• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.327-332
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• 2008

For the cracked component under combined primary and secondary stress, an interacion between the loads occurs and the secondary stress is relaxed by the primary load. To account for this phenomena, R6 code provides the correction factor which is called V-factor. However, evaluation corrected with V-factor need to be examined for its conservatism. In this paper the conservatism of the current V-factor is examined for the circumferentially cracked pipe under the combined load and new evaluation method is proposed to reduce the conservatism.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.207-224
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• 1999

One of the most important issues faced by manager of food industry is the lack of management development program. This study on the management development program was to take a look at the training problem for the food industry of Korea through secondary data or literature, and with conceptual framework designed based on the literature review, examined what is effective management development program for manager in food industry. The purposes of this study are : (1) Identifying the factor to management development program. (2) Provision of a executive management development program. The conclusion and suggestion obtained from this study can be summarized as followed. First, it has shown that there is big difference between the present training level and future training need level on three training contents. Second, there were differences in three training contents especially according to operation type and organization size. Third, job satisfaction factor, training satisfaction factor, training aid factor, training effectiveness factor has correlated each other. From this study, we could get several strategies and programs for management development.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.220-227
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to translate the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) into Turkish, validate the questionnaire, and provide a cross-cultural adaptation. Methods: The translation process included the following steps, which were performed by a translation committee: (1) translation into Turkish, (2) back translation into English, (3) pretesting, and (4) cross-cultural adaptation. The Turkish version of the PIDAQ was produced subsequent to the translation process. Validity and reliability were measured using the Perception of Occlusion Scale and the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The questionnaire was administered to 260 individuals (age range, 18-30 years; mean age, $20.50{\pm}1.9$ years). Structural validity was assessed via factor analysis, and internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results: Factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure, with factor loadings for included items ranging from 0.380 to 0.868. Few questions were shuffled among domains various factor loadings. Cronbach's alphas for the Turkish version of the PIDAQ ranged from 0.534 to 0.904. Mean scores for the PIDAQ subscale and total scores differed significantly according to Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and Perception of Occlusion Scale scores. Conclusions: This study provided a Turkish version of the PIDAQ, which could be a useful tool in the evaluation of the psychosocial impact of malocclusion in young Turkish adults.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2002

The problem of disjunctive causal factors is generalized as follows. Suppose that there are no factors of the kind considered so far that need to be held fixed in background contexts. Nevertheless, it is still possible that within the background contexts, each disjunct of a disjunctive causal factor X v W confers a different probability on an effect factor in Question. So a problem arises of how we identify a single causally significant probability of the effect factor in the presence of the disjunctive causal factor, assuming that each disjunct of the disjunctive causal factor confers a different probability on the effect factor. In this paper, I first introduce an experiment in which disjunctive causal factors seem to pose a problem for the theory of probabilistic causation. Second, I show how Eells' solution to the problem of disjunctive causal factors meets the problem that arises in the experiment. Third, I examine Hitchcock's arguments against Eells' solution, arguing that Hitchcock misconstrues Eells' solution, and disregards the feature of the theory of probabilistic causation such that a factor is a causal factor for another factor relative to a population P of a population type Q.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.19
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• pp.223-241
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• 2006

This study has two purposes. One is to systematize a number of referents and to examine the types of comparisons. The other is to examine categories of comparative standards such as inputs in equity theory. In pay comparison process, referents and inputs are very important elements. The first factor analysis is related to referents, which include 18 variables in 6 categories were subjected to factor analysis. 3 factors emerge with an eigenvalue of 1.0 or greater. Factor I, economic need, includes referents in personal worth and system referent. Factor II, market comparison, includes internal and external referents except one variable(external-peer). Between internal and external referents is not distinguished. This result is corresponded with Hills'(1980) and Hong's(1995) findings. FactorIII is named 'historical/social comparisons'. 14 inputs are subjected to the second factor analysis. 3 factors emerge with an eigenvalue of 1.0 or greater. The 5 variables loading on factor I, equity standard, are responsibility, competency, effort, outcome, and skill. FactorII, equality standard, includes age, gender, and education. FactorIII, seniority standard, includes career and company tenure. All the factors are positively associated with each other. Especially, personal worth is associated with equity standard(r=0.50466). Internal and external referents are associated with any comparative standard.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.343-348
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• 2004

Since the destruction of World Trade Center the attention of the united States and the wider international community has focussed upon the need to strengthen security and prevent terrorism. This paper suggests an analysis prior to risk factor and structure for anti-terrorism in the korean maritime society. For this, in this paper, maritime terror risk factor was extracted by type and case of terror using brainstorming method. Also, risk factor is structured by FSM method and analyzed for ranking of each risk factor by AHP. At the result, the evaluation of risk factor is especially over maximum factor for related external impact.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.29 no.6 s.102
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• pp.487-493
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• 2005

Since the destruction of World Trade Center the attention of the United States and the wider international community has focussed upon the need to strengthen security and prevent terrorism This paper suggests an analysis prior to risk factor and structure for anti-terrorism in the korean maritime society. For this, in this paper, maritime terror risk factor was extracted by type and case of terror using brainstorming method. Also, risk factor is structured by FSM method and analyzed for ranking of each risk factor by AHP. At the result, the evaluation of risk factor is especially over maximum factor for related external impact.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.784-791
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• 2008

In this study, we recognized about application of the load distribution factor for design of tunnel in 3D numerical analysis. Generally, load distribution factor of tunnel is applied to describe 3D arching effect that can not describe when 2D numerical analysis. Through result of 3D numerical analysis, we used to apply in numerical analysis for the load distribution factor that ratio of finally displacement to displacement of construction step. But 3D numerical analysis need to apply to load distribution factor for convenience of numerical analysis. Therefore, we proposed load distribution factor that reduce time and coast. It corrected variable of advanced length in load distribution factor of 3D numerical analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.2 s.74
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• pp.128-137
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• 2006

Traffic accidents occur due to complex influences of transportation companies, drivers, and road environment. This study found that education and surroundings for transportation companies, driving habits of drivers, and road safety facilities and accessory facilities were main factors that affected strongly traffic accidents. Also, it found that driving habits of drivers could affect accidents heavily more than two other factors. Road safety and accessory facilities were analysed that they affected traffic accidents independently with transportation companies and their own drivers. Therefore, in order to achieve a traffic accident prevention as our main target, those companies need to produce atmosphere that their own drivers can have safety awareness, and related institutions for the above target should run parallel with policy assistance and strict traffic enforcement. In the end, this study suggests that transportation companies should secure manpower wholly being charged with traffic safety and financial resources investing in it.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.25 no.A
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• pp.39-47
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• 2005

Air void systems in hardened concrete has an important influence on concrete durability such as freeze-thaw resistance, water permeability, surface scaling resistance. Linear traverse method and point count method described at ASTM are the routine analysis of the air void system that have been widely used to estimate the spacing factor in hardened concrete. Recently, many concretes often have a spacing factor higher than the generally accepted $200-250{\mu}m$ limit for the usual range of air contents. This study is proposed to estimate the plane spacing factor by calculation of simplicity. The plane spacing factor need two parameters that are air content and numbers of air voids in the hardened concrete. Those obtained from the standard air-void system analysis of the ASTM C 457. The equation is valid for all values of paste-to-air ratio because the estimation of paste content is unnecessary at the using ASTM C 457. The plane spacing factor yields a similar estimate of the standard spacing factor.