• Title/Summary/Keyword: Neutralization

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The Experimental Study on Neutralization Properties of High Volume Fly-Ash Concrete (플라이 애쉬를 다량 치환한 콘크리트의 중성화 특성에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • 백민수;김우상;김종원;김제섭;김성식;정상진
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 2003.05a
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    • pp.69-74
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    • 2003
  • This study evaluated durability through measurement of substituted test piece's pH degree and experiments of neutralization. Comparing and evaluating cared test piece's pH degrees which we got before the neutralization and after the neutralization. After evaluating neutralization depth through neutralization, evaluating neutralization properties by Fly Ash replacement ratio. pH degree was decreased by cement replacement ratio of Fly Ash. And in the case of substitution of the same amount of Fly Ash, fine aggregate replacement ratio was increased. When the test piece, which had been cared in high temperature, was promoted to neutralization, Among the test piece which was replaced with Fly Ash 40%, the test piece which has high rate of fine aggregate proved opposition of neutralization Through the test, Ⅰ summarized that the test piece cared in high temperature was mostly effected by compress strength, the test piece cared in low temperature was mostly effected by pH degree.

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Neutralization of Short Tones in Taiwanese

  • Jane Tsay
    • Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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    • 1996.10a
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    • pp.136-141
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    • 1996
  • This paper is an acoustic study of neutralization of short tones in Taiwanese. The results show that the two short tones were completely neutralized in juncture position. Since long tones in Taiwanese show complete neutralization in context position, the bidirectionality of tone alternation in Taiwanese Tone Sandhi poses a problem far rule-based approaches, while it is consistent with the hypothesis that both juncture and context tones are listed in the lexicon, instead of one being derived from the other. Moreover, in order to account for the difference between Taiwanese Tone Sandhi and Mandarin Tone Sandhi (which has been proven acoustically to be incomplete neutralization), the Naturalness Hypothesis is proposed, which claims that if the neutralization is phonetically unnatural, then the neutralization is more likely to be lexicalized and show complete neutralization.

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Field Application of Rapid Neutralization Assessment Method Using Core Drilling in Concrete Structures (코어드릴링에 의한 중성화 신속평가 방법을 이용한 콘크리트 구조물의 중성화 현장 적용성 평가)

  • Lim, Gun-Su;Lee, Hyeon-Jik;Beak, Sung-Jin;Lee, Hyuk-Ju;Kim, Jong;Han, Min-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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    • 2023.11a
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    • pp.15-16
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    • 2023
  • In this paper, we aimed to develop a new method for diagnosing the depth of neutralization in architectural and civil engineering structures using the core drilling method, which combines the speed of drilling with the accuracy of core ringing. When compared to the drilling method, the core drilling method showed a lower measurement deviation of 1-2mm (7.6%) in confirming the depth of neutralization. This is believed to be a result of potential interference during the sample collection process in the drilling method, where the drill may pass through aggregates, leading to overestimation, as indicated in previous studies. The rapid evaluation of neutralization using the core drilling method serves as an alternative to address the issues associated with both drilling and core ringing methods in diagnosing the depth of neutralization. It offers a solution to the inaccuracy caused by coarse aggregates and the cumbersome post-processing steps required for neutralization diagnosis. Our proposed technique aims to provide an accurate and expedited diagnosis of neutralization depth without the need for additional processes.

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Study on Neutralization Progress Model of Concrete with Coating Finishing Materials in Outdoor Exposure Conditions Based on the Diffusion Reaction of Calcium Hydroxide

  • Park, Jae-Hong;Hasegawa, Takuya;Senbu, Osamu;Park, Dong-Cheon
    • International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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    • v.6 no.3
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 2012
  • In order to predict the neutralization of concrete which is the reaction of carbonation dioxide from the outside and cement hydration product, such as calcium hydroxide and C-S-H, it was studied the numerical analysis method considering change of the pore structure and relative humidity during the neutralization reaction. Diffusion-reaction neutralization model was developed to predict the neutralization depth of concrete with coating finishing material. In order to build numerical analysis models considering outdoor environment and finishing materials, the adaption of proposed model was shown the results of existing outdoor exposure test results and accelerated carbonation test.

Phonological Process and Word Recognition in Continuous Speech: Evidence from Coda-neutralization (음운 현상과 연속 발화에서의 단어 인지 - 종성중화 작용을 중심으로)

  • Kim, Sun-Mi;Nam, Ki-Chun
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.17-25
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    • 2010
  • This study explores whether Koreans exploit their native coda-neutralization process when recognizing words in Korean continuous speech. According to the phonological rules in Korean, coda-neutralization process must come before the liaison process, as long as the latter(i.e. liaison process) occurs between 'words', which results in liaison-consonants being coda-neutralized ones such as /b/, /d/, or /g/, rather than non-neutralized ones like /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, or /s/. Consequently, if Korean listeners use their native coda-neutralization rules when processing speech input, word recognition will be hampered when non-neutralized consonants precede vowel-initial targets. Word-spotting and word-monitoring tasks were conducted in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments, listeners recognized words faster and more accurately when vowel-initial target words were preceded by coda-neutralized consonants than when preceded by coda non-neutralized ones. The results show that Korean listeners exploit the coda-neutralization process when processing their native spoken language.

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Techniques of Neutralization on Unethical Customer Return Behaviors (유통환경에서의 비윤리적 고객반품행동: 정당화기술의 응용을 통한 이해)

  • Park, Kyung-Ae
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.32 no.9
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    • pp.1376-1386
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    • 2008
  • The purposes of this study were to explore the techniques of neutralization on unethical customer return behaviors, examine the differences in the neutralizations by customer characteristics, and examine the relationships of neutralizations with customer ethics, anomie, and impulsive behaviors. A total of 609 questionnaires were analyzed. Four factors including denial of injury/victim, condemning the condemners, denial of responsibility, and appeal to higher loyalties were extracted from the neutralization techniques. The neutralization techniques were not different by customer characteristics, but were negatively related with customer ethics and positively related with anomie and impulsive behaviors. The results indicate that the neutralization techniques are appropriate to understand unethical customer return behaviors in the Korean retail settings.

Experimental Study on pH Reduction by Neutralization Treatment and Curing Methods of Porous Concrete for Planting (식생을 위한 다공성 콘크리트의 중성화 처리 및 양생방법에 따른 pH 저감에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • 성찬용;김영익
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.99-106
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    • 2002
  • This study is performed to examine pH reduction by neutralization treatment and curing condition of porous concrete using rice straw ash for planting. Test results show that pH of porous concrete without neutralization treatment in the dry and water curing is 10.34 ∼ 10.57 and 9.42 ∼ 9.72, respectively. pH of porous concrete by neutralization treatment in the dry and water curing is 9.72 ∼ 10.03 and 9.00 ∼ 9.37, respectively. Accordingly, the best method for pH reduction of porous concrete for planting is to use water curing and neutralization treatment.

An Experimental Study on the Neutralization of High-Flowable Concrete (고유동콘크리트의 중성화에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Jeon, Hyun-Kyu;Lim, Jin-Kyu;Seo, Chee-Ho
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.177-185
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    • 1999
  • In this study, study about fly ash and blast-furnace slag used as substitutive materials for cement, and the influence on the neutralization of high flow concrete durability with these substitutive materials was performed and analyzed. The results are as follows 1) Aggregate segregation was partially improved with the progress of the admixture input at the mix proportion above slump flow 65 cm 2) Compressive strength with the progress of the increasement of fly ash input was decreased in early age, but decrease range was improved in long term age. Also, in case of blast-furnace, similar or improved compressive strength was appeared. 3) The neutralization depth with fly ash input was noticeably increased. But blast-furnace slag was effective to prevent. 4) In this experiment, high powder content was advantageously affected on preventive effect of the neutralization, and the relationship between the compressive strength and the neutralization depth was inversely proportional.

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SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Neutralization Assay Platforms Based on Epitopes Sources: Live Virus, Pseudovirus, and Recombinant S Glycoprotein RBD

  • Endah Puji Septisetyani;Pekik Wiji Prasetyaningrum;Khairul Anam;Adi Santoso
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.39.1-39.18
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    • 2021
  • The high virulent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that emerged in China at the end of 2019 has generated novel coronavirus disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing a pandemic worldwide. Every country has made great efforts to struggle against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including massive vaccination, immunological patients' surveillance, and the utilization of convalescence plasma for COVID-19 therapy. These efforts are associated with the attempts to increase the titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing Abs (nAbs) generated either after infection or vaccination that represent the body's immune status. As there is no standard therapy for COVID-19 yet, virus eradication will mainly depend on these nAbs contents in the body. Therefore, serological nAbs neutralization assays become a requirement for researchers and clinicians to measure nAbs titers. Different platforms have been developed to evaluate nAbs titers utilizing various epitopes sources, including neutralization assays based on the live virus, pseudovirus, and neutralization assays utilizing recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein receptor binding site, receptor-binding domain. As a standard neutralization assay, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) requires isolation and propagation of live pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus conducted in a BSL-3 containment. Hence, other surrogate neutralization assays relevant to the PRNT play important alternatives that offer better safety besides facilitating high throughput analyses. This review discusses the current neutralization assay platforms used to evaluate nAbs, their techniques, advantages, and limitations.

Estimation of Alkali Overdosing in a Lime Neutralization Process for Acid Mine Drainage

  • Cheong, Young-Wook;Cho, Dong-Wan;Lee, Jin-Soo;Hur, Won
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.109-112
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    • 2022
  • Lime has been used for the neutralization of acidic waste because it is cheap and available in large quantities. The resulting sludge often contains a considerable amount of unreacted lime due to alkali overdosing, even during automatic neutralization processes, which mainly arises from the poor solubility of lime. The sludge cake from lime neutralization of Ilkwang Mine also contained high percentages of calcium and magnesium. The elemental content of the sludge cake was compared with those obtained from a simulation of the lime neutralization facility installed at Ilkwang Mine. A Goldsim® model estimated the degree of lime overdosing to be 19.1% based on the fractions of ferrous oxide. The analysis suggests that resolubilization of aluminum hydroxide could occur in the settling basin, in which pH exceeded 10 due to the continued dissolution of the overdosed lime. The present study demonstrated that chemical analysis of sludge combined with process simulation could provide a reasonable estimate of mass balance and chemistry in a neutralization facility for acid mine drainage.