• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.812-815
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• 2009

The effects of processing conditions on the ${\alpha}$-amylase activity of radish were investigated at various temperatures, pHs and drying conditions. The ${\alpha}$-amylase activity of radish root was 3.1-fold higher than that of radish trunk. As the freeze-dried radish was incubated at various temperatures and pHs, ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was stably maintained at pH range of $4{\sim}7$ and temperature of $25{\sim}40^{\circ}C$. When radish was processed to kakdugi and danmooji, the residual ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was 45.39% and 19.19%, respectively. Consequently, the ${\alpha}$-amylase activity was greatly affected by processing conditions such as heat treatment and pH. It is suggested that radish should be processed at below $60^{\circ}C$ and at neutral to acidic pH condition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

It was observed that the hot water extract of the leaves of Capsicum annuum L., a Korean edible plant, had a potent anti-complementary activity. Crude polysaccharide fraction(CAL-0) was obtained by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis and lyophilization. CAL-0 contained 51.8% of total sugar, 8.2% of uronic acid and 16.8% of protein, and consisted of mainly arabinose, galactose and glucose as neutral sugars and galacturonic acid as uronic acid. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 decreased greatly by periodate oxidation, but was not changed by pronase treatment. Also, the anti-complementary activity of CAL-0 was reduced partially in the absence of the $Ca^{2+}$ ion. The crude polysaccharide CAL-0 was found to activate the C3 component both in the presence and in the absence of $Ca^{2+}$ through the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis suggesting that those involved in both classical and alternative complement pathway CAL-0 was further separated to an unabsorbed fraction(CAL-1) and six absorbed fractions(CAL-2longrightarrowCAL-7) on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange column. Among them four major fractions in activity and yield were obtained, and consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose and glucose with various molar ratios. The major fraction, CAL-2, was purified to give a high molecular fraction(CAL-2-I) and a low molecular fraction(CAL-2-II) on Sepharose CL-6B column. The anti-complementary activity of CAL-2-I, a molecular weight of about 61,000, was higher than it of CAL-2-II.-II.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.545-550
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• 2009

This study set out to examine the knowledge about and preventive actions against musculoskeletal diseases among dental hygiene students according to the Health Belief Model, suggest a need for programs to promote health and prevent those diseases, and investigate their relations, A survey was taken among 83 sophomores and 114 juniors at the dental hygiene major of a college in Gyeonggi Province. Analyzed by using SAS 8.0 version. The findings are as follows: 1. The sophomores and juniors scored $22.50{\pm}2.37$ and $22.29{\pm}3.01$ points, respectively, on susceptibility of the Health Belief Model with significant differences between the two groups(P < 0.01). Significant differences were also found between the sophomores that scored $18.82{\pm}2.60$ points and the juniors that scored $18.64{\pm}2.77$ points on benefit(P < 0.05). 2. The juniors experienced a higher level of pain than the sophomores with statistical significance observed on the neck, shoulder, lower back, knee, foot, and ankle(P < 0.05). 3. Of the Health Belief Model, severity had significant positive correlations with 'Placing frequently used tools near the dental technician' and 'Trying to avoid repeating the same task and diversify tasks'(P < 0.01). And benefit was positively correlated with 'Trying to reduce the frequency of bending and stretching out during treatment, 'Trying not to lean much with the neck, back, arm, and wrist' and 'Trying to maintain the torso in the neutral position'(P < 0.01). The results suggest that there should be some instructions to help dental hygiene students practice the preventive actions against musculoskeletal diseases and further prevention programs against those diseases.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.531-544
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• 2021

Heat stress (HS) damages health and decreases performance variables in pigs, and if severe enough, causes mortality. However, metabolic changes under HS and recovery following HS are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to expose the essential mechanisms by which growing pigs respond to HS and the temporal pattern of plasma concentrations (PC) of amino acids (AAs) and metabolites. Crossbred male growing pigs were penned separately and allowed to adapt to thermal-neutral (TN) conditions (20℃ and 80% relative humidity; TN[-1D]). On the first day, all pigs were exposed to HS for 24 h (36℃ and 60% relative humidity), then to TN conditions for 5 days (TN[2D] to TN[5D]). All pigs had ad libitum access to water and 3 kg feed twice daily. Rectal temperature (RT) and feed intake (FI) were determined daily. HS pigs had higher RT (40.72℃) and lower (50%) FI than TN(-1D) pigs (p < 0.01). The PC of indispensable (threonine, valine, and methionine) and dispensable (cysteine and tyrosine) AAs were higher (p < 0.05) in HS than TN(-1D) pigs and remained increased during recovery time. Nonprotein α-aminobutyric acid and β-alanine concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in HS than TN(-1D) pigs. The metabolite concentration of creatinine was higher (p < 0.01) under HS treatment than other treatments, but that of alanine and leucine remained increased (p < 0.05) through 5 d of recovery. In summary, some major differences were found in plasma AA profiles and metabolites between HS- and TN-condition pigs. This indicates that the HS pigs were forced to alter their metabolism, and these results provide information about mechanisms of acute HS responses relative to the recovery time.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2019

Objective: The research was conducted to determine the digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in corn, waxy corn and steam-flaked corn fed to growing pigs. Methods: Eighteen growing pigs with initial body weight of $15.42{\pm}1.41kg$ were randomly allotted to three diets including a corn diet, a waxy corn diet and a steam-flaked corn diet in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained six replicates. The experiment lasted for 12 days, which comprised 7-d adaptation to diets followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. The energy contents and the nutrient digestibility in three ingredients were calculated using direct method. Results: Compared to normal corn, both the amylose and dietary fiber contents in waxy corn were numerically lower, but the starch gelatinization degree was numerically greater. Moreover, the DE and ME contents as well as the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in waxy corn were significantly greater (p<0.05) than those in normal corn when fed to growing pigs. Furthermore, the steam-flaked corn had greater (p<0.05) DE and ME contents, and ATTD of ether extract and ADF compared to normal corn. Conclusion: Both variety and processing procedure have influence on chemical compositions, energy contents and nutrient digestibility of corn. The waxy corn and steam-flaked corn had greater degree of starch gelatinization and DE and ME contents compared to normal corn when fed to growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.988-995
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the temperature and microbial changes of corn silages during aerobic exposure. Methods: Kwangpyeongok (KW) and Pioneer 1543 (PI) corn hybrids were harvested at 29.7% of dry matter and chopped to 3 to 5 cm lengths. Homo (Lactobacillus plantarum; LP) or hetero (Lactobacillus buchneri; LB) fermentative inoculants at $1.2{\times}10^5$ colony forming unit/g of fresh forage was applied to the chopped corn forage which was then ensiled in quadruplicate with a $2{\times}2$ (hybrid${\times}$inoculant) treatment arrangement for 100 days. After the silo was opened, silage was sub-sampled for analysis of chemical compositions, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation indices. The fresh silage was continued to determine aerobic exposure qualities by recorded temperature and microbial changes. Results: The KW silages had higher (p<0.01) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber than those of PI silages. Silages applied with LB had higher (p<0.001) acetate concentration, but lower (p<0.01) lactate concentration and lactate to acetate ratio than those of LP silages. The interaction effect among hybrid and inoculant was detected in acetate production (p = 0.008), aerobic stability (p = 0.006), and lactic acid bacteria count (p = 0.048). The yeast was lower (p = 0.018) in LB silages than that in LP silages. During the aerobic exposure, PI silages showed higher (p<0.05) temperature and mold than KW silages, while LP silages had higher (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria and yeast than LB silages. Conclusion: The results indicated that the changes of silage temperature during aerobic exposure seems mainly affected by mold growth, while applied LB only enhanced aerobic stability of PI silages.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.367-379
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• 2021

The objectives of this study were to evaluate convolutional neural network models and computer vision techniques for the classification of swine posture with high accuracy and to use the derived result in the investigation of the effect of dietary fiber level on the behavioral characteristics of the pregnant sow under low and high ambient temperatures during the last stage of gestation. A total of 27 crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average body weight, 192.2 ± 4.8 kg) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design during the last stage of gestation (days 90 to 114). The sows in group 1 were fed a 3% fiber diet under neutral ambient temperature; the sows in group 2 were fed a diet with 3% fiber under high ambient temperature (HT); the sows in group 3 were fed a 6% fiber diet under HT. Eight popular deep learning-based feature extraction frameworks (DenseNet121, DenseNet201, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) used for automatic swine posture classification were selected and compared using the swine posture image dataset that was constructed under real swine farm conditions. The neural network models showed excellent performance on previously unseen data (ability to generalize). The DenseNet121 feature extractor achieved the best performance with 99.83% accuracy, and both DenseNet201 and MobileNet showed an accuracy of 99.77% for the classification of the image dataset. The behavior of sows classified by the DenseNet121 feature extractor showed that the HT in our study reduced (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows and also has a tendency to increase (p = 0.082) lying behavior. High dietary fiber treatment tended to increase (p = 0.064) lying and decrease (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows, but there was no change in sitting under HT conditions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of high moisture rye silage. Rye forage (Secale cereale L.) was harvested at the heading stage (27.3% of dry matter (DM)) and cut into approximately 3-5 cm lengths. Then, the forage divided into 4 treatments with different inoculants: 1) No additives (CON); 2) Lactobacillus brevis strain 100D8 at a 1.2 × 10⁵ colony-forming unit (cfu)/g of fresh forage (LBR); 3) Leuconostoc holzapfelii strain 5H4 at a 1.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh forage (LHO); and 4) Mixture of LBR and LHO (1:1 ratio) applied at a 1.0 × 10⁵ cfu/g of fresh forage (MIX). About 3 kg of forage from each treatment was ensiled into a 20 L mini-bucket silo in quadruplicate for 100 days. After silo opening, silage was collected for analyses of chemical compositions, in vitro nutrient digestibilities, fermentation characteristics, and microbial enumerations. The CON silage had the highest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (p = 0.006; p = 0.008) and a lowest in vitro DM digestibility (p < 0.001). The pH was highest in CON silage, while lowest in LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). The concentrations of ammonia-N, lactate, and acetate were highest in LBR silage (p = 0.008; p < 0.001; p < 0.001). Propionate and butyrate concentrations were highest in CON silage (p = 0.004; p < 0.001). The LAB and yeast counts were higher in CON and LHO silages compare to LBR and MIX silages (p < 0.001). However, the mold did not detect in all treatments. Therefore, this study could conclude that L. brevis 100D8 and Leu. holzapfelii strain 5H4 can improve the digestibility and anti-fungal activity of high moisture rye silage.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2022

An environmental evaluation was conducted by employing LCA methodology for a mechanical seal manufacturing process that uses recycled silicon recovered from end-of-cycle PV modules. The recycled silicon was purified and reacted with carbon to synthesize β-SiC particles. Then the particles underwent compression molding, calcination and heat treatment to produce a product. Field data were collected and the potential environmental impacts of each stage were calculated using the LCI DB of the Ministry of Environment. The assessment was based on 6 categories, which were abiotic resource depletion, acidification, eutrophication, global warming, ozone depletion and photochemical oxidant creation. The environmental impacts by category were 45 kg CO₂ for global warming and 2.23 kg C₂H₄ for photochemical oxide creation, and the overall environmental impact by photochemical oxide creation, resource depletion and global warming had a high contribution of 98.7% based on weighted analysis. The wet process of fine grinding and mixing the raw silicon and carbon, and SiC granulation were major factors that caused the environmental impacts. These impacts need to be reduced by converting to a dry process and using a system to recover and reuse the solvent emitted to the atmosphere. It was analyzed that the environmental impacts of resource depletion and global warming decreased by 53.9% and 60.7%, respectively, by recycling silicon from end-of-cycle PV modules. Weighted analysis showed that the overall environmental impact decreased by 27%, and the LCA analysis confirmed that recycling waste modules could be a major means of resource saving and realizing carbon neutrality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of chitosan-adding (0.5-1.5%) on nitrite-reduced (30 ppm) and sodium lactate-reduced (0-2%) sausages to avoid using excessively sodium lacte, which is substituted for sodium nitrite, The number of 24 rats for blood properties were used in this experiment and raised for 1-4 weeks. The color of sausages showed significant differences each treatment (p<0.05) and $a^*$ (redness) had the highest value in control (nitrite 100 ppm) and $b^*$ (yellowness) had the lowest value in T3 (nitrite 30 ppm + sodium lactate 0% + chitosan 1.5%). There were not significant differences in pH (5.53-5.66) and water holding capacity (66.06-69.75%) between control and two treatments (T1, nitrite 30 ppm + sodium lactate 2% + chitosan 0.5%; T2, nitrite 30 ppm +sodium lactate 1% + chitosan 1%), but T3 had significant differences in pH (5.06) and water holding capacity (62.44%), respectively. Springiness, cohesiveness, chewness and adhesiveness in texture analysis had not significant differences between control and three treatments, but hardness and gumminess had lower values in control than in three treatments. Appearance and color in sensory evaluation had higher values in control than in T1, but texture and flavor had lower values than in three treatments. Microbial counts had not significant differences in control, T2 and T3 for 1 week, for 3 weeks, it showed the lowest value in control than in three treatments. Anti-oxidant activity (TBARS) in sausages were more effective in control (p<0.05). The body weigh gain of rat were significantly increased in three treatments and also neutral fat, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol were significantly decreased in three treatments. However, T1 treatment had higher blood glucose content and significantly decreased in HDL-cholesterol, compared with control, but T2 and T3 treatments showed similar results in body weight gain and blood properties. So, through the addition of chitosan, it's possible to manufacture nitrite-reduced and sodium lactate-reduced sausage which is supplemented its function.