• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2021

Purpose: The negative pressure isolation ward is a key facility in preparedness and response to infectious diseases. For the sustainable operation of the facility, appropriate facility improvement is required. The experience of medical staff responding to infectious diseases in the COVID-19 pandemic provides effective informations for facility planning. Methods: The post occupancy evaluation (POE) was conducted by interviewing medical staff who is working on Nationally designated negative pressure isolation ward in general hospital. Floor plan analysis was conducted before field surveys for identifying facility characteristic and spatial composition. After that, field surveys were conducted at 3 hospitals, and interviews and fieldwork were conducted together. Results: It is necessary to increase the standard size of ward area from 15m² to 20m². The size of the doffing room has to be planned for accommodation of two or more people. Equipment storage, clean storage and waste storage also should be properly planned. There were almost no problems with the circulation in the ward. There was not enough space for medical staff. Implications: For a sustainable and safe negative pressure isolation ward planning, it is necessary to exploit learning from the medical staffs who have many experiences of coping with infectious diseases.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

Purpose: In response to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in 2020, the government supported facilities and equipment through the 'Urgent Isolation Ward Expansion Project'. Design and remodeling of efficient negative pressure isolation facilities had to be done in a short period of time, and the performance gap between facilities was very large because the types of hospitals and wards of existing medical facilities were diverse. In order to secure the stability of isolation wards between medical facilities and reduce the facility gap, guidelines for planning isolation wards considering the diversity of each hospital should be appropriately presented. In consideration of these points, this study aims to provide basic data for future remodeling guidelines for each plan type of the negative pressure isolation ward first. Methods: We analyzed the plans before and after the change of 13 case hospitals that performed the urgent care bed expansion project for COVID-19 confirmed patients. Before the remodeling, the current status of the facility was analyzed according to the type of corridor, the location of the nursing station, and the location of the elevator. After remodeling, the flow of medical staff and patients, the flow of entry and exit of clean and contaminated items, and the space of negative pressure and non-negative pressure areas. Results: The ward type was divided into three types according to the corridor type and room arrangement: double loaded corridor type with two side wards, race track type with one side ward, and race track type with two side wards. Based on these three types, the standard floor plan type of the isolation ward was proposed in terms of the location of the elevator bank and Nurse station. Implications: When the existing general ward is converted into a negative pressure isolation ward, this study can be a basic data to present customized guidelines for each ward type.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.411-418
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• 2020

A reformer is a device for producing hydrogen used in fuel cells. Among them, methanol steam reformer uses methanol as fuel, which is present as a liquid at room temperature. It has the advantage of low operating temperature, high energy density, and high hydrogen production. The purpose of this study is to improve the internal flow of the pressure vessel when a bundle of methanol steam reformer in the pressure vessel goes out to a single outlet. An analysis of equilibrium reaction to methanol steam reforming reaction was conducted using Aspen HYSYS^® (Aspen Technology Inc., Bedford, USA), and based on the results, computational analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent^® (ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, USA). For comparison of the results, the height of the pressure vessel, outlet diameter, and fillet was set as variables, and the optimum geometry was selected by comparing the effects of gravity and the amount of negative pressure.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2003

Manufacturing facilities of the pharmaceuticals must meet certain level of the cleanness required so that foreign substances such as dust, moisture, heat, microorganism, or virus do not contaminate the product. In case of radiopharmaceuticals for medical treatment and diagnosis, not only should the operators and environment be protected from radiation but also need to be isolated from the foreign contaminant. Therefore, manufacturing facilities for radiopharmaceuticals must satisfy the design standards of both hot cell and clean room which are specified by GMP. However, standards of maintaining negative pressure for preventing spread of radioactive contaminant in isolated facilities conflict with the standards of maintaining positive pressure for keeping cleanness. To solve this problem, air pressure of hot cell was designed lower than in the adjacent area to meet standards of the radiation safety. To keep higher cleanness in certain part of the hot cell for filling, minimal relative positive pressure allows. In order to effectively maintain the cleanness that is required for production of Tc-99m generator, which takes 70% of whole demand of radiopharmaceuticals, the rooms placed in each side of production room are used as a buffer area and three lead hot cells are installed in production room. In this research, we established the appropriate engineered design concept for Tc-99m generator manufacturing facility, which satisfies both GMP cleanness standard for preventing particles, bacteria, other contaminants and the regulations of radiation safety for supervising and controlling the amount of radiation exposure and exhausted radioactivity. And the concept of multi-barrier buffer zones is introduced to apply negative air pressure for hot cell with first priority and to continue relative positive air pressure for clean room.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.588-593
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• 2014

To maintain a negative pressure, the supply, exhaust airvolume are adjusted by setting volume damper and the infiltration through leakage area of the door between rooms in biosafety laboratory. Multizone simulation is useful way to predict room pressure, supply and exhaust air volume. But in a particular room, local change such as airflow and contaminants concentration distribution can not be evaluated unfortunately. Through this study, a coupled multizone and CFD simulation was performed, indoor air flow and local contaminants concentration distribution in a particular room of BSL lab are predicted. The results show that all zones of BSL lab are well ventilated by unidirectional flow without local stagnation. In addition, in case that unexpected biohazard is occured in BSL lab, multizone simulation results about the spread of pollutants along movement of the occupant also show that contaminants concentration is removing totally without the spread of the outside. In conclusion, a coupled multizone and CFD simulation can be applied to interpret differential pressure in room and local change of physical quantity in a particular room such as airflow and Influenza A contaminants concentration distribution. This simulation method is useful to enhance the reliability and accuracy of biosafety laboratory design.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.288-289
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• 2011

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a typical highly Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) currently used as a transparent electrode material. Most widely used deposition method is the sputtering process for ITO film deposition because it has a high deposition rate, allows accurate control of the film thickness and easy deposition process and high electrical/optical properties. However, to apply high quality ITO thin film in a flexible microelectronic device using a plastic substrate, conventional DC magnetron sputtering (DMS) processed ITO thin film is not suitable because it needs a high temperature thermal annealing process to obtain high optical transmittance and low resistivity, while the generally plastic substrates has low glass transition temperatures. In the room temperature sputtering process, the electrical property degradation of ITO thin film is caused by negative oxygen ions effect. This high energy negative oxygen ions(about over 100eV) can be critical physical bombardment damages against the formation of the ITO thin film, and this damage does not recover in the room temperature process that does not offer thermal annealing. Hence new ITO deposition process that can provide the high electrical/optical properties of the ITO film at room temperature is needed. To solve these limitations we develop the Magnetic Field Shielded Sputtering (MFSS) system. The MFSS is based on DMS and it has the plasma limiter, which compose the permanent magnet array (Fig.1). During the ITO thin film deposition in the MFSS process, the electrons in the plasma are trapped by the magnetic field at the plasma limiters. The plasma limiter, which has a negative potential in the MFSS process, prevents to the damage by negative oxygen ions bombardment, and increases the heat(-) up effect by the Ar ions in the bulk plasma. Fig. 2. shows the electrical properties of the MFSS ITO thin film and DMS ITO thin film at room temperature. With the increase of the sputtering pressure, the resistivity of DMS ITO increases. On the other hand, the resistivity of the MFSS ITO slightly increases and becomes lower than that of the DMS ITO at all sputtering pressures. The lowest resistivity of the DMS ITO is $1.0{\times}10-3{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and that of the MFSS ITO is $4.5{\times}10-4{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$. This resistivity difference is caused by the carrier mobility. The carrier mobility of the MFSS ITO is 40 $cm^2/V{\cdot}s$, which is significantly higher than that of the DMS ITO (10 $cm^2/V{\cdot}s$). The low resistivity and high carrier mobility of the MFSS ITO are due to the magnetic field shielded effect. In addition, although not shown in this paper, the roughness of the MFSS ITO thin film is lower than that of the DMS ITO thin film, and TEM, XRD and XPS analysis of the MFSS ITO show the nano-crystalline structure. As a result, the MFSS process can effectively prevent to the high energy negative oxygen ions bombardment and supply activation energies by accelerating Ar ions in the plasma; therefore, high quality ITO can be deposited at room temperature.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to provide basic data for the future construction plans of the Infectious Disease Hospitals by analyzing the area composition and required room ratios in the wards and ICU of currently under-construction infectious disease hospitals. Methods: 3 Methods have been used in this paper. 1) This study conducted a literature review on major considerations and related guidelines for hospitals specializing in infectious diseases using existing data. 2) Based on the objects and activities of the hospital space, zones and areas were set for each department according to infection control. 3) Based on the established zones and areas, basic plan drawings of three hospitals specializing in infectious diseases currently under construction were collected and architectural drawing analysis was performed. Results: 1) Infectious Diseases Hospital must have a spatial organization that can accommodate patient isolation, infection control, efficiency of medical service, and changes. 2) Zones for infection control are divided into negative pressure and non-negative pressure zones based on airborne precaution isolation. It is divided into clean and contaminated zone according to class of cleanliness by Aseptic technique. Areas are classified by objects (patients, healthcare workers, supplies) and activities (access, medical treatment, support), and a system for organizing space is established based on this. 3) By analyzing the area composition of each departmental area, each required room, and each required space in the wards and intensive care units, it provides basic data for the spatial organization for architectural planning of the infectious disease hospital. Implication: It can be used as basic data when planning related facilities by analyzing the characteristics of the space plan of the required room according to the relationship between activities, movement lines, and operation plans based on user behavior.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.520-527
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• 2011

Recently, Influenza(AI, PI) patients have been increasing rapidly. But, there is a lack of isolation hospitals. In particular, according to increase the rate of patients with airborne infection, in order to prevent the spread of pathogens, design of layout plan and air conditioning system of isolation hospitals becomes more important to maintain patient's room as negative pressure. In this study, the spread of pathogens are analyzed as room differential pressure, moving time of medical staff and patients, and moving way in isolation hospitals by multizone simulation; CONTAM 2.4. Through the analysis, the ways to improve isolation hospital considered at the design step are reached to prevent the spread of pathogens effectively. Also, it verifies that HVAC system for isolation hospital is suitably designed as standard.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2007

협심증과 급성 심근 경색증 등 관상동맥 질환이 급증함에 따라 병원 밖이나 응급실 중환자실 심도자 검사실 등에서 급성 심장 쇼크에 빠지거나 심장마비가 발생하는 경우가 많이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 심혈관 질환에는 정류성 체외생명보조장치가 널리 사용되고 있으나 이러한 장치는 그 무게와 크기로 인해 응급상황에 대처할 수 있는 능력이 작고, 막형 산화기의 전단에 인가되는 압력이 크며, 시스템 구성상 혈액이 공기에 노출된다. 박동성 혈류를 공급하기 위하여 단일 구동펌프를 이용한 시도가 있었으나 회로내의 순간 압력 상승 등으로 인한 여러 가지 단점들이 발생한다. 이러한 기존의 체외생명보조장치의 단점을 극복하고자 한국형 인공심장의 원리를 이용한 이중 박동식 혈액펌프를 개발하였다. 이 시스템의 구동원리는 막형산화기를 중심으로 전.후에 혈액펌프를 위치하여 혈액펌프를 Actuator가 한번씩 짜주는 것이다. 이런 방법으로 구동할 경우 막형산화기 후단에 있는 펌프가 음압을 동시에 일으킴으로, 막형산화기에 인가되는 큰 양압을 줄인다는 가정 하에 시스템을 개발한 것이다. 생체외 실험을 통하여 각 부분의 압력을 측정하고, 총 12건의 동물실험을 통하여 그 장점을 검증하였다

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.585-596
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore nurses' experience with caring for COVID-19 patients in a negative pressure room amid the spread of the pandemic. Methods: This study was a qualitative research, and focus group interviews were used to collect data. Three focus groups comprising 19 nurses were interviewed from February 17 to 25, 2021. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim with the consent of the participants. The verbatim transcripts were scrutinized using thematic analysis. Results: Two main themes emerged from the analysis: 'Struggling in an isolated space' and 'Limitations of nursing infrastructure and system'. The nurses caring for COVID-19 patients experienced anxiety and fear about the infection, physical exhaustion, emotional burnout, and a sense of duty as a nurse. They also acknowledged the lack of guidelines, increased task and burden, limitations of nursing care, and the demand for improving the limitations of the nursing system. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that nurses caring for COVID-19 patients encounter physical and emotional problems within the limited healthcare system. The study suggests that comprehensive interventions are needed for nurses. Furthermore, detailed guidelines, strengthening of nursing personnel, and improvements to the nursing system are vital to effectively cope with the pandemic. The government and medical institutions should be aware of the needs of nurses and what they are going through, and make efforts to improve the quality of life of healthcare workers and create a safe healthcare environment.