• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.69-76
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• 1969

The phagocytic petencies and birefringences of peritoneal mast cells of rats treated with particular dyes (neutral red, toluidine blue, pyronin, methylene blue, alcian blue, trypan blue, carmine, orange G, aniline blue, Janus green B, and India ink) were analyzed by means of phase contrast microscopy and polarizing microscopy. In addition, cytomorphic effects of the dyes on the peritoneal mast cells were also discussed. Phagocytic activities or ingestion of the dye particles were not observed in most cases, except for the India ink group. Hardly a macrophage appeared without some dark particles which were ingested or phagocytosed. Trypan blue and aniline blue produced very weak birefringence in the cytoplasm of mast cells but the rest did not produce even in the acid medium (neutral red and toluidine blue). The short and slender ectoplasmic processes of the mast cells and the leucocytes were also found in certain groups. The cytomorphic effects of the dyes on the mast cell were slight and variable.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.539-545
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• 2021

Background: Red ginseng polysaccharides (RGPs) have been acknowledged for their outstanding immunomodulation and anti-tumor activities. However, their studies are still limited by the complexity of their structural features, the absence of purification and enrichment methods, and the rarity of the analytical instruments that apply to the analysis of such macromolecules. Thus, this study is an attempt to establish a new mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis procedure for RGPs. Methods: Saponin pre-excluded powder of RG (RG-SPEP, 10 mg) was treated with 200 µL of distilled water and centrifuged for 5 h at 1000 rpm and 85 ℃. Ethanol-based precipitation and centrifugation were applied to obtain RGPs from the heated extracts. Further, endo-carbohydrase treatments were performed to produce specific saccharide fragments. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) processes were implemented to purify and enrich the enzyme-treated RGPs, while matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) MS was employed for the partial structural analysis of the obtained RGPs. Results: Utilizing cellulase, porous graphitized carbon (PGC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS, the neutral and acidic RGPs were qualitatively analyzed. Hex_n and Hex_n-18 (cellulose analogs) were determined to be novel neutral RGPs. Additionally, the [Unknown + Hex_n] species were also determined as new acidic RGPs. Furthermore, HexA_n (H) was determined as another form of the acidic RGPs. Conclusion: Compared to the previous methods of analysis, these unprecedented applications of HILIC-SPE and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS to analyze RGPs proved to be fairly effective for fractionating and detecting neutral and acidic components. This new procedure exhibits great potential as a specific tool for searching and determining various polysaccharides in many herbal medicines.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 1982

The effect of red ginseng residue on the several enzyme activities of the koji and alcohol fermentation were investigated. The koji showed maximum values of amylase and cellulase activity when it was prepared by 30% red ginseng residue and 70% wheat bran, and of protease activity when it was prepared by 40% red ginseng residue and 60% wheat bran-${\alpha}$ amylase activity of the koji during its fermentation was increased rapidly until 4 days and there after it was increased slowly, but ${\beta}$-amylase was rapidly increased after 3 days fermentation. During the preparation of the koji, the acidic, neutral protease and cellulase activities showed the maximum value after 3 days fermentation and the alkaline protease showed the maximum value within 4-6 days fermentation. On the otherhand, fermented broth, containing 6%(v/v) alcohol, could be obtained when the substrate was saccharified by the koji, based on 25% red ginseng residue and 75% wheat bran, prior to alcohol fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.519-528
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in lipid components of red pepper under various processing conditions such as drying, exposing to lights, extraction and storage conditions. The material used in this study were Chungyang cultivars which contained the largest amount of capsaicinoids and Dabok cultivars which is most popular among the various cultivars produced in Korea. Total lipid content of Chungyang was 15.7% and those of Dabok, Udeungsang and Hongilpum were about 17%. The neutral lipid content in free lipid of red pepper was $78.5{\sim}80.3%$ Phospholipid and glycolipid content in bound lipid were $53.8{\sim}56.9%$ and $35.3{\sim}38.7%$ respectively. The major fatty acids of lipid were linoleic, palmitic and oleic acid. Linoleic acid was presented mainly in pericarp, seed and placenta, whereas the most of palmitic acid was presented in stem. Lipid content of cut and whole red pepper were decreased $24.7{\sim}28%$ and $18.1{\sim}21.5%$ by drying for 48hrs at $65^{\circ}C$ and $95^{\circ}C$. And lipid content was also decreased $3.5{\sim}3.6%$ when the red pepper powder was exposed to 15,000 lux of incandescent light for 30 days at $40^{\circ}C$ and $4{\sim}4.9%$ to fluorescent light. The lipid was extracted the highest content of $50.5{\sim}51.7%$ by acid solution(pH2) and the lowest content by neutral solution, and the higher the salt concentration, the greater the lipid was extracted. During storage at $4^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;40^{\circ}C$, for 30 days the lipid content was not much changed but linoleic acid content was decreased during storage at the same conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2014

This study evaluated in vitro cytotoxicity of 5 pesticides, including 2 herbicides, 2 germicides, and an insecticide, as an alternative to the fish acute toxicity test. The in vitro cytotoxicity was tested using a neutral red uptake (NRU) assay with epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells that originated from the epidermal tissue of Cyprinus carpio (common carp). An in vivo fish acute toxicity test was conducted according to OECD Test Guideline No. 203 using Aphyocypris chinensis (Chinese bleak), Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka), and C. carpio. The results showed that the sensitivity of the cell viability assay for the pesticides was similar to the fish acute test in ranking order despite having approximately 10 times less absolute sensitivity. The $r^2$ correlation values were calculated as 0.38 (p = 0.26), 0.76 (p = 0.05) and 0.90 (p = 0.01) for A. chinensis, O. latipes, and C. carpio, respectively. These results suggested that the potential of EPC cell viability assay as an alternative to the fish acute toxicity test due to their good correlation and NRU assay is expected to serve as a useful tool for predicting acute fish lethality for pesticides if further studies with a large set of pesticides are conducted.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.631-643
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• 2005

The purpose of this research is to compare, according to tone variation of a red jacket, the preference of female college students from Korea and the U.S. for coloration in the traditional Korean dress. The results of the research can be summarized as follows: As to a vivid skirt according to tone variation of red jacket, students of both countries showed the different view in the preference for coloration of vivid red skirt and vivid. dark red jacket, and vivid orange skirt and dull red jacket, and vivid yellow skirt and light dull red jacket, and vivid violet skirt and dull red jacket. As to the light skirt according to tone variation of red jacket, student of both countries showed the different view in the preference for coloration of light red skirt and light red jacket, and light orange skirt and light red jacket. As to the dull skirt according to tone variation of red jacket, student of both countries showed the different view in the preference for coloration of dull red skirt and vivid light dull dark red jacket, and dull yellow skirt and light dull red jacket, and dull yellow skirt and light dull red jacket, and dull green skirt and dull red jacket, and dull violet skirt and vivid light dull dark red jacket. As to the dark skirt according to tone variation of red jacket, student of both countries showed the different view in the preference for coloration of dark red skirt and dull dark red jacket, and dark orange skirt and vivid light dull red jacket, and dark yellow skirt and dull red jacket. As to the neutral skirt according to tone variation of red jacket, student of both countries showed the different view in the preference for coloration of white skirt and vivid red jacket, and dark gray skirt and light red jacket.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.160-167
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• 1998

Chemical studies of nitrogen compounds of Panax ginseng seem relatively rare, Probably due to the isolation difficulties, subsequently the investigations of biological activities are little. The experimental conditions were established for highly complete extraction of peptides (basic, acidic and neutral) from Panax ginseng. This task was achieved by applying the follow isolation procedure: 1 , the sequential extraction with water, 0.1% TFA in 20% acetonitril and buffer pH 6.5 (water-pyridine-acetic acid 100:3:900) : 2, fractionation by ultrafiltration : 3, n-butanol extraction 4, cation- and anion-exchange chromatography : 5, chromato-electrophoresis. The comparison of red ginseng (xylem Sl pith part) and red ginseng inside white (xylem Sc pith part) was also provided. To analyze the peptide mixture the chromato-electrophoresis method of separation was applied. Optimal conditions for peptides mapping of sample were explored. Our experiments revealed the quantitative difference of peptide between xylem & pith and phloem & cortex part. We have also found the qualitative difference in the composition of polypeptides between normal red ginseng (xylem Sc pith part) and red ginseng inside-white (xylem St pith part)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 1995

Fifteen free fatty acids including myristic acid were isolated and identified from red ginseng processed from CA and MA stored fresh ginseng. Linoleic acid (80%) and palmitic acid (10.5%) content were the major components accounting for more than 90% of the total free fatty acid. The contents of free and identified fatty acids were not greatly changed in all the treatments. Especially when preservative was treated, the change of free fatty acid was quite stable over the control. Each fraction of neutral, glyco- and phospholipid was constant in terms of quantities before and after the treatment. Key words Controlled atmosphere, modified atmosphere, fresh ginseng, red ginseng, fatty acid.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.194.2-195
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• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.115-119
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• 2010

Neutral red5 (BR 5) adsorption from aqueous solution was investigated. New solid adsorbent was prepared from paper sludge incinerated at $250^{\circ}C$ during 2 hours. Experiments were carried out, in batch system, to remove RB5 dye from the synthetic waste water. Maximum adsorption of 374.98 mg/g at pH 5, at room temperature and contact time of 80 min was obtained. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to interpret the equilibrium isotherm. The Freundlich isotherm fits quite well with the experimental data (with highly regression coefficient $R^2$). The incinerated sludge solid samples untreated and treated with BR5 dye were characterized by FT-IR spectrophotometer.