Egyptian learners of Korean perceive and categorize Korean vowels, how Koreans perceive Korean vowels they pronounce, and how Egyptian learners' Korean vowel categorization affects their perception and production of Korean vowels. In Experiment 1, 53 Egyptian learners were asked to listen to Korean test words pronounced by Koreans and choose the words they had listened to among 4 confusable words. In Experiment 2, 117 sound files (13 test words×9 Egyptian learners) recorded by Egyptian learners were given to Koreans and asked to select the words they had heard among 4 confusable words. The results of the experiments show that "new" Korean vowels that do not have categorizable ones in Egyptian Arabic easily formed new categories and were therefore well identified in perception and relatively well pronounced, but some of them were poorly produced. However, Egyptian learners poorly distinguished "similar" Korean vowels in perception, but their pronunciation was relatively well identified by native Koreans. Based on the results of this study, we argued that the Speech Learning Model (SLM) and Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) explain the L2 speech perception well, but they are insufficient to explain L2 speech production and therefore need to be revised and extended to L2 speech production.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.6
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• pp.147-166
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• 2004

Whitehead's discussion of language is not to be found in any one book or article. It is interwoven with his discussion of many other questions. He was, however, greatly concerned with the problem of symbolism in general and the uses of language. He regards language, spoken or written, as an instrument devised by men to aid them in their adjustment to the environment in which they live Language is used for many specific purposes in the process of this adjustment. Words are employed not only to refer to data and to express emotions. They may be used also to record experiences, and thoughts about these experiences. Worts also function as instruments in the organization of experiences as they are considered in retrospect. Thus words free us from the bondage of the immediate. And Whitehead's theory of meaning is implicit in his discussion of the functions of language. According to him, the human mind is functioning symbolically when some components of its experience elicit consciousness, beliefs, emotions, and usages, respecting other components of its experiences. The former set of components are the 'symbols', and the latter set constitute the 'meaning' of the symbols. Whitehead points out that one word may have several meanings, i.e. refer to several different data. In order to understand, thus, the meaning to which a word refers, it is sometimes very important to appreciate the system of thought within which a person is operating. Further, Whitehead's discussion of language includes a number of cogent warning the deficiencies of language, and hence the need for great care in the use of words. In fact, language developed gradually. For the most part we have created words designed to deal with practical problems. Attention focuses on the prominent features in a situation, in particular the changing aspects of things. With reference to such data our words are relatively adequate. However, this issues in an unfortunate superficiality. The enduring, the subtle, the complex and the general aspects of the universe do not have adequate verbal representation. for this reason, Whitehead's position concerning the uses of language in speculative philosophy is stated with pungent directness. The uncritical trust in the adequacy of language is one of the main errors to which philosophy is liable. Since ordinary language does not do justice to the generalities, profundities and complexities of life, it is obvious that philosophy requires new words and phrases, or at least the revision of familiar words and phrases. Proceeding to develop the theme Whitehead contends that words and phrases must be stretched towards a generality foreign to their ordinary usage. In the same vein Whitehead refers to the need to realize that language which is the tool of philosophy needs to be redesigned just as in physical science available physical apparatus needs to be redesigned. But even these words and phrases, stretched or redesigned, are never completely adequate in philosophical speculations. They are, in his opinion, merely a great improvement over ordinary language or the language science, mathematics or symbolic logic.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.489-501
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• 2016

As interest in the Internet increases, related technologies are also quickly progressing. As smart devices become more widely used, interest is growing in words are missing here like "improving the" or "figuring out how to use the" future Internet to resolve the fundamental issues of transmission quality and security. The future Internet is being studied to improve the limits of existing Internet structures and to reflect new requirements. In particular, research on words are missing here like "finding new forms of" or "applying new forms of" or "studying various types of" or "finding ways to provide more" reliable communication to connect the Internet to various services is in demand. In this paper, we analyze the security threats caused by malicious activities in the future Internet and propose a human behavior analysis-based security service model for malware detection and intrusion prevention to provide more reliable communication. Our proposed service model provides high reliability services by responding to security threats by detecting various malware intrusions and protocol authentications based on human behavior.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.129-139
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• 2005

This paper investigates any possible correlation between the information structure and the occurrence of clause internal pauses in the spontaneous discourse. One of the possible functions of pause is its capacity to signal the information structure of the discourse. However, this aspect was not much explored in Korean spontaneous speech. In the present study, information structure of spontaneous speech was defined for each word or word group on the basis of the information structure analysis model proposed by Van Donzel (1999) and Roulet (1991, 1997). Thus, at a local level (words or word groups) of discourse structure, a distinction was made between three types of information, new, given and inferable. The results showed that clause internal pauses tend to appear more frequently before new information than other types of information. However compared to the total number of words or word groups it was not noticed any specific ordering concerning different kind of information status and pausing. It was however found that clause internal pauses did not appear randomly. The majority of them occurred at the initial part of the clause or the sentence. This tendency was mostly related to the division of sentence (or clause) into topic and comment. Thus, the role of pauses as a marker of information structure seems to be less effective in spontaneous discourse.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 2004

This study attempts to suggest a new approach of the estimation of range and degree of fisheries damages caused by a large scale of reclamation undertaken in coastal area using the central limit theorem(CLT) in statistics. The key result of the study is the introduction of the new concept of critical variation of environmental factor($d_{c}$). The study defines $d_{c}$ as a standard deviation of the sample mean($\bar{X}$) of environmental factor(X), in other words, $\frac{\sigma}{ \sqrt{n}}$. The inner bound of $d_{c}$ could be the area of fisheries damages caused by public coastal undertaking. The study also defines the decreasing rate of fisheries production$\delta_{\varepsilon}$, in other words, degree of fisheries damages, as the rate of change in the distribution of sample mean(($\bar{X}$), caused by the continuous and constant variation of environmental factor. Therefore $\delta_{\varepsilon}$ can be easily calculated by the use of table of the standardized normal distribution.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.48-52
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• 1999

In this paper, we describe a Voice Command Web Browser using a variable vocabulary word recognizer that can do Internet surfing with Korean speech recognition on the Web. The feature of this browser is that it can handle the links and menus of the web browser by speech. Therefore, we can use speech interface together with mouse for web browsing. To recognize the recognition candidates dynamically changing according to Web pages, we use the variable vocabulary word recognizer. The recognizer was trained using POW (Phonetically Optimized Words) 3,848 words. So that it can recognize new words which did not exist in training data. The preliminary test results showed that the performance of speaker-independent and vocabulary-independent recognition is 93.8% for 32 Korean words. The Voice Command Web Browser was developed on windows 95/NT using Netscape Navigator and reflected usability test results in order to offer easy interface to users unfamiliar with speech interface. In on-line experiment of speaker-independent and environment-independent situation, Voice Command Web Browser showed recognition accuracy of 90%.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-62
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• 1992

In this paper about 60 auxiliary words and 320 stopwords are selected from analysis of sample data, four types of stop word are classified left, right and - auxiliary word truncation & normal. And a keyword extraction system is suggested which undertakes efficient truncation of auxiliary word from words, conversion of Chinese word to Korean and exclusion of stopword. The selected keyeords in this system show 92.2% of accordance ratio compared with manually selected keywords by expert. And then compound words consist of $4{\sim}6$ character generate twice of additional new words and 58.8% words of those are useful as keyword.