• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.504-522
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• 2011

Simulations of CMAQ with the High-order Decoupled Direct Method (HDDM) for a 2010 June episode are applied to estimate the influence of local and neighborhood emissions on ozone concentrations in the Kwang-Yang Bay (KYB) area. In order to examine ozone response to reductions in $NO_x$ and VOC emissions from KYB and Gyeongsang, ozone isopleths are generated with the first and second-order sensitivity coefficients from HDDM simulations at three sites; Taein, Samil, and Gwangmoo. Simulations show that reduction in KYB $NO_x$ may increase ozone over the sites. On the contrary, $NO_x$ reduction from Gyeongsang may decrease ozone at the sites when transport of ozone and its precursors from upwind Gyeongsang is potentially high. However, VOC reductions from KYB and Gyeongsang are favorable to lower ozone over KYB. The study implies that emission reductions for both local and neighboring areas are likely more effective to bring KYB to ozone attainment.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.262-271
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• 2000

This study was carried out to clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of benthic environments and macrobenthos on the subtidal soft-bottom in Chonsu Bay. Seasonal surface water temperature was similar to the bottom layer, but freshwater discharges into the outlets dereased the surface salinity around the dyke in summer. Bottom dissolved oxygen was decreased deeply around the dyke and created the de-oxygenated layer during summer. Sediment grain size was consisted of finer at the neighboring of the dyke than the mouth of the bay. Organic matters including the sediment were decreased at the mouth of the bay. A total of 311 species ($769\;ind./m^2$) were identified. Polychaetes were the most abundant faunal group in the number of species and densities. The number of species revealed the spatial patterns that it was higher in the mouth of the bay, and their densities showed seasonal changes by mass recruitment occurred at the most of the area in summer, At this time, opportunistic species, Lumbrineris iongifolia and Theora fragilis, were also recruited massively. Chonsu Bay were classified into five station groups by the cluster analysis. The dominant species around the dyke were composed to opportunistic species, those in middle area were Sternaspis scutata, Paraplionospio pinnata, and those in the mouth of the bay were Mediomastus californiensis, Nephtys polybranchia. Seasonal fluctuations and spatial difference of environments seem to have influenced to the species compositions and affected to the stability of benthic ecosystems spatial-temporally In Chonsu nay.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.849-864
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• 2014

The objective of this paper is to investigate both the processes of regional policy and their determinants of the International Garden Exposition Suncheon Bay Korea 2013(IGEXPO 2013). IGEXPO 2013 was held in Suncheon from April to October 2013, and almost 440 million tourists visited to IGEXPO 2013. The processes of regional policy of the IGEXPO initiative were divided into four stages; the first stage from 1992 to 2002 was a beginning of conservation movement for Suncheon Bay; the second stage from 2003 to 2007 was a constructing of natural ecological park of Suncheon Bay; the third stage from 2008 to 2010 was a beginning of IGEXPO initiative and a confirming of the IGEXPO 2013; the four stage from 2011 to 2013 was a preparing and holding of IGEXPO 2013. The major determinants related to regional policy development process of IGEXPO initiative are the population n movement for Suncheon Bay, the rergional development strategy for central city in Gwangyang Bay area, the leadership for continuity of regional policy oriented to environmental and ecological city, and the cooperation and competition relationalship with neighboring city, in particular Yeosu city and 2012Yeosu EXPO planning. IGEXPO 2013 has been evaluated as having some performances such as the enhancement of city image, establishment of city park as a public goods, and formation of community leadership promoting continuous urban policy for environmental & ecological city.

• Geosciences Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2019

We present data from the Mesozoic Keumkang, Palbong, and Baekhwa granites in Garorim Bay, in the southwestern part of the Gyeonggi massif, South Korea. Using major and trace element concentrations, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions, and sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U-Pb ages, we aim to constrain the petrogenesis of the granites and explain their origin within a broader regional geological context. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of $232.8{\pm}3.2$, $175.9{\pm}1.2$, and $176.8{\pm}9.8$ Ma were obtained from the Keumkang, Palbong and Baekhwa granites, respectively. The Late Triassic Keumkang granites belong to the shoshonite series and show an overall enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE), a depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) relative to primitive mantle, compared with neighboring elements in the primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element diagram with notable high Ba and Sr contents, and negligible Eu anomalies. The Keumkang granites are typified by highly radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions: $(^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr)_i=0.70931-0.70959$, $(^{143}Nd/^{144}Nd)_i=0.511472-0.511484$ [$({\varepsilon}_{Nd})_i=-17.0$ to -16.7], and $(^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb)=17.26-17.27$. The Middle Jurassic Palbong and Baekhwa granites belong to the medium- to high-K calc-alkaline series, and show LILE enrichment and HFSE depletion similar to the Keumkang granites, but exhibit significant negative anomalies in Ba, Sr, and Eu. Furthermore, they have elevated Y and Yb contents at any given $SiO_2$ content compared with other Jurassic granitoids from the Gyeonggi massif. The Palbong and Baekhwa granites have slightly less radiogenic Sr and more radiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions [$(^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr)_i=0.70396-0.70908$, $(^{143}Nd/^{144}Nd)_i=0.511622-0.511660$, $({\varepsilon}_{Nd})_i=-15.4$ to -14.7, $(^{206}Pb/^{204}Pb)=17.56-17.76$] relative to the Keumkang granites. The Keumkang granites are considered to have formed in a post-collisional environment following the Permo-Triassic Songrim orogeny that records continent-continent collision between the North and South China blocks, and may have formed by fractional crystallization of metasomatized lithospheric mantle-derived mafic melts. The Palbong and Baekhwa granites may have been produced from a gabbroic assemblage at pressures of less than ~15 kbar, associated with subduction of the paleo-Pacific (Izanagi) plate at the Eurasian continental margin. Elevated ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}(t)$ values in the granitoids from the southwestern part of the Gyeonggi massif relative to those of the central and northern parts, together with the comparatively shallow depth of origin, imply the presence of an exotic block in the Korean lithosphere.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Goseong bay, located in southeast sea of Korea with an area of 2,100 ha, is a semi-enclosed bay well-known for oyster farming cultured in an extended range of 148 ha. The objective of this study is to provide the fundamental data in order to manage the effective sea area. A total 26 of surface sediment were collected from Goseong bay to evaluate their sedimentary environment and heavy metals. The loss on Ignition (LOI), C/N ratio, acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and heavy metals were analyzed. loss on ignition (LOI) of surface sediment range from 1.00% to 3.03% (average 2.00%). The carbonate content ranges from 0.52% to 4.29% (average 2.37%). C/N ratio of organic matter showed that most part of organic matter comes from neighboring continent. Acid volatile sulfide (AVS) value of surface sediment from 0.02 mg/g to 1.43 mg/g (average 0.24 mg/g). A ten element of surface sediments (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) were calculated by enrichment factor (Ef) and the results show that some areas are highly polluted with respect Cu and Hg. The correlation matrix displays the existence of remarkable levels of correlation with both positive and negative values among different variable pairs. LOI and AVS showed both positive values. LOI and AVS values falls under 2% and 1%. Therefore, Goseong bay showed good in quality of sediment.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.388-404
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• 2017

The Union of Kansai Governments of Japan is regarded as a bench marking for the successful cooperation, alliance, and cooperation of neighboring local governments. The Union of Kansai Governments was a realization several active plan of the Kansai Economic Federation. The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of the Kansai Economic Federation in the process for establishment of the Union of Kansai Governments, searching for theoretical implications for the inter-municipal cooperation of Gwangyand Bay in South Korea. In particular, this study review the activities and roles of the Kansai Economic Federation in relation with the establishment of a number of promotional organizations and governance systems. We played special attention to the three important factors carried out by the Kansai Economic Federation, that is, the contineous activities, the accumulated research results, and establishment of various promotion organizations and effective governance systems. We suggest, in conclusion, that these three factors would also have very important policy implications for the discussion of inter-municipal cooperation among three cities, Yeosu, Suncheon, and Gwangyang.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

Since remotely sensed images of coastal wetlands are very sensitive to spatial resolution, it is very important to select an optimum resolution for particular geographic phenomena needed to be represented. Scale is one of the most important factors in spatial analysis techniques, which is defined as a spatial and temporal interval for a measurement or observation and is determined by the spatial extent of study area or the measurement unit. In order to acquire the optimum scale for a particular subject (i.e., coastal wetlands), measuring and representing the characteristics of attribute information extracted from the remotely sensed images are required. This study aims to explore and analyze the scale effects of attribute information extracted from remotely sensed coastal wetlands images. Specifically, it is focused on identifying the effects of scale in response to spatial resolution changes and suggesting a methodology for exploring the optimum spatial resolution. The LANDSAT TM image of Sunchon Bay was classified by a supervised classification method, Six land cover types were classified and the Kappa index for this classification was 84.6%. In order to explore the effects of scale in the classification procedure, a set of images that have different spatial resolutions were created by a aggregation method. Coarser images were created with the original image by averaging the DN values of neighboring pixels. Sixteen images whose resolution range from 30 m to 480 m were generated and classified to obtain land cover information using the same training set applied to the initial classification. The values of Kappa index show a distinctive pattern according to the spatial resolution change. Up to 120m, the values of Kappa index changed little, but Kappa index decreased dramatically at the 150m. However, at the resolution of 240 m and 270m, the classification accuracy was increased. From this observation, the optimum resolution for the study area would be either at 240m or 270m with respect to the classification accuracy and the best quality of attribute information can be obtained from these resolutions. Procedures and methodologies developed from this study would be applied to similar kinds and be used as a methodology of identifying and defining an optimum spatial resolution for a given problem.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2005

Complex physical, chemical and biological interactions off the Korean coast created several striking patterns in the phytoplankton blooms, which became conspicuous during the measurements of ocean color from space. This study concentrated on analyzing the spatial and temporal aspects of phytoplankton chlorophyll variability in these areas using an integrated dataset from a Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), Advanced Very High Resolution (AVHRR) sensor, and Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) sensor. The results showed that chlorophyll concentrations were elevated in coastal and open ocean regions, with strong summer and fall blooms, which appeared to spread out in most of the enclosed bays and neighboring waters due to certain oceanographic processes. The chlorophyll concentration was observed to range between 3 and $54\;mg\;m^{-3}$ inside Jin-hae Bay and adjacent coastal bays and 0.5 and $8\;mg\;m^{-3}$ in the southeast sea offshore waters, this gradual decrease towards oceanic waters suggested physical transports of phytoplankton blooms from the shallow shelves to slope waters through the influence of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) along the Tsushima Strait. Horizontal distribution of potential temperature $(\theta)$ and salinity (S) of water off the southeastern coast exhibited cold and low saline surface water $(\theta and warm and high saline subsurface water $({\theta}>12^{\circ}C; S>34.4)$ at 75dBar, corroborating TWC intrusion along the Tsushima Strait. An eastward branch of this current was called the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), tracked with the help of CTD data and satellite-derived sea surface temperature, which often influenced the dynamics of mesoscale anticyclonic eddy fields off the Korean east coast during the summer season. The process of such mesoscale anticyclonic eddy features might have produced interior upwelling that could have shoaled and steepened the nutricline, enhancing phytoplankton population by advection or diffusion of nutrients in the vicinity of Ulleungdo in the East Sea.