• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2008

Purpose：The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC) has increased due to the widespread use of high resolution ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. However, the clinical and biologic behaviors of PTMC is debatable. The aim of this study was to describe clinicopathologic features of PTMC and to suggest whether tumor size(5mm) might prove the useful parameter for determining the surgical strategy in PTMC. Material and Methods：From Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2005, 1355 of 2678 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma were identified as having PTMC, based on tumor size${\leq}$10mm(50.6%). Among patients with PTMC, we further separated tumors<5mm(minute group：group M) from those 5 to 10mm(tiny group：group T). We compared the clinicopathological characteristics and the TNM stagings between two groups. Results：There were 114(8.4%) men and 1241(91.6%) women with a median age of 47 years(range；13-79). During a mean follow-up of 47.3(range；22-93), 13 patients(1.0%) developed locoregional recurrences and 3 patients(0.2%) showed distant metastases at initial presentation. Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of extracapsular invasion(p<0.0001), invasion to adjacent structure(p<0.0001), multifocality(p<0.0001), central lymph node metastasis(p<0.0001), and lateral lymph node metastasis(p<0.0001) were all significantly higher in tiny group(tumor${\geq}$5mm). Furthermore, minute group demonstrated a significantly lower tumor stage(AJCC TNM classification) compared with tiny group(p<0.0001). Conclusion：Patients with PTMC have a favorable treatment outcomes, although the distinction needs to be made with reference to the clinicopathologic behaviors. It would be reasonable to consider that tumor size(5mm) would be useful parameter for the treatment strategy of PTMC.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.39-42
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• 2019

Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, and infectious disease of all species of domestic animals caused by the neurotoxin of Clostridium tetani (C. tetani). This disease is usually known to develop after microbial contamination in the deep or penetrating wound sites. In February 2017, a farmer who was raising 76 cows injected foot and mouth disease vaccine to three or more cows with one syringe. Their clinical symptoms were observed 2 to 16 days after the vaccination. The initial symptoms were stiffness, rigidity of the neck and limbs, pricked ears, and prolapse of the third eyelid. Subsequently, there was recumbency with extension of the limbs, convulsions and opistotonus and the affected 20 cows were all died. Two dead cows were submitted to Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for disease diagnosis. At necropsy, a focal edematous abscess of 15 to 20 cm in diameter was grossly observed in the subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue of scapular region and filled with a large amount of greenish pus. The feed was full in oral cavity and slightly observed in the trachea and lobes of lung. Histopathologically, focal granulomatous nodules with eosinophilic materials in the tissue were observed. In the lung, aspiration pneumonia and gram (+) bacteria were seen. The C. tetani was isolated in samples anaerobically cultured using reinforced clostridial medium and identified by PCR. To our knowledge, no previous outbreak of tetanus in cattle has affected such a high number of animals; neither has it been associated with misuse of the same syringe and needle to administer multiple individuals.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제82권1호
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• pp.81-85
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• 2019

Background: Bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool. However, the clinical use of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in adults with acute respiratory failure for diagnostic and invasive procedures has not been well evaluated. We present our experiences of well-tolerated diagnostic bronchoscopy as well as cases of improved saturation in hypoxaemic patients after a therapeutic bronchoscopic procedure. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data of hypoxaemic patients who had undergone bronchoscopy for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes from October 2015 to February 2017. Results: Ten patients (44-75 years of age) were enrolled. The clinical purposes of bronchoscopy were for diagnosis in seven patients and for intervention in three patients. For the diagnoses, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage in six patients. One patient underwent endobronchial ultrasonography with transbronchial needle aspiration of a lymph node to investigate tumour involvement. Patients who underwent bronchoscopy for therapeutic interventions had endobronchial mass or blood clot removal with cryotherapy for bleeding control. The mean saturation ($SpO_2$) of pre-bronchoscopy in room air was 84.1%. The lowest and highest mean saturation with HFNC during the procedure was 95% and 99.4, respectively. The mean saturation in room air post-bronchoscopy was 87.4%, which was 3.3% higher than the mean room air $SpO_2$ pre-bronchoscopy. Seven patients with diagnostic bronchoscopy had no hypoxic event. Three patients with interventional bronchoscopy showed improvement in saturation after the procedure. Bronchoscopy was well tolerated in all 10 cases. Conclusion: This study suggests that the use of HFNC in hypoxaemic patients during diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy procedures has clinical effectiveness.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.170-176
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• 2018

Objective: To assess whether the "testicular pool" could be used for histological analysis and whether it gave more accurate information than the standard testicular biopsy. Methods: Between January 2017 and March 2018, this single-center prospective study included 60 azoospermic men undergoing conventional bilateral testicular sperm extraction. Six samples were excised from each testicle and transferred to an embryologist. One additional biopsy was randomly taken from each testis for a histological analysis. After processing, the testicular pool was also sent for a histological analysis, which showed normal spermatogenesis (NS), hypospermatogenesis (HYPO), maturation arrest (MA), Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS), and tubular atrophy (TA). Results: Twenty of the 60 patients (33.3%) had obstructive azoospermia (OA), while the remaining 40 (66.6%) had nonobstructive azoospermia. Their mean age was 40.5 years. All patients with OA had previously undergone unsuccessful testicular fine-needle aspiration. Successful sperm retrieval (SSR) occurred in 93.3% of patients. Histological analysis of the testicular biopsy revealed NS in 12 patients (20%), HYPO and TA in 28 patients (46.6%), MA in eight patients (13.3%), and SCOS in 12 patients (20%). The testicular pool analysis showed NS in 12 patients (20%), HYPO and TA in 44 patients (73.3%), MA in four patients (6.6%), and SCOS in no patients. In four patients with MA (6.6% of the total sample) and 12 patients with SCOS (20% of the total sample) according to the standard testicular biopsy, the embryologist found SSR with cryopreservation. Overall, in 44 patients (73.3%), the testicular pool analysis confirmed the histological findings of the standard testicular biopsy. In the 16 cases (26.6%) with a discrepancy between the single-biopsy histological findings and SSR, the testicular pool analysis confirmed the embryological data on SSR. Conclusion: The testicular pool proved to be easily analyzable, practical, manageable, and more accurate for predicting sperm retrieval than standard testicular biopsy.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Reports
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.22-25
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• 2019

췌장암은 예후가 불량한 암으로 진단 당시 진행된 상태로 수술적 치료의 적응증이 되지 못해 고식적 항암 치료를 받는 경우가 대부분이다. 진단 당시 전이성 병변을 동반한 췌장암인 경우 예후가 좋지 않을 것으로 예상하지만 고식적 목적으로 항암치료를 한 결과 매우 좋은 반응을 보였던 증례를 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고한다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1028-1037
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• 2023

Objective: To evaluate the computed tomography (CT) features for diagnosing metastatic cervical lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and validate the CT-based risk stratification system suggested by the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) guidelines. Materials and Methods: A total of 463 LNs from 399 patients with DTC who underwent preoperative CT staging and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were included. The following CT features for each LN were evaluated: absence of hilum, cystic changes, calcification, strong enhancement, and heterogeneous enhancement. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent CT features associated with metastatic LNs, and their diagnostic performances were evaluated. LNs were classified into probably benign, indeterminate, and suspicious categories according to the K-TIRADS and the modified LN classification proposed in our study. The diagnostic performance of both classification systems was compared using the exact McNemar and Kosinski tests. Results: The absence of hilum (odds ratio [OR], 4.859; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.593-14.823; P = 0.005), strong enhancement (OR, 28.755; 95% CI, 12.719-65.007; P < 0.001), and cystic changes (OR, 46.157; 95% CI, 5.07-420.234; P = 0.001) were independently associated with metastatic LNs. All LNs showing calcification were diagnosed as metastases. Heterogeneous enhancement did not show a significant independent association with metastatic LNs. Strong enhancement, calcification, and cystic changes showed moderate to high specificity (70.1%-100%) and positive predictive value (PPV) (91.8%-100%). The absence of the hilum showed high sensitivity (97.8%) but low specificity (34.0%). The modified LN classification, which excluded heterogeneous enhancement from the K-TIRADS, demonstrated higher specificity (70.1% vs. 62.9%, P = 0.016) and PPV (92.5% vs. 90.9%, P = 0.011) than the K-TIRADS. Conclusion: Excluding heterogeneous enhancement as a suspicious feature resulted in a higher specificity and PPV for diagnosing metastatic LNs than the K-TIRADS. Our research results may provide a basis for revising the LN classification in future guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1102-1111
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• 2022

Objective: To evaluate the ultrasonography (US) features for diagnosing metastasis in cervical lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with thyroid cancer and compare the US classification of risk of LN metastasis between European and Korean guidelines. Materials and Methods: From January 2014 to December 2018, US-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed on 836 LNs from 714 patients for the preoperative nodal staging of thyroid cancer. The US features of LNs were retrospectively reviewed for the following features: size, presence of hilum, margin, orientation, cystic change, punctate echogenic foci (PEF), large echogenic foci, eccentric cortical thickening, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent US features for the diagnosis of metastatic LNs. The diagnostic performance of independent US features was subsequently evaluated. LNs were categorized according to the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines, and the correlation between the two sets of classifications was assessed. Results: Absence of the hilum, presence of cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity were independent US features of metastatic LNs. Cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity showed high specificity (86.8%-99.6%). The absence of the hilum had the highest sensitivity yet low specificity (66.4%). When LNs were classified according to the ETA guidelines and K-TIRADS, they yielded similar categorizations of malignancy risks and were strongly correlated (Spearman coefficient, 0.9766 [95% confidence interval, 0.973-0.979]). According to the ETA guidelines, 9.8% (82/836) of LNs were classified as "not specified." Conclusion: Absence of hilum, cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity were independent US features suggestive of metastatic LNs in thyroid cancer. Both K-TIRADS and the ETA guidelines provided similar risk stratification for metastatic LNs with a high correlation; however, the ETA guidelines failed to classify 9.8% of LNs into a specific risk stratum. These results may provide a basis for revising LN classification in future guidelines.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1579-1586
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the modified Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS), and compare it with the 2016 version of K-TIRADS using the Thyroid Imaging Network of Korea. Materials and Methods: Between June and September 2015, 5708 thyroid nodules (≥ 1.0 cm) from 5081 consecutive patients who had undergone thyroid ultrasonography at 26 institutions were retrospectively evaluated. We used a biopsy size threshold of 2 cm for K-TIRADS 3 and 1 cm for K-TIRADS 4 (modified K-TIRADS 1) or 1.5 cm for K-TIRADS 4 (modified K-TIRADS 3). The modified K-TIRADS 2 subcategorized the K-TIRADS 4 into 4A and 4B, and the cutoff sizes for the biopsies were defined as 1 cm for K-TIRADS 4B and 1.5 cm for K-TIRADS 4A. The diagnostic performance and the rate of unnecessary biopsies of the modified K-TIRADS for detecting malignancy were compared with those of the 2016 K-TIRAD, which were stratified by nodule size (with a threshold of 2 cm). Results: A total of 1111 malignant nodules and 4597 benign nodules were included. The sensitivity, specificity, and unnecessary biopsy rate of the benign nodules were 94.9%, 24.4%, and 60.9% for the 2016 K-TIRADS; 91.0%, 39.7%, and 48.6% for the modified K-TIRADS 1; 84.9%, 45.9%, and 43.5% for the modified K-TIRADS 2; and 76.1%, 50.2%, and 40.1% for the modified K-TIRADS 3. For small nodules (1-2 cm), the diagnostic sensitivity of the modified K-TIRADS decreased by 5.2-25.6% and the rate of unnecessary biopsies reduced by 19.2-32.8% compared with those of the 2016 K-TIRADS (p < 0.001). For large nodules (> 2 cm), the modified K-TIRADSs maintained a very high sensitivity for detecting malignancy (98%). Conclusion: The modified K-TIRADSs significantly reduced the rate of unnecessary biopsies for small (1-2 cm) nodules while maintaining a very high sensitivity for malignancy for large (> 2 cm) nodules.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권12호
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• pp.1534-1539
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• 2002

목 적 : Wilms 종양은 진행된 경우에서도 수술, 방사선 치료, 항암화학요법의 병합요법으로 치료 성적이 우수하지만 방사선 치료로 인한 후기 합병증이 문제가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 진행된 Wilms 종양(병기 3기, 4기)에서 수술 전 화학요법을 시행하여 종양의 완전 절제율을 높임으로써 방사선 치료를 생략하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 저자들은 1998년 12월부터 2002년 7월까지 삼성서울병원에서 Wilms 종양으로 치료를 시작한 환자 중 침 생검 후 수술 전 화학요법을 시행하였던 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 진단 시 3기, 4기의 환자에서 침 생검이 가능한 경우 수술 전 항암화학요법(vincristine, adriamycin, dactinomycin)을 12주간 시행 후 종양의 크기가 감소하면 종양 절제술을 시행하였고 완전 절제가 된 경우 방사선 치료를 생략하고 수술 후 화학요법(vincristine, dactinomycin${\pm}$adriamycin)을 시행하였다. 침 생검이 기술적으로 어렵거나 위험하다고 생각되었던 경우에는 먼저 수술적으로 종양을 절제하고 방사선 치료와 화학요법을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 연구기간 중 삼성서울병원에서 치료를 시작한 17례의 Wilms 종양 중 3기, 4기는 12례였고 이중 2례에서는 침생검이 불가능하여 먼저 수술적으로 종양을 절제하였고 침생검이 가능하였던 경우는 10례였다. 이들의 진단 시 정중 연령은 21개월(5개월-103개월)이었고, 진단 후 정중 추적기간은 31개월(9개월-44개월)이었다. 수술 전 화학요법을 시행한 10례 중 2례를 제외한 8례에서 수술시 병기가 1기로 하향화되었으며, 수술시 병기가 2기였던 1례와 함께 총 9례에서 종양의 완전절제가 가능했고 방사선 치료도 생략할 수 있었다. 이들 중 4례에서는 adriamycin도 치료에서 제외하였다. 종양의 완전 절제에 실패한 1례는 결국 사망하였고, 1례는 재발하였으나 강화된 항암화학요법과 수술로 다시 관해에 도달하여 현재 10례 중 9례가 무병 생존 중이다. 결 론 : 진행된 Wilms 종양에서 수술 전 화학요법을 시행하여 종양의 완전 절제율을 높이고 방사선 치료를 생략할 수 있었으며, 일부 환자에서는 수술 후 화학요법의 강도를 감소시킬 수 있었다. 향후 생존율의 저하 없이 후기 합병증을 줄일 수 있을 지에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.488-497
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• 1999

연구배경 : 폐암은 병리조직학적 분류에 따라 치료방법과 예후가 달라 조직학적 분류가 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 그 동안 객담 세포진법, 경피적 침흡인술 및 침생검, 굴곡성 기관지경 검사 등을 이용하여 폐암의 조직학적 분류가 이루어져 왔고 이에 각 진단수기별로 수술 후 조직학적 분류와 수술 전의 조직학적 분류가 어느 정도 일치하는지를 알아보기 위하여 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1994년 1월부터 1997년 2월까지 서울대학교병원에서 폐암으로 진단받고 근치적 절제술을 시행받은 환자 중 분석 가능한 168명을 대상으로 의무기록 분석을 통한 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 객담 세포진법, 경피적 침흡인술 및 침생검, 기관지 세척물의 세포진법, 굴곡성 기관지경 조직생검의 5가지 진단수기별로 분석하였고 수술 후 떼어낸 조직의 병리소견과 비교하여, 우연에 의해서도 올 수 있는 일치정도를 배제하여 산출한 일치율의 지표인 k값으로 조직학적 일치율을 평가하였다. 결 과 : 객담 세포진법의 k값은 0.86이었고 편평세포암 34예 중 32예에서 수술 후 병리조직학적 분류와 일치하였고 선암은 8예 중 7예에서 일치하였다. 경피적 침흡인술의 k값은 0.53이었고 편평세포압 31예 중 14예에서 수술 후 병리조직학적 분류와 일치하였고 소세포암은 3예 중 3예 모두에서 일치하였다. 경피적 침생검의k값은 0.77이었고 편평세포암 16예 중 13예에서 수술 후 병리조직학적 분류와 일치하였고 선암은 32예 중 30예에서 일치하였다. 기관지 세척물 세포진법의 k값은 1.0이었고 편평세포암 29예 중 29예에서 수술 후 병리조직학적 분류와 일치하였고 선암은 7예 중 7예에서 일치하였다. 굴곡성 기관지경 조작생검의 k값은 0.77이었고 편평세포암 52예 중 51예에서 수술 후 병리학적 분류와 일치하였고 소세포암은 2예 중 1예에서 일치하였다. 결 론 : 객담세포진법, 경피적 침생검, 기관지 세척물의 세포진법, 굴곡성 기관지경 조직생검은 k값 0.75 이상으로 아주 높은 일치율을 보여주었으나 경피적 침흡인술은 이에 비해 낮은 0.5 내외로 경피적 침흡인술 시행시 경피적 침생검을 병행하는 것이 좋을 것으로 판단되었다.