• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권7호
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• pp.317-322
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• 2014

Purpose: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder in school-aged children. Patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) often present with ADHD symptoms and vice versa. This study was the first to attempt to identify the prevalence of RLS and sleep problems in children with ADHD in Korea. Methods: Patients diagnosed with ADHD were asked to complete a sleep questionnaire. The sleep questionnaire included items to help identify the presence of four typical symptoms that are used as diagnostic criteria for RLS. Results: A total of 56 patients, including 51 boys and 5 girls (mean age, 10.7 years old) participated. Of these, 24 complained of pain, discomfort, or an unpleasant sensation in the legs. Based on the RLS diagnostic criteria, 2 patients were diagnosed with definite RLS and 4 with probable RLS. There were no significant differences in age, medication dosage, or neuropsychological test scores between the patients with and without RLS symptoms. Conclusion: Approximately 42.9% of patients with ADHD presented with RLS symptoms and 7.1% of these were diagnosed with RLS. Patients with ADHD also experienced various other sleep disorders. Thus, appropriate assessment and treatment for sleep disorders in patients with ADHD is essential.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2014

Objective : This study explored the relationships among demographic (DVs) and clinical variables (CVs), neurocognitive (NOs) and functional outcome (FO) that could be used as prognostic factors for old aged patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing or appointed disability evaluation (DE) after treatment. Methods : A total of 162 subjects with TBI above the age of 55 years undergoing DE or appointed to do so after treatments were selected. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to age : a junior elderly group 55 to 64 years old and a senior elderly group over the age of 65. NOs and FO were evaluated using the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery and Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Results : Gender, age, and education level were shown to significantly impact the recovery of NOs after TBI. Other DVs and CVs such as area of residency, occupation, type of injury, or loss of consciousness were not found to significantly affect the recovery of NOs after TBI. Analysis of the relationships among DVs, CVs and NOs demonstrated that gender, age, and education level contributed to the variance of NOs. In FO, loss of consciousness (LOC) was included to prognostic factor. Conclusion : Gender, age and education level significantly influence the NOs of elderly patients with TBI. LOC may also serve as a meaningful prognostic factor in FO. Unlike younger adult patients with TBI, old aged patients with TBI did not show global faking-bad or malingering attitudes to DE for compensation, but assume that they could faking their performance in a test set available visual feedback.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.631-642
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• 2015

The purpose of the study was to examine health status and mini nutritional assessment (MNA) according to self-esteem status of elderly in care hospital. The survey was carried out from $13^{th}$ to $31^{st}$ of September, 2014 in five care hospitals. Analysis was performed for 226 subjects. Evaluation criteria included demographics, clinical status, MNA, health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and self-esteem. The SE I, SE II and SE III groups were divided by self-esteem scores. Data were analyzed one-way ANOVA, Duncan' multiple range test and Pearson's correlation using SPSS 15.0. Education level, religion, dental condition and medical endurance type were significantly different in all groups. Many elderly people were normal BMI ($20.94{\sim}21.67kg/m^2$). Self-esteem significantly increased in order of SE I, SE II and SE III. Mobility, usual activity and anxiety or depression were significantly different in all groups, and EQ-5D of SE II and SE III groups were significantly higher than that of SE I group. Comparison of MNA screening score in elderly patients was as follows : Score for food intake, psychological stress or acute disease, neuropsychological problems, pressure scores or skin ulcer, protein intake, mode of feeding, nutritional status and health status in SE I group were significantly lower than those of SE II and SE III groups. Mobility and drug intake of SE I group were significantly lower than those of SE III groups. Fruit and vegetable intake SE I group were significantly higher than those of SE II and SE III groups. MIS (Malnutrition Indicator Score) was significantly different among the SE I, SE II and SE III groups. We conclude that self-esteem score is positively correlated with protein intake, nutrition status, health status and MIS in elderly care hospital. To improve nutritional status of elderly in care hospitals, systematic nutrition management and self-esteem education program should be implemented.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.205-212
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• 2018

Background: Brain volume is associated with dementia and depression in the elderly. An easy way to predict relative brain volume is to measure head circumference. In this study, we investigated the relationship between head circumference and cognition as well as depression in a non-demented elderly community. Methods: Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted in 2007 and 2010. At baseline, community residents aged 65 years or over (n=382) within a rural area of South Korea were screened for dementia and symptoms of depression and were followed using the same screening battery after 3 years (n=279). Data from anthropometric measurements (head circumference, height, and body weight), demographics, and blood tests were gathered. Neuropsychological tests, including the Korean version of mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE), clinical dementia rating (CDR) including the CDR-sum of boxes, the Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living, and geriatric depression scale (GDS), were performed. None of the 279 subjects followed were demented. Results: Baseline performance on the K-MMSE and GDS was poorer for participants with smaller head circumferences. Follow-up performance on the MMSE was also poorer for participants with smaller head circumferences. Interestingly, participants with smaller head circumference showed worse GDS scores at baseline but on follow-up examination, participants with larger head circumference showed rapid worsening than those with smaller head circumference with marginal significance by ANOVA test. In regression coefficient analysis, GDS decline showed significant difference. Conclusion: Head circumference was not associated with cognitive change but was associated with symptoms of depression in non-demented community residents.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.450-461
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• 2022

A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical study was used to determine the cognitive functions related to working memory (WM) and antioxidant properties of fermented Laminaria japonica (FLJ) on healthy volunteers. Eighty participants were divided into a placebo group (n = 40) and FLJ group (n = 40) that received FLJ (1.5 g/day) for 6 weeks. Memory-related blood indices (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; angiotensin-converting enzyme; human growth hormone, HGH; insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1) and antioxidant function-related indices (catalase, CAT; malondialdehyde, MDA; 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-oxo-dG; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were determined before and after the trial. In addition, standardized cognitive tests were conducted using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Batteries. Furthermore, the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (K-WAIS)-IV, and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were used to assess the pre and post intake changes on WM-related properties. According to the results, FLJ significantly increased the level of CAT, BDNF, HGH, and IGF-1. FLJ reduced the level of TBARS, MDA, and 8-oxo-dG in serum. Furthermore, FLJ improved physical activities related to cognitive functions such as K-WAIS-IV, MoCA-K, Paired Associates Learning, and Spatial Working Memory compared to the placebo group. Our results suggest that FLJ is a potential candidate to develop functional materials reflecting its capability to induce antioxidant mechanisms together with WM-related indices.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2024

Background and purpose: The anti-aging standard forest healing program (ASFHP), which uses forest therapy, was reported to be effective in improving psychological, physical, and cognitive functions. However, there are several challenges to directly visiting the forest. This study aimed to investigate the impact of multi-session ASFHP with forest visit on the mental and physical health of the older people with visits to forest facilities and compared them with those of the same program conducted indoors. Methods: Individuals aged over 70 years with concerns about cognitive decline were recruited at dementia relief centers and divided into control and experimental groups. A total of 33 people were administered ASFHP under the supervision of a forest therapy instructor. The control group stayed indoors, while the experimental group visited a forest healing center and repeated the program 20 weeks. Results: The multiple-session ASFHP positively affected cognitive impairment screening test (CIST) total scores (p=0.002), memory (p=0.014), Korean version of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status total scores (p<0.001), immediate recall (p=0.001), visuospatial/construction (p<0.001), language (p<0.001), forest healing standard questionnaire total scores (p=0.002), and cognitive function (p=0.019), regardless of location. The forest visits during the ASFHP showed positive effects on orientation (p=0.035), delayed recall (p=0.042), emotional stability (p=0.032), physical activity (p=0.005), and health (p=0.022). The CIST scores of the memory domain were the strongest indicator of the multiple-session ASFHP effects. Conclusions: The 20-week multi-session ASFHP with forest visit showed effects on cognitive improvement and physical and emotional stability compared to indoor education.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.118-130
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and automatic whole brain segmentation. Materials and Methods: Forty-two consecutive mTBI patients with PCS who had undergone post-traumatic MR imaging, including DCE MR imaging, between October 2016 and April 2018, and 29 controls with DCE MR imaging were included in this retrospective study. After performing three-dimensional T1-based brain segmentation with FreeSurfer software (Laboratory for Computational Neuroimaging), the mean K^trans and v_p from DCE MR imaging (derived using the Patlak model and extended Tofts and Kermode model) were analyzed in the bilateral cerebral/cerebellar cortex, bilateral cerebral/cerebellar white matter (WM), and brainstem. K^trans values of the mTBI patients and controls were calculated using both models to identify the model that better reflected the increased permeability owing to mTBI (tendency toward higher K^trans values in mTBI patients than in controls). The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman rank correlation test were performed to compare the mean K^trans and v_p between the two groups and correlate K^trans and v_p with neuropsychological tests for mTBI patients. Results: Increased permeability owing to mTBI was observed in the Patlak model but not in the extended Tofts and Kermode model. In the Patlak model, the mean K^trans in the bilateral cerebral cortex was significantly higher in mTBI patients than in controls (p = 0.042). The mean v_p values in the bilateral cerebellar WM and brainstem were significantly lower in mTBI patients than in controls (p = 0.009 and p = 0.011, respectively). The mean K^trans of the bilateral cerebral cortex was significantly higher in patients with atypical performance in the auditory continuous performance test (commission errors) than in average or good performers (p = 0.041). Conclusion: BBB disruption, as reflected by the increased K^trans and decreased v_p values from the Patlak model, was observed throughout the bilateral cerebral cortex, bilateral cerebellar WM, and brainstem in mTBI patients with PCS.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1998

연구배경 : 본 연구는 정신분열병에서 뇌의 해부학적 변화가 있는가를 관찰하고 이런 변화와 인지기능, 신경학적변화, 임상증상과의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 시도하였다. 방법 : 편집형 정신분열병 환자군 20명(남15, 여5)과 성별, 연령을 조합한 정상대조군 23명(남15, 여8)을 대상으로하여 뇌자기공명촬영의 면적측정을 하여 비교하였다. 또한 환자군을 대상으로 신경심리학적검사, 연성신경학적 증후, 그리고 임상증상을 평가하여 뇌자기 공명 촬영 측정치와 상관관계를 보았다. 결과 : 1) 정신분열병 환자군에서 대조군에 비해 모든 뇌설계와 기저핵의 크기가 유의하게 커져 있었으며, 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았으나 환자군에서 대조군에 비해 우측 전두엽이 작아져 있는 경향을 보였고(p=0.057), 좌측 측두엽의 크기가 환자군에서 작아져 있는 경향을 보였다(p=0.089). 2) 뇌실의 크기 증가가 이전의 입원 횟수의 증가와 정상관관계를 보였고(p<0.01), 이외에 다른 구조물에 대한 측정치와 임상적 요인들 사이에는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 3) 위스콘신 카드 분류검사 점수와 유의한 상관을 보인 구조물은 좌측 측두엽과 좌측 피각이었다. 이중 좌측 측두엽의 크기와 위스콘신 카드 분류 검사의 보속 오류검사 점수사이에는 정상관관계를 보였고(r=0.5636, p<0.05), 피각은 역상관관계를 보였다.(r=-0.5733, p<0.01). 대조군과의 유의한 차이를 보였던 구조물 중 웩슬러 지능검사 점수와 유의한 상관을 보이는 구조물은 하나도 없었고, 좌측 편도(r=0.5727, p<0.05)와 좌측 피각(r=0.4686, p<0.05) 이 각각 언어성 지능 점수와 정상관관계를 보여 주었다. 벤톤 신경심리검사의 유의한 상관을 보여 주었던 구조물은 우측 전두엽과 좌측 편도이었다. 이외에 좌우측 측두엽은 촉각형태 지각 검사 점수(각각 r=0.4998, p<0.05; r=0.5018, p<0.05)와 유의한 정상관관계를 보였고 좌우측 미상핵(각각 r=0.4611, p<0.05; r=0.4726, p<0.05) 및 좌측 피각(r=0.5370, p<0.05)은 직선지남력 검사와 유의한 정상관관계를 보였다. 이상에서 뇌실 측정치는 어떠한 신경심리 검사와도 유의한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 4) 우측 전두엽의 크기가 작을수록 연성 신경학적 징후 총점수도 높은 경향을 보였으며(r=-0.6174, p<0.01), 복합적 연성 신경학적 징후 점수와 유의한 상관을 보이는 구조물은 좌우측 편도(r=-0.4548, p<0.05; r=-0.4597, p<0.05)와 우측 담창구(r=- 0.4646, p<0.05) 이었다. 뇌실 측정치는 연성 신경학적 징후와 유의한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 5) 우측 측두엽은 간이정신상태 검사상의 양성 증상 척도 점수와 역 상관관계를(r=-0.4483, p<0.05) 보였고 좌측 해마는 양성 및 음성 증상척도의 양성 증상점수(r=0.5028, p<0.05)와 일반증상점수(r= 0.5696, p<0.01) 및 간이 정신상태 검사의 총점수(r=0.6050, p<0.01)와 유의한 정상관관계를 보였다. 이외에 우측 측뇌실의 측두각은 간이 정신상태 검사 상의 양성증상과 유의한 정상관관계를(r=0.4729, p<0.05) 를 보였다. 기저핵중에서는 우측 담창구가 양성 및 음성 증상 척도의 음성 증상 점수(r=-0.6062, p<0.01), 간이 정신상태 검사상의 음성 증상 척도(r=-0.5016, p<0.05) 와 유의한 역상관관계를 보였고 좌측 담창구가 간이 정신상태 검사상의 음성 증상 척도 (r=-0.4683, p<0.05) 와 유의한 역상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 이상과 같은 결과를 통해 정신분열병 환자에서 뇌의 구조 변화는 임상적 경과에 따른 변화인 뇌실 확장 및 뇌의 신경발달학적 이상에 기인하는 기저핵의 증가, 우측 전두엽 및 좌측 측두엽의 크기 감소와 같은 이원적인 변화를 포함한다. 이러한 변화 중 우측 전두엽의 크기 변화는 전두엽 자체의 기능보다는 전체적인 다양한 신경 기능상의 변화와 연관 이 있으며 좌측 측두엽의 크기 변화는 언어 기능의 변화와 연관이 있다. 또한 측두엽 주위의 구조물의 크기 변화는 양성증상 및 일반증상의 형성과 상관이 있으며 피질하 구조인 기저핵의 크기 변화는 음성증상의 형성과 상관이 있다.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of patients diagnosed with dementia or mild cognitive impairment who are treated by means of a blend between Western and Korean medicine. Methods: We searched for outpatients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment by means of a collaboration between Western and Korean medicine from August 1, 2015, to July 31, 2017, through electronic medical records in Wonkwang Hospital. The records were retrospectively analyzed according to the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, pathway of medical care, diagnostic tests, treatment, and medical expenses. Results: Thirteen patients were included in the analysis. Among them, six patients were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, five with dementia, Alzheimer's type, one patient with frontotemporal dementia, and one patient with unspecified dementia. Twelve of the thirteen patients were over 60 years of age. The number of pathways from the Dept. of Neurology to the Dept. of Neuropsychiatry of Korean Medicine was almost the same as the opposite pathway. The most used diagnostic test in Korean medicine was a neuropsychological test such as SNSB, MMSE and GDS. In Western medicine, hematology and neuroimaging were frequently used for patients. Acupuncture in Korean medicine and medication in Western medicine were the most frequently used. In Korean medicine, uncovered service costs were much higher than covered service costs,. whereas, in Western medicine, covered service costs were higher than uncovered service costs. Conclusions: This study describes the basic characteristics of dementia and mild cognitive impairment patients treated by a collaboration between Western and Korean medicine. Based on these results, a clinical pathway of the collaborative practice system between Western and Korean medicine for dementia patients needs to be developed.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.237-259
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• 2011

수학 학습장애는 정상적인 수학적 역량 획득을 저해하는 학습 장애의 한 유형으로, 아동, 청소년의 5- 10% 정도가 겪는 학습 장애의 한 분야이다. 현재 수학학습장애를 진단하기 위하여 기초학력평가나 표준화된 검사가 사용되고 있다. 검사 결과를 토대로 아동의 사전지식을 파악하고, 취약한 영역을 찾는 것 역시 중요하다. 본 연구는 수학학습장애의 유형을 파악하고, 중재의 출발점을 알려줄 수 있는 포괄적인 진단 검사가 포함해야 하는 구성요소를 찾는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 신경심리학적 이론에 근거하여 수학학습에 영향을 주는 기본적인 인지적 요인들을 찾고, 관련되어 활성화 되는 두뇌 영역과 그들의 세부적 기능을 살펴본다. 또 수학학습장애 아동의 신경심리학적 특징을 살펴 본 다음 수학학습장애의 유형을 분류한다. 그 결과를 바탕으로 교육현장에서 사용될 수 있는 심층 진단 검사의 개발을 위한 기초연구를 수행하고자 한다.