• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.658-666
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate urea excretion, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis in lactating goats fed with diets containing different protein sources in the concentrate (soybean meal, cottonseed meal, aerial part of cassava hay and leucaena hay). Four Alpine goats whose mean body weight was $42.6{\pm}6.1kg$ at the beginning of the experiment, a mean lactation period of $94.0{\pm}9.0days$ and a production of $1.7{\pm}0.4kg$ of milk were distributed in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square with four periods of 15 days. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous, containing 103.0 g/kg of CP, 400 g/kg of Tifton 85 hay and 600 g/kg of concentrate. Diet containing cottonseed meal provided (p<0.05) increased excretion of urea and urea nitrogen in the urine (g/d and mg/kg of BW) when compared with leucaena hay. The diets affected the concentrations of urea nitrogen in plasma (p<0.05) and excretion of urea nitrogen in milk, being that soybean meal and cottonseed meal showed (p<0.05) higher than the average aerial part of the cassava hay. The use of diets with cottonseed meal as protein source in the concentrate in feeding of lactating goats provides greater nitrogen excretion in urine and negative nitrogen balance, while the concentrate with leucaena hay as a source of protein, provides greater ruminal microbial protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2010

It has been shown that orexin has an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin secretions in non-ruminant animals. The goal of this study was to determine whether orexin affects LH, and FSH secretions in the camel, as a pseudo-ruminant animal, under different dietary energy content. Sixteen castrated camels were randomly divided into 4 groups. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were fed 100% and animals in groups 3 and 4 were fed 50% energy content in their diet for 20 days. After 20 days, animals in groups 1 and 3 received infusions of 1 $\mu{g}$ orexin and groups 2 and 4 received infusions of 2 $\mu{g}$ orexin into their jugular vein. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein every 20 minutes from 4 h before the first infusion of orexin until 4 h after the last orexin infusion. Lower dietary energy intake and infusions of 2 $\mu{g}$ but not 1 $\mu{g}$ orexin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the mean plasma concentrations and pulse amplitudes of LH of the animals. Infusion of 1 and 2 $\mu{g}$ orexin did not change the secretions of LH of the animals fed NE. Different energy dietary intake and infusion of 1 and 2 $\mu{g}$ orexin did not change the mean plasma concentrations of FSH of the animals in all groups. Infusions of 1 and 2 $\mu{g}$ orexin significantly (p<0.01) decreased the glucose levels of animals fed LE but not in NE fed animals. Additionally, plasma glucose levels of the LE-fed animals in groups 3 and 4 were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those of the animals in groups 1 and 2 fed NE diet. The results of this experiment indicated that orexin may negatively affect LH and FSH in camels with negative energy balance, but not in those with positive energy balance.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 1998

An antibiotic for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) produced by Streptomyces lydicus YSK-681 was extracted by chloroform, and then purified by the C18 reversed-phase HPLC and silica gel column HPLC. The molecular weight of the purified antibiotic was determined from the FAB analysis MS an m/z 1022.4 and 1036.4(M+H)+, indicating that the isolated antibiotic consisted of two similar compounds with the molecular weight difference of 14 m/z value. With the aid of the various nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT and HMQC spectroscopy, the characteristics of function al groups were deduced as the hydroxyl group and leucine. The MIC values of the purified antibiotic were observed at 1∼32 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ against Gram-positive bacteria compared to > 125 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ against Gram-negative bacteria or fungi. The antibiotic was active at 8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of MIC90 and S180 at the concentration of 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1084-1091
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• 2007

Different levels of dietary mannanoligosaccharide (Bio-MOS, Alltech Inc.) were evaluated for their efficacy on performance and gut development of broiler chickens during a 6-week experimental period. Experimental diets contained (g MOS/kg diet) a low (0.5 g during the entire period), medium (1 g during the entire period), high (2 g during the entire period), or step down (2 g in the first week; 1 g in the second and third week; 0.5 g in the last three weeks) level of MOS. Control diets included a negative and a positive control (zinc bacitracin, ZnB, 50 ppm and 30 ppm in the first and last three weeks, respectively). MOS supplementation improved the growth performance of young birds and the effects became less when the birds got older. The growth response of birds was more obvious at the high dosage level of MOS treatment than the other MOS treatments and the growth performance of birds fed on the high MOS diet was comparable to that of birds fed on the ZnB diet. Depending on the dosage level and the age of birds, MOS seemed to reduce the size of the liver and the relative length of the small intestine but did not affect the relative weight of the other visceral organs (proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, bursa and spleen) and that of the small intestine. A numerical increase in the small intestine digestibility of nutrients was noticed in the young birds fed on the MOS diet(s), but not in the older ones. Medium and/or high MOS treatment also increased the villus height of the small intestine of birds at different ages. Similar results were observed on the ZnB treatment. However, MOS and ZnB affected caecal VFA profile in different ways. MOS increased, or tended to increase, whereas ZnB reduced individual VFA concentrations in the caeca.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the mutagenic potential of dimethyl isophthalate (DMIP) using Ames bacterial reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test and mouse lymphoma $tk^{+/-}$ gene assay. As results, in Ames bacterial reversion assay, DMIP was tested up to the concentration of 5,000 ${\mu}g$/plate and did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with or without metabolic activation (S9 mix). Using cytotoxicity test, the maximal doses of DMIP for chromosomal aberration assay were determined at 1,250 ${\mu}g/mL$, which was a minimum precipitation concentration ($IC_{50}>1,940\;{\mu}g/mL$ or 10 mM) and at 155 ${\mu}g/mL$ ($IC_{50}:155\;{\mu}g/mL$) in the presence and the absence, respectively, of S9 mix. DMIP in the presence of S9 mix induced statistically significant (P<0.001) increases in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations at the dose levels of over 250 ${\mu}g/mL$, when compared with the negative control. However, DMIP in the absence of S9 mix did not caused significant induction in chromosomal aberrant cells. In MLA, DMIP at the dose range of 242.5-1,940 ${\mu}g/mL$ in the presence of S9 mix induced statistically significant increases in mutation frequencies related to small colony growth, whereas any significant mutation frequency was not observed in absence of S9 mix. From these results, it is conclusively suggested that dimethyl isophthalate may be a clastogen rather than a point mutagen.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.74-80
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• 2001

The nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and the 5.85 rRNA gene, have been determined for 13 strains of dinoflagellates in order to analyze the phylo-genetic relationship. The DNA sequences contained considerable variation in the ITS regions, but little in the 5.85 rDNA. In addition, the ITS1 was more variable than the ITS2 in all species examined. The nucleotide length of this region varied from 519 bp to 596 bp depending on the taxa. The investigated taxa were divided into three large groups based on the ITS length, i. e., a group with short ITS region (A. fraterculus and Alexandrium sp.), a with ITS region group (P. micans, P. minimum and P. triestinum) and a with ITS region group (G. impudicum, C. polykrikoides, G. sanguineum, G. catenatum and H. triquetra). The relationship between nucleotide length of ITS1 and that of ITS2 was negative, whereas G+C content and nucleotide length showed positive correlation. In phylogenetic analyses producing NJ trees, the topology was similar cluster and clearly divided the taxa into three groups based on 5.8S rDNA that were similar to those based on morphological characteristics. In particular, G. impudicum was more closely related to G. catenatum than to C. polykrikoides using phylogenetic analysis. From this study, we chew that the length of ITS region contributes to discriminate Korean harmful algal species and ITS analysis is a useful method for resolving the systematic relationships of dinoflagellates.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.11
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• 2023

Objectives: This study evaluated the dentinal penetration depth of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in root canals with and without preparation and different irrigant activation protocols. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three bovine mandibular incisors were randomly allocated to 6 groups (n = 10): G1, preparation + conventional needle irrigation (CNI); G2, preparation + passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); G3, preparation + Odous Clean (OC); G4, no preparation + CNI; G5, no preparation + PUI; G6, no preparation + OC; and CG (negative control; n = 3). Samples were filled with crystal violet for 72 hours. Irrigant activation was performed. Samples were sectioned perpendicularly along the long axis, 3 mm and 7 mm from the apex. Images of the root thirds of each block were captured with a stereomicroscope and analyzed with an image analysis software. One-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey post hoc test, and the Student's t-test were used for data analysis, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The NaOCl penetration depth was similar when preparation was performed, regardless of the method of irrigation activation (p > 0.05). In the groups without preparation, G6 showed greater NaOCl penetration depth (p < 0.05). The groups without preparation had a greater NaOCl penetration depth than those with preparation (p = 0.0019). Conclusions: The NaOCl penetration depth was similar in groups with root canal preparation. Without root canal preparation, OC allowed deeper NaOCl penetration. The groups without preparation had greater NaOCl penetration than those undergoing root canal preparation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2000

Waste oyster shell was used to study the applicability on anaerobic composting of garbage. Experiment was conducted with five anaerobic reactors. After garbage and compost for inoculation were mixed, waste oyster shell was added into mixed waste in mesophillic temperature for 60 days with 30%, 60% respectively. The amount of produced methane gas, gas composition, organic removal efficiency and pH were measured. Result showed that the amounts of produced gas were 0.62 l /g-VS in R-1, 0.63 l /g-VS in R-2, 0.16 l /g-VS in R-3, 0.75 l /g-VS in R-4, 0.21 l /g-VS in R-5 and the amounts of produced methane gas were 0.32 l /g-VS in R-1, 0.37 l /g-VS in R-2, 0.04 l /g-VS in R-3, 0.42 l /g-VS in R-4, 0.05 l /g-VS in R-5. Proportion of mathane gas which determines the efficiency of anaerobic composting was over 55%. pH were 6.0~8.0 in R-2 and R-4 which contained 30% of waste oyster shell and pH were increased over 8.5 in R-3 and R-5 which contained 60% of waste oyster shell. Since pH were so high and it had a negative effect on microbial growth, anaerobic reaction were not well operated in R-3 and R-5.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.95-102
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• 1997

Deuterium quadrupole coupling constant (e2qzzQ/h) of ($\mu$3-C2H)[Co(CO)3]3 was determined by using solid-state deuterium MAS NMR spectroscopy. The small quadrupole coupling constant of bridging methyne unit relative to sp-acethylene in propyne is discussed in terms of the C-H bond length and the negative charge on the carbon.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.307-308
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• 2005

Bioconverted hydroxy fatty acid from ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19166), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and S. aureus (KCTC 1916) and one Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KCTC 2004) with MIC ranging from 250 to $750\;{\mu}g/ml$ against five of eleven bacteria tested.