• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2020

Purpose: Online and social media and mobile shopping are increasing and companies are required to provide personal information in order to supplement the non-invasive characteristics of the channels. With the increased provision of personal information, consumers' personal and social concerns about the prevention of personal information infringement are also increasing, and in response, personal or opt-in marketing has emerged to compensate for reckless information abuse. Despite the background of this emergence, the existing prior studies are limited to ignoring the negative feelings of consumers in the real world, including only the net function and positive effect of the opt-in mail. Research design, data and methodology: The research framework was intended to utilize the impact of human marketing activities on consumer attitudes combined with positive and negative factors. Factors that positively affect attitudes toward permation marketing were presented, such as informality, and perceived risks were presented as negative impact factors. Also, based on previous prior research, the prior factors of opt-in marketing were to present the effect on purchase intent through the medium of attitude toward opt-in marketing. Results: In this study, we used the framework of a two factor theory to address positive and negative factors as a leading factor in the customer attitude toward opt-in mail advertising, and as a result, functionality and personalization have a positive effect on customer attitude and perceived risk have a negative impact on customer attitude. In addition, it was confirmed that the customer attitude formed this way affects the intention to purchase again. Conclusions: This study suggests that we have demonstrated that marketing, an opt-in marketing that has been recognized as part of marketing that is deployed after obtaining customer consent, has been applied without any other marketing methodology. E-mail advertising at this point also provides practical implications that the system safeguards are in place under an opt-in protocol or system, and that even if an e-mail advertisement is carried out, customers will need to look at the level of awareness about the risks, and suggests that they need to consider the customer's journey that could lead to purchase at the content level.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.33-44
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of the positive and negative expressions about residential common life between the elderly and the young and present the direction on Homeshare. In-depth interviews were conducted from Feb. to May 2016 to identify the experiences of residential common life with 10 elderly and 11 young. The result is as follows. First, Homeshare dwelling was classified into five themes of human being, residential environment, life, management and emotion. Homeshare unlike ordinary dwelling centered on blood relatives, is characteristic to involve the management that connects between the elderly and young. Second, both the elderly and young were analyzed to be positive about the residential common life. It was shown that the elderly are most positive about human being, whereas young are positive about management and residential environment. The elderly is positive to mutual exchange with the young and young's independent life but the young is positive to factors that support comfortable personal life. Third, negative expression was shown a generation gap between the elderly and the young. The elderly recognized to be negative that young people has lived freely without consideration for the elderly. In order to solve these factors, it is necessary to make improvements through arranging rules for living. Fourth, three themes, human being, residential environment and life, analyzed to be the most important factors to sustain residential common life of Homeshare. The link between management and 3 themes leads to an expansion of positive emotion, which is structurally stable and is expected to increase the sustainability of the residential common life on Homeshare.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.191-213
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to identify the structure among determining factors focusing on knowledge transfer and analyze and prove the causal relation on knowledge transfer in Korean companies and public corporations. The results from the analysis of data collected in this study are as follows. First, forum among organization related factors has the positive relation with uncertainty in a significant level. Second, the higher the knowledge presentation and the ease of use are among information systems related factors, the lower the ambiguity and uncertainty are. Third, among process related factors, unification has the negative relation with ambiguity and uncertainty in a significant level. Fourth, a better manpower employment contributes to a worse ambiguity and uncertainty. Fifth, ambiguity has a negative relation with knowledge transfer. In conclusion, the factors that lower the ambiguity and facilitate knowledge transfer include information systems, unification, and manpower employment. These factors, however, influence on uncertainty, which turns out to be nothing to do with knowledge transfer.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.343-352
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• 2021

The purpose of this article is to study the negative factors reflected in the will and the factors of well aging as an alternative. The survey data was 36 wills published in the media such as newspapers and broadcasting between 2008 and 2020. As a result, various aspects of negative factors were found in youth wills between the ages of 13 and 34. In middle-aged wills between the ages of 35 and 49, female was not found. The negative factors in the socio-economic aspects were remarkable in the wills of adulthood between the ages of 50 and 64. All the writers of wills over the age of 65 were women, and their writings were strongly linked to the spiritual side. In view of these results, the will explored in this study can paradoxically become a proposal for a complete life. The will is a record with the potential of well aging. Sources of the suicide note included daily newspaper, broadcasting and local media. This study analyse the age and gender and the negative factors reflected in the will, by using the physical aspect, the mental aspect, and the socio-economic aspect as the methodology. In addition, the frequency of words and expressions exposed in the will were analyzed and keywords were created in word cloud.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.112-118
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• 2021

Purpose: Negative laparotomy in patients with abdominal penetrating injuries (APIs) is associated with deleterious outcomes and unnecessary expense; however, the indications for laparotomy in hemodynamically stable patients with ambiguous computed tomography (CT) findings remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with negative laparotomy. findings Methods: Data of patients who underwent laparotomy for APIs between 2011 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who presented with definite indications for laparotomy were excluded. The patients were dichotomized into negative and positive laparotomy groups, and the baseline characteristics, laboratory test results, and CT findings were compared between the groups. Results: Of 55 patients with ambiguous CT findings, 38 and 17 patients were assigned to the negative and positive laparotomy groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to the baseline characteristics or the nature of the ambiguous CT findings. However, the laboratory test results showed that there was a difference in the percentage of neutrophils between the groups (negative: 55.6% [range 47.4-66.1%] vs. positive: 79.8% [range 77.6-88.2%], p<0.001), although the total white blood cell count was not significantly different. The mean duration of hospital stay for the negative laparotomy group was 13.1 days, and seven patients (18.4%) experienced complications. Conclusions: Diagnostic factors definitively indicative of laparotomy were not identified, although the percentage of neutrophils might be helpful. However, routine laparotomy in patients with peritoneal injuries could result in instances of negative laparotomy.

• 한국초등상담교육학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.01a
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• pp.223-245
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in depression, irrational faith and the school adaptation of elementary school students by their sex and region, to provide basic materials to teach children with the likelihood to be depressed by analyzing the correlation of depression, irrational faith and school adaptation, and help them to have healthy emotion and behaviors. To achieve these goals, following agenda were set. First, what are the differences in the depression, the irrational faith and the school adaptation of elementary school students by their sex and region? Second, what is the relationship between the depression characteristics and the irrational faith of elementary school students? Third, what is the relationship between the irrational faith and the school adaptation of elementary school students? Fourth, what is the relationship between the depression characteristics and school adaptation of elementary school students? : To resolve these agenda, the subjects were selected from Grade 6 students from the elementary schools locatec in Suwon and Hwaseong. The jubjects were selected from the two schools in Suwon and three schools in Hwaseong which were randomly chosen. The subjects were 670 in total. 70 insincere answers were excluded from the analysis. Therefore the subjects used in the analysis were 600 in total(150 male and female students in city respectively and 150 male and female students in rural area respectively). The tools used for this study were Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Irrational Faith Test (over-self-reliance, dichotomy, determinism, over-concern, evasive faith, over dependent faith), School Adaptation Test (Attitudes to teachers and school environments, hobbies and specialties, academic achievements, peer relationship). Materials were processed with the SPSS program for ANOVA and correlation analysis. All the statistical values were verified at .05 level. The followings are the results of the analysis of the collected data. First, in the analysis of depression, there was significant difference between male and female students (F=4.75, p<.05). Female students (X =56.93) showed a little higher value than male students (X =53.83). There was significant difference between regions (F=13.02, p<.001), too. Rural area students (X =57.93) showed higher value than city area students (X =52.82). When analyzing irrational faith, there was significant difference between male and female students (F=S.60, p<.05). Female students (X =81.32) showed a little higher value than male students (X =77.72). There was no significant difference according to regions. When analyzing the school adaptation, there was no significant difference according to either sex or region. Second, depression and irrational faith showed highly positive correlations in all areas. In particular, over concern and evasive faith showed the highest correlation with depression inclination (r=.68, p<.001). When looking into the results by sex and by region, female students (r=.70, p<.001) and the rural area students (r=.69, p<.001) showed higher correlation between depression and irrational faith than male students and city area students (r=.63, p<.001). Additionally, in all areas including by sex and by region, a positive correlation was shown. In all variables such as male students (r=.63, p<.001), female students (r=.72, p<.001), city area students (r=.66, p<.001), and rural area students (r=.69, p<.001), over concern and evasive faith showed the highest correlation with depression inclinations. Third, irrational faith (overall) and its sub factors such as over-self-reliance, dichotomy, determinism, over-concern and evasive faith had significant negative correlations with school adaptation (overall) and its sub factors in the scope of $r=-.27{\sim}-.52$. Determinism out of the sub factors of the irrational faith had the highest negative correlation with school adaptation (overall) and sub factors at the scope of $r=-.37{\sim}-.51$. However, over-self-reliance showed the negative correlation with school adaptation (overall) and its sub factors only partially. When looking into the results by gender, both genders showed significant negative correlation between irrational faith (overall) and its sub factors with school adaptation. Male students showed highly negative correlations with school adaptation (overall) and its sub factors in determinism ($r=-.35{\sim}-52$) and over-concern and evasive faith($r=-.31{\sim}-.51$), and fern ale students showed in over-self-reliance ($r=-.27{\sim}-.45$). However over-self-reliance showed negative correlation with school adaptation and its sub factors only partially. When looking into by region, both city and rural areas showed significant negative correlation between irrational faith (overall) and it sub factors, and school adaptation. Rural areas showed higher negative correlation in irrational faith (overall) ($r=-.39{\sim}-.53$) and over-self-reliance ($r=-.32{\sim}-.44$) and dichotomy ($r=-.28{\sim}-.39$) than city areas. However over-self-reliance showed negative correlation with school adaptation and its sub factors only partially. Fourth, depression and school adaptation showed the negative correlation in all areas. In particular, academic achievements and peer relationship showed the highest negative correlation with depression (r=-.53 p<.001). When looking into the results by sex and by region, female students (r=-.62, p<.001) and rural area students (r=-.61, p<.001) showed higher negative correlation with depression and school adaptation than female students (r=-.56, p<.001) and city area students (r=-.57, p<.001). Although there was negative correlation in all areas by sex and by region, male students (r=-.52, p<.001) and rural area students (r=-.56, p<.001) showed the highest negative correlation in peer relationship and female students (r=-.57, p<.001) and city area students (r=-.56, p<.001) showed the highest negative correlation in academic records. Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to provide elementary school students sho are likely to be depressed very easily with careful counselling and teaching based on the attention and love in school fields so that they can adapt themselves to home, school and society with positive and reasonable thinking.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1189-1198
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• 2019

The study explores the effects of recording and viewing distances in stereoscopic 3D on presence, perceptual characteristics, and negative experiences. Groups of 20 participants were randomly assigned to each of the three viewing distances, and all participants were exposed to five versions of the stereoscopic 3D music video that differs in recording distance. The results showed that first, viewers felt a higher experience of presence and had a better perception of objects positioned near the cameras. Second, viewers felt a greater perception of screen transmission as the viewing distance increased. Finally, viewers felt a greater negative experiences due to the joint effects of recording and viewing distance. As investigating the influence of stereoscopic 3D content and viewing environments on psychological factors, the study expects to provide a guideline of human factors in 3D.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.215-224
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to estimate the factors that affect college students' drinking needs and spending. An analysis model to estimate the determinants affecting drinking needs was applied with a truncated Poisson model and a truncated negative binomial model. Tests to select more appropriate models of the two types were made using the comparison of log-likelihood function and the over-dispersion test. The analysis result was interpreted by applying the truncated negative binomial model as the truncated Poisson model showed over-dispersion. We also applied the Tobit model to analyze the determinantsthat affect college students' expenditure on drinking. According to the analysis, gender, grade, allowance and parental occupation were the factors influencing statistics, and gender, type of household income, and student religion were the factors influencing expenditure.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.705-716
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate salesperson's perception of fashion company in the middle management system of department store. This study was conducted by a qualitative research method. An in-depth interview was managed to 14 fashion shop managers and salesperson who have three or more years of work experience at the department store. Interview details were classified three categories: relations with fashion company and others, concern with products supply, concern with products sales. First, the positive factors on relations with fashion company are mutual trust, stability of fashion company, coordination and consideration for shop, communication with fashion company, methodical IT system, methodical education, and social gathering support. The negative factors are unilateral breach of contract from fashion company, communication problem, gap between sales status in shop and product design in fashion company, lack of professional education, difficulty of participating in education, and inadequate employee benefits. Second, the positive factor on products supply is priority of products supply. The negative factors are lack of main items, product procurement lacking rapidity, and problem of securing a supply. Third, the positive factors on products sales are brand pride, display and information support about products, and free gift support. The negative factors are unfair selling commission policy, sales pressure, and excessive responsibility.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.119-139
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• 1999

The rapid development and diversification of technology require that firms should adjust and cope with a high degree of uncertainty. An alternative to these strategic responses is the recent increase in the number of R&D or technological collaborations among firms. There have been continuous researches into the causes and effects of these collaborative relationships, but there is a lack of research that examines the risks involved in the process of collaboration. The researches into essential prerequisites for a successful technological collaboration have remained at the superficial level despite the surge in demand of R&D collaboration. Therefore, this study proposes positive & negative factors affecting the R&D collaboration process and selection point. In addition, a further step in analysis is taken by integrating both the positive & negative factors. This study emphasizes the importance of inter-trust in activating the process factors within the success factors and reducing the possibility of risk factors.