• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

Fate of acetamiprid and imidacloprid aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were studied in a forest of Haman area. Acetamiprid 20% SL or imidacloprid 20% DC were diluted 100 times and applied two times as rate of 50 L/ha using an aircraft of Bell 206 L helicopter. Average acetamiprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 2 to 4% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, acetamiprid deposits in the pine needle ranged 1.8~8.5 mg/kg and then gradually decreased to 1.2~2.1 mg/kg after 48 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was ca. 17% of the application rate. All of acetamiprid on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where acetamiprid residues were decreased to a quarter at 48 days after the second application, but they were not detected in soil beneath it. And the only low level of acetamiprid residues, 0.0003 mg/L, was detected in the reservoir nearby the experimental forest on the day of aerial application. The acetamiprid detection was presumably due to spray drift. And average imidacloprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 1 to 3% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, imidacloprid deposits in the pine needle analysed very low concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, but the amount of imidacloprid in wash-off in standard and two-fold treatment were ca. 8% and 4% of the application rate, respectively. Most of imidacloprid on the ground also resided in the forest floor, where imidacloprid residues were decreased to a twentieth at 111 days after the second application, and they were detected below 0.5% of the application rate in sol beneath it. And the low level of imidacloprid, 0.0003~0.0017 mg/L, were detected in the streams in the experimental forest. It was not to the level of contamination concerns.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.303-310
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• 2013

Thyroid nodular disease is the most frequently appeared in thyroid disease. Thyroid ultrasonography offers location of nodules, size, the number, information of internal echo characteristic. Thus, it makes possible to sort high-risk nodule containing high possibility about thyroid cancer and to induct precisely when take a Fine Needle Biopsy Aspiration. On thyroid nodule, the case which is diagnosed as malignant is less than 5% but screening test is very important on ultrasound and also must be reduced unnecessary procedure. Therefore, in this study an approach for describing a region is to quantity its texture content. We applied TFA algorithm on case which has been pathologically diagnosed as papillary thyroid cancer. we obtained experiment image which set the ROI on ultrasound and cut the $50{\times}50$ pixel size, histogram equalization. Consequently, Disease recognition detection efficiency of GLavg, SKEW, UN, ENT parameter were high as 91~100%. It is suggestion about possibility on CAD which distinguishes thyroid nodule. In addition, it will be helpful to differential diagnosis of thyroid nodule. If the study on additional parameter algorithm is continuously progressed from now on, it is able to arrange practical base on CAD and it is possible to apply various disease in the thyroid US.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.536-540
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• 2003

Purpose : Aspiration of foreign material into the lungs can cause acute or chronic pulmonary diseases. It is difficult to detect small amounts of aspiration due to the lack of safe, sensitive and specific diagnostic tests. Recently, in animal or human studies, it has been reported that immunochemistry for lactalbumin can be used to detect the minimal aspiration. So, the authors' investigation was designed to determine whether human milk phagocytized alveolar macrophages can be detected in human milk aspirated mice. Methods : Sixty four male mice, 6-8 weeks old and 30-40 gm weighing, were used for this study. About 0.05 mL of human milk or normal saline were given intranasally once per day for 1 day or 3 days. Under anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine, the trachea of each mouse was cannulated with an 18G Jelco needle and then, each mouse's lungs were lavaged three times with 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer solution at 2, 8, 24, and 48 hours after the last milk or normal saline instillation. Cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were stained with Oil Red O and immunocytochemistry for alpha-lactalbumin. Results : Immunocytochemical reactivity for alpha-lactalbumin or lipid-laden alveolar macrophages were not observed in the normal saline aspirated groups. Immunocytochemical reactivity for alpha-lactalbumin were observed in the human milk aspirated groups. They showed a peak at 8 hours and decreased markedly at 24 hours but persisted even at 48 hours after aspiration. Immunocytochemical stain positive alveolar macrophages were noted similarly in number between single and multiple aspiration groups. Conclusion : These observations suggested that alveolar macrophages for lactalbumin could be more easily detected on immunocytochemistry than Oil Red O stain, and immunocytochemistry could be used as a sensitive and specific diagnostic test for the detection of human milk aspiration.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.679-700
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• 1996

Inferior alveolar nerve dysfunction may be the result of trauma, disease, or iatrogenic injury. Inferior alveolar nerve injury is inherent risk in endodontic therapy, orthognathic surgery of the mandible, and extraction of mandibular teeth, particularly the third molars. The sensory disturbances of inferior alveolar nerve associated with such injury have been well documented clinical problem that is commonly evaluated by several clinical sensory test including Tinels sign, Von Frey test(static light touch detection), directional discrimination, two-point discrimination, pin pressure nociceptive discrimination, and thermal test. These methods used to detect and assess inferior alveolar nerve injury have been subjective in nature, relying on the cooperation of the patients. In addition, many of these techniques are sensitive to differences in the examiners experience and skill with the particular technique. Data obtained at different times or by different examiners are therefore difficult to compare. Prior experimental studies have used electro diagnostic methods(sensory evoked potential) to objectively evaluate inferior alveolar nerve after nerve injury. This study was designed with inferior alveolar nerve of rabbit. Several types of injury including mind, moderate, severe compression and perforation with 19 gauze, 21 gauze needle and 6mm, 10mm traction were applied for taking the sesory evoked ppterntial. Latency and amplitude of injury rabbit inferior alveolar nerve were investigated with sensory evoked potential using unpaired t-test. The results were as follows : 1. Intensity of threshold (T1) was $128{\pm}16{\mu}A$ : latency, $0.87{\pm}0.07$ microsecond : amplitude, $0.4{\pm}0.1{\mu}V$ : conduction velocity, 23.3 m/s in sensory evoked potential of uninjured rabbit inferior alveolar nerve. 2. Rabbit inferior alveolar nerve consists of type II and III sensory nerve fiber. 3. Latency was increased and amplitude was decreased in compression injury. The more injured, the more changed in latency and amplitude. 4. Findings in perforation injury was similar to compression injury. Waveform for sensory evoked potential improved by increasing postinjured time. 5. Increasing latency was prominent in traction injury rabbit inferior alveolar nerve. 6. In microscopic histopathological findings, significant degeneration and disorganization of the internal architecture were seen in nerve facicle of severe compression and 10mm traction group. From the above findings, electrophysiological assessment(sensory evoked potential) of rabbit injured inferior alveolar nerve is reliable technique in diagnosis and prognosis of nerve injury.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.144-149
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• 2001

Purpose: Gastric stump cancer is defined as a cancer that develops in the stomach after a resection in cases of non-malignant or malignant gastric disease. The interval between the gastrectomy and the detection of gastric stump cancer must be over 5 years. Since duodenogastric reflux gastritis is a precancerous condition and one of the most important factors inducing gastric stump cancer, we compared the bile-acid content of gastric juice between gastric stump cancer patients and controls. Materials and Methods: To evaluate retrospectively the surgical treatment of patients with gastric stump cancer, we reviewed the cases histories of 1016 stomach cancer patients who had been operated on at the Department of General Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, between 1995 and 1998. The gastric juice was collected during the operations on the gastric stump cancer patients by using a needle puncture of the fundus of the stomach and during the endoscopic examinations of the control subjects. The samples were analyzed for various bile acids (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry). Results: The 6 gastric stump cancer cases accounted for $0.6\%$ of all gastric cancer patients; 5 patients were first operated on for a peptic ulcer and the remaining one for an adenocarcinoma of the stomach. All of the cases were men. The reconstruction method after the initial gastrectomy was a Billroth II in all cases. The sites of the gastric stump cancer were the anastomotic sitein 2 patients, the upper body in 2, the fundus in 1 and the cardia in 1. The operative methods were 3 total gastrectomies, 2 subtotal gastrectomies with Roux en Y anastomosis, and 1 partial gastrectomy with lymph node dissection and had a curative intention in all patients. All of the patients were still surviving at the time of this report. The gastric juices of 4 gastric stump patients showed significantly higher contents of cholic acid ($36.42{\mu}g/ml$) compared to the gastric juices of 35 control subjects ($36.42{\mu}g/ml$)(p$\leq0.0001$). Chenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were not significantly different. Conclusion: The gastric juice of gastric stump cancer patients contained a significantly higher cholic acid content. At the time of the initial gastrectomy, an operative method that prevents duodenogastric reflux may prevent or minimize the development of gastric stump cancer, and more aggressive surgical treatment may improve survival.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2012

Fate of fenitrothion aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) was studied in a forest of Haman area. And the monitoring of fenitrothion was conducted in a stream flowed from forest area of Gijang sprayed fenitrothion. Fenitrothion 50% EC was diluted 100 times and applied two or three times using helicopter in Haman and Gijang, respectively. Average fenitrothion deposits on forest floor ranged from 6% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, fenitrothion deposits in the pine needle ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 mg/kg and then rapidly decreased to 0.01 mg/kg after 109 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was 1.3% of the application rate. All of fenitrothion on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where fenitrothion residues were decreased to a tenth at 109 days after the second application, but they were not detected in sol beneath it. And the only low level of fenitrothion residues, 0.0009 mg/L, was detected in runnel of the experimental forest just after aerial application. The concentration of fenitrothion in effluent from Gijang area was less than detection limit (0.0001 mg/L) during the entire period.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2006

Purpose : The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of clinical and radiologic assessments in detecting positive cervical lymph nodes in oral cancer. Materials and Methods : We had reviewed the preoperative clinical, radiologic and postoperative histopathologic reports of 46 patients who had been diagnosed as oral cancer and underwent surgical excision combined with neck dissection (52 sides of neck) in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University from the July 1, 1992 to the April 30, 1999. Results : The results were as follows 1. The male to female ratio was 4.38 : 1 and the mean age was 57. 2. Sensitivity values for the preoperative assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis in oral cancer were 62.5 % in clinical examination and 50.0 % in radiologic assessments. Specificity values were 77.8 % in clinical examination and 94.4 % in radiologic assessments. 3. False positive values were 44.4 % in clinical examination and 20.0 % in radiologic assessments. False negative values were 17.6 % in clinical and 19.0% in radiologic assessments. 4. Overall efficiency values were 73.1 % in clinical examination and 80.8 % in radiologic assessments. Summary : There were some limits on the accuracy of clinical and radiologic assessments in the preoperative detection of the cervical lymph nodes in oral cancer. To improve the accuracy, it is important to communicate between clinician and radiologist, and adjunctive diagnostic measures, ultrasound and fine needle aspiration cytology, were helpful increasing the overall efficiency. In the high risk sites (oral tongue and floor of the mouth) the false negative value is higher and the overall efficiency in radiologic evaluation is lower than those of the low risk sites (gingiva and alveolar ridge, retromolar trigone and buccal mucosa ). The elective neck dissection should be considered in the high risk sites.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.455-465
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• 1999

Background: Even though lung cancer has become a major cancer in Korea, national survey for lung cancer has not been available except several reports from individual hospitals. Methods: Korean Academy of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases retrospectively investigated the characteristics of lung cancer diagnosed from January 1997 to December 1997 at general hospitals over 400 beds. Results: Among 3,794 patients, 76.8% are smokers and 89.8% of male patients are smokers. Squamous cell carcinoma is the leading type of lung cancer(44.7%) followed by adenocarcinoma(27.9%). Smoking rate in adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than in squamous cell carcinoma and small cell cancer. Cough is the most common symptom, however, 7.2% are asymptomatic. Bronchoscopic biopsy has a main role in the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell cancer but percutaneous needle biopsy has more important role in adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of NSCLC patients were found in unresectable advanced stages. Conclusion: In contrast to other countries, squamous cell carcinoma is still the most frequent type of lung cancer. High proportions of smoker and advanced, unresectable lung cancer urge us to develop the program for cessation of smoking and early detection.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.452-460
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• 1999

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of scintimammography per-formed with Tc-99m tetrofosmin in the detection of primary breast cancer Materials and Methods: Sixty-one patients underwent Tc-99m tetrofosmin scintimammography, plain-film mammography and ultrasonography. After intravenous injection of Tc-99m tetrofosmin (740 MBq), prone lateral and anterior scintimammograms were obtained. Scintimammogram was visually interpreted as positive, probably positive, probably negative and negative for malignancy. The tumor to background count ratio (T/B) was measured at 5 minutes and 1 hour. Plain-film mammogram was interpreted as one of 5 categories. Final diagnosis was achieved by surgical histology (58/61) or fine needle aspiration (3/61). Of 61 patients, 44 had cancer and 17 had benign lesion. Tumor size of malignant and benign lesions on ultrasonogram were $2.51{\pm}1.30cm$ (range 1-8 cm), $2.50{\pm}1.35cm$ (range 0.96-6 cm), respectively. Results: The sensitivity of plain-film mammography was 88.6%, specificity 58.8%, positive predictive value 84.7%, and negative predictive value 66.7% The sensitivity of Tc-99m tetrofosmin scintimammography was 90.9%; specificity, 88.2%; positive predictive value, 94.9%, negative predictive value, 18.9%. Of 25 patients with indeterminate degree of suspicion for malignancy on plain-film mammogram, 23 were correctly diagnosed by scintimammography. The T/B at 5 minutes and 1 hour were $3.78{\pm}2.21$, $3.25{\pm}1.80$ respectively. The T/B was decreased significantly at 1 hour (p<0.001). Conclusion: Tc-99m tetrofosmin scintimammography was useful dia-gnostic procedure in the detection of primary breast cancer, especially in patients with indeterminate degree of suspicion for malignancy on plain-film mammogram.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Background : The detection and early elimination of the causes for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) at the initial stage can result in a more favorable prognosis. Miliary tuberculosis as a cause of the ARDS is quite rare. A diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis is difficult due to the diversity of radiological patterns and non-specific clinical finfings, and low sensitivity of sputum examinations for acid-fast bacilli(AFBs). An analysis of the clinical data is the first step in diagnosing these unusual, rare cases. Materials and Methods : In this study the clinical features, laboratory data, radiological findings and diagnostic methods were analyzed in 9 cases with an initial presentation of ARDS due to miliary tuberculosis. The ARDS was defined by the definition of the American-Europian consensus conference 1992. Results : The mean age of the patients was $67{\pm}18$ years (F:M=7:2). The chief complaints were dyspnea(5/9), coughing (3/9) and fever(5/9). On a physical examination, fine or coarse crackles were noted(6/9). The ARDS developed on average 6.7 days after the initial respiratory symptoms. The mean $PaO_2/FiO_2$ of the patients was $133.5{\pm}53.4$, the number of cases with a WBC<5000/$mm^3$ was 4 out of 9 cases. A platelet count<70,000/$mm^3$ was observed in 2 out of 9 cases, and the serum albumin level was $2.6{\pm}0.6$ g/dL. The initial simple chest PA showed ground glass appearances and consolidation in all cases, However, the miliary nodular densities were observed in only 4 out of the 9 cases. HRCT revealed alveolar densities and a consolidation in 5 out of 6 cases, and miliary nodules in 5 out of 6 cases, The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made by a liver biopsy (4/4, 100% sensitivity), a bone marrow biopsy (1/2, 50% sensitivity), and an open lung biopsy (1/1), the sputum AFB was positive in only 2 out of 9 cases. The patient was treated with INH, RFP, EMB, PZA, and steroids. The survival rate was 55.5%. Conclusion : Miliary tuberculosis should be considered as one of the causes for ARDS in areas where there is a high prevalence of tuberculosis. The chief complaints of the patients on admission are dyspnea, fever and coughing without any specific riskfactors. A liver biopsy is particularly useful in ARDS patients with mechanical ventilation to determine the causes of the ARDS if miliary tuberculosis is suspected as being the underlying disease.